油茶组培苗移栽后前3个月内源激素变化规律的研究

应用反相高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定了油茶组培苗第1、5、8代继代苗和实生苗在移栽培育前3个月中IAA、GA3、ZR和ABA 4种植物主要内源激素的动态变化,分析了其变化规律。结果表明,组培苗与实生苗各器官中GA3、ABA和IAA含量分布趋势一致,只有内源ZR分布水平有差异。组培苗刚移栽时各器官中IAA、GA3、ZR含量都远高于实生苗,而ABA则低于实生苗;移栽1个月后,组培苗各器官中IAA、GA3、ZR含量骤然下降;此后继续培养的2个月中,组培苗各器官激素水平略有回升或维持平稳,但都略高于实生苗。移栽后,实生苗和组培苗叶片组织中ABA/GA3（K值）和ABA/（GA3＋IAA＋ZR）比值变化都呈明显的下降趋势,组培苗K值降低幅度大于实生苗,移栽培养3个月后K值与实生苗差异不大。     

Changes in levels of endogenous plant hormones in cambial regions of stems ofLarix kaempferi at the onset of cambial activity in springtime

The total amounts of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinins, and abscisic acid (ABA) were quantified by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring-mass spectrometry (GC-SIM-MS) in cambial regions of the main stems ofLarix kaempferi during the spring season. During the sampling period, cambium in the dormant state entered the active meristematic state. The total amount of IAA did not change at the onset of cambial reactivation but increased when the active division of cambial cells became apparent. Four cytokinins —trans- andcis-ribosylzeatin (RZ),N ⁶-isopentenyladenine (iP),N ⁶-isopentenyladenosine (iPA) — were quantified, but no zeatin (Z) was detected. The total amount of the four cytokinins together and the total amount of isopentenyl-type cytokinins (iP and iPA) varied during the sampling period but did not appear to be specifically associated with cambial activity. The total amounts oftrans- andcis-RZ remained relatively constant during the sampling period, as did the total amount of ABA. The results suggest that there is little correlation between total amounts of endogenous plant hormones in the cambial region and reactivation of the cambium during the spring.     

Relationship between rooting ability and endogenous phytohormone changes in successive continuous generation cuttings of Buxus sinica var. parvifolia, an endangered woody species in China

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of successive continuous generation (SCG) cuttings of Buxus sinica var. parvifolia on the rejuvenation of ortets at the hormone level, detect levels of indoleacetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), isopentenyladenosine (iPA), zeatin riboside (ZR) and gibberellin4 (GA4) during the rooting process of different generations by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology and statistically analyze the rooting characteristics of cuttings. The results show that, the root systems of subsequent generations (generation 1998, 2000) developed satisfactorily, only a few initial gen-eration (generation 1990, 1994) cuttings rooted and the root growth was inhibited. Around the period of callus formation and root projection through the epidermis, there was a marked, regular variation in the levels of IAA, ABA and GA4 between the initial gen-erations and subsequent generations.     

落叶松幼苗顶芽萌发过程中内源激素含量的变化

对落叶松幼苗项芽萌发过程中内源激素含量变化的研究结果表明：吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉酸(GA3)、脱落酸(ABA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)在项芽或新梢中含量较高，而新梢形成期幼苗根中IAA、GA3及ZR含量均显著高于其它时期的幼苗，而其ABA含量则与其它时期幼苗无显著差别；项芽将萌发期幼苗叶片中的IAA、GA1及ZR含量高于其它幼苗。     

Physiological response to drought in radiata pine: phytohormone implication at leaf level

