全自动红薯杀秧机的设计与试验——基于Design-Expert8.0.6

红薯收获前的杀秧作业不仅可以提高收获效率,还能够提升红薯的品质。然而,目前我国所使用的各种红薯杀秧机普遍存在着带薯率高、打碎长度合格率差、土壤在护罩上黏着严重的问题,严重影响了红薯的产量与品质。为此,以现有的红薯杀秧机技术为基础,进行创新研发,解决以上几种问题。主要介绍了新型红薯杀秧机的各关键部位的设计,并通过机具作业速度、甩刀刀辊转速、垄上刀距垄台高度3种因素对新型红薯杀秧机的工作效果进行试验。结果表明:新型红薯杀秧机可以有效降低土壤黏着问题,当作业速度为4.5～6.0km/h、甩刀刀辊转速为1500～1600r/min、垄上刀距垄台高度为50～52mm时,实际打碎长度合格率在94.7%～95.5%之间,留茬高度在56.0～59.9mm之间,带薯率降低至0.15%～0.23%,符合红薯杀秧机的实际作业要求。     

四行马铃薯杀秧机的设计

马铃薯收获前的杀秧工作是马铃薯高质量收获的重要环节,对提高马铃薯品质和收获效率具有很大的促进作用,而现有机型对于马铃薯杀秧效果并不理想,存在打碎长度合格率差、带薯率高、土壤在护罩上粘着严重等问题。为此,研究设计了一种新型高效的四行马铃薯杀秧机,通过理论分析确定了结构参数。田间试验结果表明:当作业速度为4.7km/h、甩刀轴转速为1 350r/min、垄上刀距垄台距离51mm时,试验指标打碎长度合格率为92.7%。此时杀秧机杀秧效果最好,满足马铃薯杀秧机作业质量要求。该研究为马铃薯杀秧过程存在的问题提供了解决方案,也为马铃薯杀秧机进一步的研究提供了参考。     

马铃薯杀秧机的优化设计与分析

马铃薯收获前的杀秧处理对后期的收获效率及马铃薯品质有着非常显著的影响。为此,针对当前马铃薯杀秧机存在作业效率低、留茬高度不均匀及带薯率高等问题,设计了一款新型高效的马铃薯杀秧机。本机可根据不同地块、不同马铃薯品种的需要调节留茬高度,提高了后续收获的流畅性;刀具采用甩刀的形式并在杀秧轴上呈仿垄形分布,极大降低了带薯率及伤薯率。同时,对关键部件进行了有限元分析,结果表明:所设计的部件均满足强度要求。对样机进行了田间试验,试验结果表明:杀秧效率明显提高,留茬高度均匀,带薯率显著降低,均满足马铃薯的杀秧作业要求。本研究对提高马铃薯杀秧机的作业效率及后续收获效率、更好地适用于马铃薯的大规模收获具有重要意义。     

马铃薯全垄仿形式茎叶切碎刀辊设计与试验

针对现有马铃薯茎叶切碎机作业茎秆打碎长度合格率低、带薯率高、工作效率低等问题,设计了一种全垄仿形式茎叶切碎刀辊,对刀具工作过程进行分析,建立刀具运动、刀具-茎秆碰撞和茎秆捡拾数学模型,明确影响装置工作性能主要参数,完成全垄仿形式茎叶切碎刀辊总体结构与茎叶切碎刀具设计。采用三因素五水平二次回归正交旋转中心组合试验方法,以作业速度、刀辊转速、刀辊离地距离为试验因素,打碎长度合格率、带薯率为评价指标,应用Design-Expert 8.0.6.1软件进行试验数据处理与参数组合优化,结果表明,各因素对打碎长度合格率均具有显著性影响,影响由大到小依次为刀辊转速、作业速度、刀辊离地距离;各因素对带薯率均具有显著性影响,影响由大到小依次为刀辊离地距离、刀辊转速、作业速度。在刀辊转速为1450r/min、作业速度为3.5～6.7km/h、刀辊离地距离为285～317mm时,打碎长度合格率大于90%,带薯率小于等于0.3%。本研究结果为马铃薯茎叶切碎机具作业质量和效率提升提供了设计理论与技术支持。     

马铃薯全垄仿形式茎叶切碎刀辊设计与试验

针对现有马铃薯茎叶切碎机作业茎秆打碎长度合格率低、带薯率高、工作效率低等问题,设计了一种全垄仿形式茎叶切碎刀辊,对刀具工作过程进行分析,建立刀具运动、刀具-茎秆碰撞和茎秆捡拾数学模型,明确影响装置工作性能主要参数,完成全垄仿形式茎叶切碎刀辊总体结构与茎叶切碎刀具设计。采用三因素五水平二次回归正交旋转中心组合试验方法,以作业速度、刀辊转速、刀辊离地距离为试验因素,打碎长度合格率、带薯率为评价指标,应用Design-Expert 8.0.6.1软件进行试验数据处理与参数组合优化,结果表明,各因素对打碎长度合格率均具有显著性影响,影响由大到小依次为刀辊转速、作业速度、刀辊离地距离;各因素对带薯率均具有显著性影响,影响由大到小依次为刀辊离地距离、刀辊转速、作业速度。在刀辊转速为1 450 r/min、作业速度为3.5～6.7 km/h、刀辊离地距离为285～317 mm时,打碎长度合格率大于90%,带薯率小于等于0.3%。本研究结果为马铃薯茎叶切碎机具作业质量和效率提升提供了设计理论与技术支持。     

