疯牛病

疯牛病是由一种类痒病的传染性因子所引起的人畜共患,以脑组织呈海绵状病变,脑组织空泡化为特征的传染性,致死性脑病.     

《国际动物卫生法典》关于牛海绵状脑病(BSE)的规定

第一条 　　一个国家或地区的BSE状况,按照下述标准确定: 　　1)对BSE发生的所有潜在因素及其历史状况进行风险分析,特别是: 　　a)牛喂饲反刍动物源性肉骨粉的情况; 　　……     

非典型疯牛病研究进展

自2001年欧盟实施疯牛病主动监测以后,人们发现一种新的与典型疯牛病不一样的疯牛病,即非典型疯牛病。后来,在日本、加拿大、美国、巴西等也发现非典型疯牛病。目前普遍认为,该类疯牛病多发于老年牛,临床上有的表现症状,有的无症状,具有自发性和散发性特征,发病率低,约为百万分之一至百万分之三。研究发现,非典型疯牛病可以分为H型和L型,两者在PK酶抗性、糖基化、传染性、机体内分布等存在差异,同时与典型疯牛病也存在明显差异。比较来看,L型疯牛病的传染性最强,H型疯牛病的传染性较弱。论文从非典型疯牛病的临床症状、病理变化、病原分布及分子特性、传染性等方面做了详细介绍。     

A Case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Denmark

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, was first described in England by Wells et al. (1987). The infection occurs mainly due to digestion of feedstuffs containing ruminant derived protein in form of meat and bone meal contaminated with a scrapie-like agent (Wilesmith et al. 1991). Later, cases of BSE were diagnosed in the Republic of Ireland, Oman, France, and Switzerland (Marinovic & Senn 1991). This report describes the first case of BSE in Denmark.     

非典型牛海绵状脑病研究进展

非典型牛海绵状脑病为新发现的一种朊病毒病,通常发生于老牛,与典型牛海绵状脑病在病理表型、分子表型和生物表型方面不同。本文结合已发表的文献,对非典型牛海绵状脑病的发现、病原特性、流行病学、检测、发病机理、动物模型研究和实验感染等方面的最新研究进展进行了概述,以期增强人们对该病的认识,并为我国防控该病提供借鉴。     

日本控制疯牛病的成功经验与启示

2001年9月日本发生疯牛病(BSE)。此后该国采取多种措施,在2013年重新成为"可忽略BSE风险"的国家。通过回顾日本疯牛病发生经过,介绍其动物卫生部门先后采取的各项举措,分析其成功经验,旨在对我国近年来动物传染病防控提供参考。     

疯牛病的检测技术与防治

80年代中后期英国第一次大规模暴发的疯牛病以来,随后在多个国家也相继暴发了疯牛病病例,严重影响着各国经济贸易的发展,并且严重威胁着人类的生活健康。为了减少疯牛病对国家经济的影响,定期的检测是必不可少的,防治工作更是任重道远。本文就疯牛病的检测与防治做一下简要叙述。     

新型克-雅氏病是人的牛海绵状脑病

本文在概述人朊病毒的基础上，重点阐述新型克－雅氏病与早先已知的各种人朊病毒病的区别和它是由牛海绵状脑病朊病毒引起的证据，并对牛海绵状脑病并非源于痒病而是原于牛散发性朊病毒病、影响新型克－雅氏病流行规模的主要因素和该病的主要预防措施等问题进行了讨论。     

牛海绵状脑病

牛海绵状脑病（ｂｏｖｉｎｅ　ｓｐｏｎｇｉ－ｆｏｒｍ　ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｏｐａｔｈｙ， ＢＳＥ），又称“疯牛病”，是一种成年牛致命性神经系统性疾病，是根据当时病畜特殊的变性病变而命名的（ＢＳＥ），它是由一种非常规致病因子引起的一种亚急性海绵状脑病。该病的主要特生是牛脑发生海绵状病变，并伴随大脑功能退化，临床表现为神经质、运动失调、痴呆和死亡。能够表现这种症状的疾病还有羊的痒病、人的库鲁氏病和人的克雅氏病（ＣＪＤ）等。 该病于１９８５年４月在英国阿什福特农场首次发现，１９８６年开始命名为ＢＳＥ。当１９９…     