Pinus radiata D. Don is one of the most abundant species in the north of Spain. Knowledge of drought response mechanisms is essential to guarantee plantation survival under reduced water supply as predicted in the future. Tolerance mechanisms are being studied in breeding programs, because information on such mechanisms can be used for genotype selection. In this paper, we analyze the changes of leaf water potential, hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)), stomatal conductance and phytohormones under drought in P. radiata breeds (O1, O2, O3, O4, O5 and O6) from different climatology areas, hypothesizing that they could show variable drought tolerance. As a primary signal, drought decreased cytokinin (zeatin and zeatin riboside-Z?+?ZR) levels in needles parallel to K(leaf) and gas exchange. When Z?+?ZR decreased by 65%, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation started as a second signal and increments were higher for IAA than for ABA. When plants decreased by 80%, Z?+?ZR and K(leaf) doubled their ABA and IAA levels, the photosystem II yield decreased and the electrolyte leakage increased. At the end of the drought period, less tolerant breeds increased IAA over 10-fold compared with controls. External damage also induced jasmonic acid accumulation in all breeds except in O5 (P. radiata var. radiata?×?var. cedrosensis), which accumulated salicylic acid as a defense mechanism. After rewatering, only the most tolerant plants recovered their K(leaf,) perhaps due to an IAA decrease and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid maintenance. From all phytohormones, IAA was the most representative 'water deficit signal' in P. radiata.     

5个银杏品种无菌苗不同部位激素含量比较

通过对银杏5个优良品种1个月龄无菌苗不同部位内源激素含量的测定,发现顶芽段的生长素含量最高,带腋芽的中段次之,下段较少。细胞分裂素（iPA＋ZR）含量主要分布在中段、下段和子叶中。顶芽中IAA／（iPA＋ZR）比值与生长素分布有相同的规律,也是顶芽最高,中段次之,下段最低。5个品种的激素水平存在差异,其中IAA的排列顺序为：44号〉28号〉45号〉53号〉79号,79号含量最低。ZR＋iPA总含量的排序为：79号〉28号〉45号〉44号〉53号,79号的含量最高。这些结果为银杏离体培养中外源激素或调节剂合理的添加,有目的、有方向地调控提供指导。     

Changes in the concentrations of auxins and polyamines during rooting of in-vitro-propagated walnut shoots

Rooting was induced in in-vitro-propagated walnut (Juglans regia L.) shoots by subculturing the shoots on rooting medium containing agar and 3 mg l(-1) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for 7 days in darkness. Changes in the concentrations of endogenous free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-acetylaspartic acid (IAAsp) and free polyamines were determined during culture on root-inducing medium. In extracts of whole shoots, the concentration of free IAA showed a transient peak at 60 h (around 48 h in extracts from basal shoot portions) and then remained at a relatively low concentration for the remainder of the 7-day culture period. The concentration of IAAsp in extracts of whole shoots peaked at about the same time as the concentration of free IAA, whereas the IAAsp concentration in extracts from basal shoot portions peaked earlier, at around 12 h. The concentrations of free polyamines in extracts of whole shoots increased soon after the shoots were transferred to root-inducing medium. The concentrations of IAA and IAAsp remained stable when the rooted shoots were transferred to a vermiculite/gelrite mixture (without auxin) and grown in light.     

Using synergistic exogenous phytohormones to enhance somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants of a Eucalyptus grandis clone

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) in Eucalyptus spp. has been limited to germinated seeds, flowers, lignotubers or zygotic embryos. The low yield of somatic embryos from leaf explants has hampered progress, even though leaves offer a more viable source of clonal explants from superior selected genotypes. It was hypothesised that SE from leaf explants could be enhanced through pairing of synergistic exogenous plant growth regulators, such as natural auxins with natural cytokinins. Callus and embryo induction using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole acetic acid (IAA), and indole butyric acid (IBA), each at either 1.0 or 3.0?mg L^?1, indicated that IAA and IBA favoured significantly higher numbers of embryos compared with 2,4-D or NAA. Hence, IAA and IBA were used for subsequent experiments, combining them (at 1.0?mg L^?1) with either the synthetic cytokinin, kinetin, or the natural cytokinin, trans-zeatin, both at 0.1?mg L?1. The combination of trans-zeatin and either IAA or IBA resulted in a significant increase in SE (e.g. 86 ± 17.2% and 23 ± 3.2% for IAA with trans-zeatin and kinetin, respectively), compared with kinetin, or with these auxins alone. Embryo maturation and plantlet regeneration was highest in those calli that were induced with IAA and trans-zeatin, indicating that maturation was dependent on auxin depletion, based on the stability of the analogue used for induction. For the E. grandis clone under study, the use of synergistic plant growth regulators significantly enhanced SE from leaf explants, thus presenting the opportunity to benefit from the advantages that SE offers over conventional organogenesis.     