小型马铃薯杀秧机的设计与田间试验

目前生产中应用的小型马铃薯杀秧机,在秧秆倒伏贴地的状况下,残秧较多、过长,杀秧效果明显变差,特别是垄沟残留过多。针对这一问题,设计了一种新型的小型杀秧机。其在结构上创新性地设计并前置了垄沟集秧装置,便于把垄沟底倒伏秧秆扶起,且在杀秧腔体内增设了与甩刀配合作业的仿垄形定刀。动定刀组合结构增加了对秧秆的打击破碎能力,动刀片在刀辊上的安装排列设计为双螺旋线形且为仿垄形组合,有效提高了碎秧效果。田间生产试验检测表明,打碎长度合格率为90.4%、抛撒不均匀率为11.2%、漏打率为0.4%,均符合相关标准要求。     

基于响应面法的棉秆粉碎还田试验

针对棉秆粉碎还田效果差、粉碎还田装备可靠性差等问题,采用设计的棉秆粉碎还田机,并将粉碎辊转速、甩刀离地高度、机具前进速度作为试验因素,将棉秆粉碎长度合格率、棉秆抛撒不均匀度、留茬平均高度作为试验性能指标进行棉秆粉碎还田单因素和Box-Behnken试验,建立各试验因素和试验性能指标之间的回归方程,确定各试验因素对性能指标的影响规律,并进行优化计算,对优化结果进行试验验证。结果表明：棉秆粉碎还田的最优值为粉碎辊转速为2 290 r/min,甩刀离地高度45 mm,机具前进速度1.58 m/s,棉秆粉碎长度合格率95.13%,棉秆抛撒不均匀度12.16%,留茬平均高度42.13 mm,为棉秆粉碎还田机作业和设计提供理论指导。     

基于扭矩传感器杀秧机伤薯、空转报警装置研制与试验

杀秧作业时,刀辊高速旋转将地面浮土打起影响驾驶员视线,杀秧机在田间遇到地块不平时易伤薯,机手在驾驶室内很难及时发现杀秧机伤薯情况;当机手发现伤薯后,通过拖拉机液压装置调节杀秧机的离地高度,往往会造成离地过高,杀秧机出现空转现象,使薯秧的漏打率增加,影响马铃薯机械化收获效率与质量,增大了仓储成本;在北方大田种植的马铃薯,机械化收获水平较高、收获期较短、霜降来临较早,杀秧不彻底易造成误农时、增大油耗、损伤机车等风险。基于此,设计了一款适用于杀秧机伤薯、空转时的报警装置,通过理论分析与田间验证试验表明：当拖拉机输出轴转速稳定、正常杀秧作业时该装置准确率在95%以上,杀秧高度过低或过高时准确度略低但满足设计要求,该装置可及时提示机手伤薯和空转,间接地减少了伤薯与薯秧漏打情况的发生率,对马铃薯机械化收获效率、质量有更好保障,对种植户的仓储、增收具有十分重要意义。     

薯垄仿形马铃薯杀秧机的研制

通过对我国北方垄作马铃薯薯垄垄形以及薯秧生长特点的调查,设计了薯垄仿形马铃薯杀秧机。该机主要由机架总成、悬挂装置、传动系统、薯垄仿形刀轴总成和仿形地轮总成等部分组成。针对国内北方垄作马铃薯垄形特点,机具的薯垄仿形刀轴采用直垂、双L和旋耕形3种切断粉碎刀,并配合仿形地轮总成,能够适应国内北方垄作马铃薯的种植特点,将薯秧切断粉碎,并将碎秧抛撒在地面和垄沟内（主要在垄沟内）还田。该机作业过程中性能稳定、可靠性高,性能测试试验结果符合设计要求,可大大节省劳动力,提高生产效率。     

南方冬种马铃薯杀秧机的设计

根据南方冬种马铃薯机械化收获的农艺要求,仿照马铃薯播种机所形成的垄形,设计一种适合于南方冬种马铃薯的杀秧除草设备。利用Solid Work设计传动系统、刀辊和刀具,并对刀具进行有限元受力分析。受力仿真分析及刀辊动平衡试验结果表明,马铃薯杀秧机能够满足设计的要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。