Age-period-cohort analysis of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in Switzerland

Cattle born after animal-feed control measures were implemented in 1990 have become BSE cases in Switzerland, indicating sub-optimal effectiveness of these measures. To evaluate these measures, the incidence of BSE cases in Switzerland recorded through clinical case reporting from January 1991 to June 2000 (categorized into age groups and birth cohorts of 6-month duration) was analyzed by Poisson log-linear regression using an age–period–cohort model. The incidence was maximum in the cattle cohort born from October 1989 to March 1990, and dropped to zero in the cohort born from April to September 1991. A second peak was observed in a cohort born from April to September 1994. The first drop of incidence is interpreted as a result of initial implementation of the feed ban in 1990. The second peak might be related to exposure of cattle to feed intended for pigs and poultry.     

Direct Costs of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Control Measures in Germany

On 26 November 2000, the first autochthonous case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was detected in Germany. Since then, a total of 413 BSE cases have been confirmed, resulting in the culling and destruction of 17 313 heads of cattle. In view of the possible risks for human and animal health, Germany has adopted EU regulations along with some additional requirements concerning active surveillance and response measures after detecting a BSE‐positive animal. In this study, we used a stochastic model to estimate the costs incurred by the ensuing legislative amendments responding to BSE between November 2000 and December 2010. The total costs were estimated to range between 1847 and 2094 million Euros. They peaked in 2001 (about 394 million Euros) and declined since. About 54% of the costs (approximately 1000 million Euros) were incurred by the extension of the feed ban for animal protein to all farmed livestock. Active surveillance accounted for 21% (405 million Euros), the incineration of animal protein for 13% (249 million Euros) and the removal of specified risk material for 11% (225 million Euros). Only 1% of the costs was related to response measures after detecting a BSE‐positive animal, including indemnity payments for culled cattle and confiscated carcasses at the slaughterhouse.     

免疫组织化学方法检测牛海绵状脑病(BSE)和羊痒病(Scrapie)

按照本实验室建立的牛海绵状脑病免疫组织化学方法，将自制单克隆抗体4C11与PK酶消化处理的牛海绵状脑病阳性切片和羊痒病阳性切片进行反应，发现单抗4C11不仅能与牛海绵状脑病阳性切片发生强烈的免疫反应，而且也能与羊痒病阳性切片发生强烈的免疫反应。从阳性切片和阴性切片的实验来看，单克隆抗体4C11没有非特异性染色反应，并且也没有背景染色。用瑞士进口单抗6H4进行的对照实验获得了同样的结果。因此，可以用自制的单克隆抗体4C11替代昂贵的进口单抗6H4来监测我国的牛海绵状脑病和羊痒病。     

牛海绵状脑病与牛羊源成分的检测

疯牛病不仅给全球畜牧经济造成重大损失,而且还严重危害着人类的健康,而造成疯牛病传播的主要原因则是由于携带有致病因子的牛羊肉骨粉饲料及牛羊制品在各国之间的贸易往来。因而加强对进口饲料产品中牛羊源成分的检测是防止疯牛病流行的重要措施。本文就疯牛病的流行病学、病原学、病理变化与诊断以及牛羊源成分检测方法的研究进展作以简述。     

日本疯牛病的防制现状与评估

2002年,笔者作为浙江省友好省市技术交流人员,到日本枥木县畜产试验场(类同于省农科院畜牧所)与枥木县家畜保健卫生所(相当于省畜牧局防检站)两单位,研修学习近一年。对日本发生疯牛病所引起的一系列灾难性后果深感不安,而中国奶牛以前也饲喂添加牛羊肉骨粉的饲料,而且目前在奶牛饲养中仍有添加肉骨粉的情况存在,因此,对我国奶牛是否会发生疯牛病     

新近发现的非典型疯牛病介绍

2004年2月《美国科学院院刊》报道了Monaco等人在2003年8月份在意大利发现的一种非典型BSE。这种非典型：BSE比人们以前所认识到的：BSE(以下称“典型BSE”)更像人CJD。     

Recommendations of the International Roundtable Workshop on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy.