Effects of IBA on the rooting of branch cuttings of Chinese jujube (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zizyphus jujuba</Emphasis> Mill.) and changes to nutrients and endogenous hormones

‘Zhongqiusucui’ jujube secondary shoots were treated with 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) at three concentrations, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L. Results show that IBA could significantly enhance rooting and root characteristics of cuttings and were best with IBA at 1500 mg/L. In the rooting process, the formation of adventitious roots was related to the consumption and accumulation of nutrients (soluble sugars and proteins) and the changes in endogenous hormones in phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases. The rooting of cuttings had a positive correlation with the consumption of soluble sugars during the period of callus formation and with the accumulation of soluble sugars during adventitious root formation and growth. Rooting was positively related to the breakdown of soluble proteins in the phloem when the callus formed, and had a positive correlation with its accumulation during adventitious root formation and growth. Leaf tips and leaf bases showed a reverse trend in changes of soluble protein. However, together with the phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases regulated and controlled the formation and development of adventitious roots. The main activities of soluble proteins exist in the leaf tips as this was the main source of soluble proteins. The relation between rooting and IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) content in phloem was positive and thus a high concentration of IAA could benefit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. However, rooting was negatively related with ABA (abscisic acid) and GA (gibberellic acid) and a high concentration of both could inhibit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. Rooting had a positive correlation with phloem IAA/ABA ratios, and higher ratios could improve rooting. Low concentrations of ZR (zeatin riboside) triggered the induction of adventitious roots, while higher concentrations promoted root growth. Endogenous hormones in leaf tips and bases had an impact on rooting. The activities of endogenous hormones mainly existed in leaf tips because they play a major role in the production and consumption of IAA and its ABA content increased during rooting. The ZR in leaf tips influenced the rooting of cuttings, especially in the callus formation and rooting stage. Leaf tips were the main source of GA.     

Effects of stem girdling on cone yield and endogenous phytohormones and metabolites in developing long shoots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Stem-girdling treatments were applied in early spring to stimulate cone formation in two genotypes of interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco). After girdling treatments, male cone yield increased significantly in the next growing season. The increase was 14-fold in genotype 9137. In genotype 9550, more than 8,700 male cones were induced from each tree whereas no male cones were found in controls. Female cone yield was zero in controls and low for girdled trees in both genotypes. Multiple phytohormone-related compounds, including gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and their selected metabolites, were analyzed in developing long shoots after girdling treatments by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC?CESI?CMS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Concentrations of GA₄ were slightly higher at week 2 following girdling treatment, whereas at week 8 lower GA₄ concentrations were found in girdled samples. Stem girdling did not affect concentrations of IAA and major cytokinins, such as zeatin riboside and isopentenyl adenosine. Concentrations of ABA differed two-fold between the genotypes. Although girdling treatment did not cause differences in ABA concentrations, it generally resulted in higher concentrations of ABA glucose ester. Concentration increase of 7??-hydroxy ABA by girdling was only found in genotype 9550 at week 8. Girdling caused little change in concentrations of phaseic acid in both genotypes.     

沙棘不落果原因探讨

沙棘果实成熟与衰老时均不脱落,甚至干缩在果枝上,为了研究沙棘不落果原因,寻求促进落果的有效方法,我们进行了下列实验。一、材料与方法 (一)外施乙烯与ABA于果实完熟前期(9月中下旬)剪取中国沙棘(Hippophaerhamnoides L.Subsp.Sinesis)、西藏沙棘(H.thibetana Schlechtend)带叶果枝,将下端分别浸于装有500、1000ppm乙烯利,50、100ppm ABA与50、100ppm6-康基氨基腺     

Regulation of phytohormones on root primordium initiation and adventitious root formation in the etiolated shoots of Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Yinfen Jinlin’

Tree peony is well known and sought after for its large, colorful flowers. Its propagation is via vegetative methods. Mechnisms of the adventitious rooting and the regulation of rooting processes are the principles and techniques of plant propagation and improvement. Microstructures and fluctuations of phytohormones in the adventitious rooting were studied with the etiolated softwood shoots of Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Yinfen Jinlin’. There are no pre-primordia in the shoots of the cultivar. Adventitious roots are produced in five stages: shoot selection, primordium initiation, primordium growth, conducting tissue differentiation and root protrusion. Primordia initiated in the cortex. The contents of the endogenous hormones, IAA, ABA and GA, were 5.842, 0.873 and 1.043 nmol&#8226;g^–1 FW on the bases of shoots, respectively. CTKs which included isopentenyl adenine (iPA), zeatin riboside (ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) were 0.949, 0.695 and 2.034 nmol&#8226;g^–1 FW, respectively. DHZR is active among CTKs. The ratio of IAA to GA, CTK and ABA clearly increased at the stage of primordium initiation, while they showed low levels at the stages of primordium growth. The ratios were restored at the shoot levels at the stage of root protrusion. IBA provoked primordia initiation in the cortex, the vascular cambium, the pith and even in the callus induced on the base of shoots. IAA levels in the treated shoots increased gradually to its highest level (three times of control) at the stage of conducting tissue differentiation. The ratios of IAA to GA, CTK and ABA clearly decreased at the stage of primordium initiation. The ratio of IAA to ABA is regulated at 10:1.     

Abscisic acid and the regulation of embryo dormancy in the genus Acer

Germination of Acer pseudoplatanus L. and Acer platanoides L. seeds was increased by moist storage of the intact fruits (seed + pericarp) at 5 degrees C, but not at 17 degrees C. In both species, germinative capacity of isolated embryos (seeds with testa removed) was increased by moist storage of fruits at either 5 or 17 degrees C. Thus dormancy loss by intact seeds and excised embryos was not necessarily correlated. Loss of dormancy in isolated embryos was associated with a reduction in free abscisic acid (ABA) content. Embryos from freshly harvested fruits of A. pseudoplatanus had a higher germinative capacity and a lower free ABA content than embryos from freshly harvested fruits of A. platanoides. Morever, germinative capacity increased, and free ABA content decreased, more rapidly with length of fruit storage in A. platanoides embryos than in A. pseudoplatanus embryos.     

油桐花芽分化期内源激素含量的变化

为给油桐花芽分化及花期调控的研究提供理论依据.在观察油桐花芽形态分化的显微结构的基础上,测定并分析了该时期油桐叶片中内源激素ZR(玉米索核苷)、IAA(生长素)、GA(赤霉素)、ABA(脱落酸)含量的变化情况.结果表明:当花芽生理分化期,ZR(玉米素核苷)、IAA(生长素)、GA(赤霉素)、ABA(脱落酸)的含量迅速下降,到花芽形态分化开始前降到较低水平;花芽形态分化开始后,ZR(玉米素核苷)、IAA(生长素),GA(赤霉素),ABA(脱落酸)的含量呈现出前期上升、中期波动、末期上升的变化规律;花芽生理分化期,ZR/GA、ZR/IAA、ABA/GA和ABA/IAA之值迅速上升,而当花芽形态分化期,各比值在较高水平上的波动大.后期下降.因此,内源激素间的平衡与综合作用促进了花芽的分化.     