Recommendations of the working party were summarized as follows: Determine the status in all countries of their national cattle herds with respect to BSE. Attempt to develop a test to recognize BSE-infected animals before they become clinically ill. Establish procedures to prevent spread of BSE agent into the cattle populations, especially by eliminating feeds containing rendered ruminant proteins. Review the rendering processes, identify the sources and destinations of rendered products, and suggest appropriate changes if needed. Especially needed are standardized rendering procedures in regard to use of organic solvents, temperature, and duration of heat treatment. Review import and export regulations to reduce the risk of spreading BSE and to maximize opportunities for safe trading in cattle and cattle products. The scrapie-free certification program of the USDA was supported, and similar programs might be considered by other countries. If BSE/scrapie is diagnosed in a given country, determine baseline incidence of CJD in those countries and consider contributing to an international registry. The WHO should address the problems of BSE, formulate policy, participate in and coordinate research, and provide training opportunities for veterinary and human health care workers from eastern European countries and developing nations. Government and private agencies should consider increasing support for research on transmissibility and pathogenesis of CJD, BSE, CWD, scrapie, and transmissible mink encephalopathy. Prepare and publish a critical neuropathologic review of all spongiform encephalopathies, naturally and experimentally transmitted, defining the characteristics of each disease in the various species known to be susceptible. Consider producing guidelines for the biological and pharmaceutical industries with regard to sourcing, collecting, and processing bovine and ovine materials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

疯牛病发病机理和跨物种传播研究进展

疯牛病（BSE）是严重危害畜牧业和人类健康的一种传染性疾病。该病以侵害中枢神经系统为特征。由于该病的临床症状和组织病理学变化等已为人们所熟知，本文仅就疯牛病病因、发病机理、及跨物种传播作一综述。     

Potential Risk Factors Associated with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Cattle from Schleswig‐Holstein,Germany

Since the first detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in homebred cattle in Germany on 26 November 2000, 382 cases have been confirmed until 30 September 2005. Thirty‐two of these cases were reported from the Federal State of Schleswig‐Holstein (SH). There are hypotheses on the routes of infection for German cattle, but only few efforts have been made to assess potential risk factors by epidemiological studies. The purpose of this study was to identify potential risk factors at the farm level for the occurrence of BSE in cattle in SH. By applying the method of indirect standardization, the prevalence of various structural and management parameters of BSE‐affected farms in SH was compared with the prevalence of these parameters in a standard population of cattle farms from SH. The data describing the standard population were obtained by a cross‐sectional study performed in SH in 2003. Data of the BSE case population were available from the central German BSE case database. A possible association of the occurrence of BSE with the feeding of milk replacers to calves was observed. There was a clear indication that the occurrence of BSE was associated with the presence of pigs and/or poultry on the farm. This finding suggests that cross‐contamination of feed or cross‐exposition may have occurred in SH. The results obtained using the indirect standardization analysis were validated by multiple logistic regression. This study indicates that the feedborne path has been the principal route of transmission for the BSE agent in SH.     

疯牛病(BSE)的检测方法

目前国际上常用BSE检测方法:组织病理学检测将中枢神经组织制备成组织切片，进行H．E染色，随后在显微镜下检查BSE特征性的病理变化。疯牛病最重要的病变是延髓(脑闩)部位灰质神经纤维网出现中等数量的不连续的卵形和球形空泡，通常对称性分布。在孤束核和三叉神经脊束核空泡化最严重。中枢神经组织病理学变化可以作为诊断疯牛病的重要参考。     

疯牛病发生与防制新进展

疯牛病（Mad-cow disease)是牛海绵状脑病（Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy,BSE)的俗称，是一种慢性、传染性、致死性的中枢神经系统疾病。该病自1985年4月首次在英国发现以来，至今已在许多国家都有发现。目前，世界上有100多个过国家面临着严重疯牛病的威胁。本文从病原、流行病学、发生与防制等方面对疯牛病进行了综述。