一氧化氮对百合鳞茎的休眠解除效应

为研究一氧化氮(NO)在打破百合鳞茎休眠中的作用,用硝普钠(SNP)处理休眠的"哥德琳娜"百合(Lilium brownii var. viridulum 'Gondelina')鳞茎后,在25 ℃下进行培养,观测其萌发生长和测定不同解除休眠生长时期GA(赤霉素)、IAA(吲哚乙酸)、ZR(玉米素核苷)、ABA(脱落酸)4种内源激素的质量摩尔浓度变化.结果表明,NO能够促进"哥德琳娜"百合鳞茎休眠的解除,随处理体积摩尔浓度的增加,鳞茎发芽率呈先增大后减小趋势,其中10 mmol/L SNP体积摩尔浓度浸泡处理对休眠"哥德琳娜"百合鳞茎的解除效果最好,发芽率达58.2%,比对照增大37.9个百分点,且与对照差异显著(P<0.05);鳞茎质量和根生长量呈先增大后减小趋势,10 mmol/L SNP体积摩尔浓度浸泡处理下增加最大,分别比对照增大41.74%和102.03%,且与对照差异显著(P<0.05);用10 mmol/L SNP体积摩尔浓度浸泡处理下,鳞茎内源激素GA、IAA和ZR质量摩尔浓度随处理天数增加呈增大趋势,且均与对照差异显著(P<0.05),而ABA质量摩尔浓度随处理天数增加呈减小趋势,与对照之间差异不显著.NO能够促进生长素的快速生成,加速"哥德琳娜"百合鳞茎休眠解除的进程.     

Identification and quantitation of indole-3-acetic and abscisic acids in the cambial region of Quercus robur by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A technique is described for the rapid purification of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) from small quantities of the basal trunk cambial region tissues of 34-year-old trees of Quercus robur L. Mass spectra of IAA and ABA obtained from the purified extracts provide the first reported unequivocal identification of endogenous IAA and ABA in the cambial region of a hardwood species. By use of the combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique of multiple ion monitoring, with deuterated analogs as internal standards, it was shown that the levels of IAA in the cambial region tissues varied from ~1 to ~20 microg g(-1) and those of ABA from ~1 to ~5 microg g(-1) dry weight during the growing season. The high levels of IAA are similar to those found in the newly differentiating xylem tissues of softwoods.     

Influences of altered phytohormone use on endogenous ABA and mRNA populations during white spruce (Picea glauca) somatic embryo culture

We examined endogenous abscisic acid [(+)-ABA] amounts and mRNA populations in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) somatic embryos in liquid suspension culture during a pretreatment prior to induction of maturation with exogenous (+)-ABA. The pretreatment consisted of removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from the multiplication medium for 7 days. The removal of 2,4-D resulted in a slight increase in endogenous ABA in pretreated tissues compared to nonpretreated tissues at the end of the 7-day pretreatment period (42.4 versus 20.0 pg mg(-1) lyophilized tissue). Altered gene expression patterns were observed as early as one day after the start of the pretreatment, with more than 17 new polypeptides found in pretreated tissues. The influence of pretreatment continued to be observed after tissues were transferred to ABA-containing maturation medium. By comparing mRNA populations in pretreated and nonpretreated tissues cultured on either ABA-containing or ABA-free maturation medium, at least 12 mRNAs were observed to be induced by ABA, among which three polypeptides were ABA inducible only in pretreated tissues.     

金叶银杏硬枝扦插繁殖生根过程及其生根机制研究

【目的】研究不同生长调节剂处理对金叶银杏硬枝扦插生根率和成活率的影响,探讨金叶银杏的生根机制,为金叶银杏苗木扦插快繁技术体系的建立提供技术支持和理论指导。【方法】通过NAA和IBA处理金叶银杏硬枝插穗,检测它们对插穗的生根状态、生根指标及IBA对扦插过程中插穗皮部可溶性糖、抗氧化酶、激素含量的影响,探究金叶银杏硬枝扦插繁殖技术和生根机理。【结果】1)金叶银杏插穗愈伤组织诱导期和形成期、不定根发生期和形成期分别在插后的20~26、26~42、42~53、53~79 d。2)800 mg·L^-1 IBA和400 mg·L^-1 NAA+400 mg·L^-1IBA(混合)处理的插穗愈伤组织和不定根出现期及生根率与根数都较其他相应处理的效果好,其中生根率分别达64.4%和51.1%;不定根数分别达8.6条和9.3条。3)插穗生根过程中(500 mg·L^-1 IBA处理)基部韧皮部的SOD、PPO活性在插后40、60 d达到高峰,均比对照提前20 d达到峰值;插穗的POD活性出现上升-下降-升高的趋势,插穗可溶性糖也出现升高-下降-升高的趋势,但时间点不一致;而淀粉的含量出现下降-上升的趋势。4)生根期间插穗基部韧皮部的IAA含量出现了2个峰值和一个谷值;而ZR含量在第40天达到峰值后下降;GA含量先下降后上升;ABA含量在插后的前期高后期低,且值都低于同期对照。IAA/ABA比值在插后的第40天(愈伤组织形成期)达到谷底,后又上升(不定根形成期)。IAA/GA在插后的40~60 d内快速上升,80 d后又开始大幅下降;IAA/ZR值在扦插愈伤组织形成期(40 d)呈下降趋势,到60 d时(不定根发生期)又急剧上升到峰值。【结论】高活性的SOD和POD有利于插穗初期愈伤组织的形成(40 d),高活性的POD与PPO有利于不定根的形成(60 d)。较高的IAA含量是保证愈伤组织形成(20~40 d)的必要条件,不定根形成期(60 d)需要较高的IAA/ZR、IAA/ABA、IAA/GA比值。本研究为金叶银杏扦插繁殖技术和生根机理的研究及金叶银杏苗木的快速繁殖生产提供技术支持。     

外源GA3对油茶花器官内源激素与坐果率的影响

[目的]研究不同浓度外源GA3对油茶开花过程中花器官内源激素及坐果率的影响,分析油茶花器官内源激素与坐果率的相关性,探究促进油茶坐果的最佳外源GA3浓度,为油茶高产栽培和科学管理提供技术依据。[方法]以9年生‘长林4号’油茶为试验材料,采用单因素试验设计,对植株叶面分别喷施100、200、300、400、500mg·L^-1外源GA3,以喷施清水为对照(CK),分析不同浓度外源GA3对油茶花器官内源激素及坐果率的影响。[结果]研究表明:在试验水平范围内,喷施低浓度外源GA3有利于提高油茶坐果率,最佳喷施浓度为66.69mg·L^-1喷施低浓度的外源GA3使油茶雌蕊内源ABA含量降低,雄蕊ABA含量先升高后降低;雌雄蕊ZR、GA3含量升高,雌雄蕊IAA含量先降低后升髙;初萎时期雌蕊ABA与坐果率呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。[结论]在试验水平范围内,提高油茶坐果率的外源GA3最佳喷施浓度为66.69 mg·L^-1,喷施低浓度外源GA3可能通过调节油茶花器官内源ZR、IAA、ABA、GA3含量来影响其ABA含量,进而影响油茶坐果率。     

光皮桦离体培养形态建成及其调控

采用酶联免疫吸附法(EL ISA)和细胞石蜡切片法,研究光皮桦离体培养形态建成过程中芽原基、根原基形成、发育的特点以及光皮桦离体培养形态建成过程中5种内源激素含量的变化规律,阐明光皮桦离体培养过程中芽原基、根原基形成、发育的过程、特点以及内源激素的变化对离体培养形态建成过程中所起的调控作用,为建立高效的光皮桦离体培养体系提供科学依据.结果表明:在光皮桦离体培养形态建成过程中,芽原基起源于皮层的薄壁细胞,根原基起源于韧皮部内;在芽和根的形态建成过程中,外源激素的添加使光皮桦某些内源激素发生了变化,从而对芽和根的形态建成起调控作用;内源激素ZR、ABA、IAA,iPA的增加对芽的形成、发育起到促进作用;内源激素IAA、ABA,iPA的增加对根的形成、发育起到促进作用.