多孔烧结陶片吸水特性实验方法

建筑被动蒸发降温效益以多孔材料吸水特性为基础。以广泛应用的多孔烧结陶片为例,相关参数测试方法标准并不一致。笔者参考国际标准采用“单面浸泡法”测试了3种多孔陶片的毛细吸水系数及毛细饱和含水率,实验结果表明,在第1吸水阶段,材料孔隙率与毛细吸水系数及毛细饱和含水率呈现显著正相关关系。参考中国标准,采用“整体浸泡法”和“真空饱和法”测试了上述3种材料在水中浸泡24 h后的含水率,并与“单面浸泡法”测试结果进行了对比研究,结果显示,后者实验结果分别比前两者低3.25%和21.58%。研究表明,第1阶段吸水速率高的材料具有更高毛细饱和含水率,此种陶片更适宜蒸发降温应用。测试方法上单面浸泡法优于整体浸泡法。采用重复性误差衡量实验精确度,分析结果表明上述实验的重复性误差均低于2.40%。     

多孔调湿材料湿缓冲特性的实验研究

利用NORDTEST实验方法对中国长江中下游地区(以南京为例)多孔调湿材料的湿缓冲值(Moisture Buffer Value)进行测定,同时,研究湿缓冲值对建筑能耗及室内湿度的影响。实验结果显示,高湿度区间内材料的湿缓冲测定值较大,且不同材料的湿缓冲值存在较大差异。分析表明在长江中下游地区,使用具有吸放湿特性的建筑内表面材料可有效降低建筑能耗10%以上,同时,室内环境湿度也会得到一定程度的调节。     

能源植物千年桐种子吸水规律初探

探讨了几种处理条件下千年桐种子吸水规律,表明千年桐种子吸水量随着温度的升高而增加,在60℃下饱和吸水量为48.51%,剥去外种皮饱和吸水量为36.34%,60℃处理较剥去种皮饱和吸水量高12.23个百分点,60℃水温浸泡处理是种子育苗较合适的前处理方式。     

玉米种子萌发与出苗特性的研究

<正>种子吸水膨胀能力的强弱主要取决于种子内部化学成分,含蛋白质和脂肪较多的种子吸胀能力较含淀粉多的种子强。比如,禾谷类种子其吸水量只有萌动前自重的1/2,而豆类种子吸水量至少是萌动前自身重量的1倍以上。无论是有生命力的种子还是丧失生命力的种     

棉团铁线莲种子吸水特性及萌发温度的研究

以棉团铁线莲种子为材料,测定了棉团铁线莲种子萌发过程中的物理吸水曲线,并研究了其在不同温度(10,15,20,25,30,35,40℃)条件下种子的发芽率、发芽指数、种子活力指数及种胚生长势的变化。结果表明:种子萌发吸水呈快速吸水-缓慢吸水-饱和的趋势,棉团铁线莲种子萌发最低吸水量为种子原重量的84.37%。25℃是棉团铁线莲种子萌发最适温度,发芽率高达77.78%、种子活力指数高达206.92,胚根和胚芽生长速度快而均衡,分别为4.65cm和4.58cm。     

川续断种子吸水特性及萌发特性研究

目的:研究川续断种子的吸水萌芽特性,为川续断规范化种植提供理论依据和技术参考。方法:种子吸水的研究采用重量法,种子发芽条件研究根据常规发芽试验进行。结果:川续断种子入水后前6h为种子快速吸水阶段,吸水量占最大吸水量的87.2%,20h内吸水饱和,其吸水量为种子平均重量的97.3%左右;川续断种子发芽的适宜温度为20～25℃,最适温度为20℃。发芽初次计数时间为置床后第5天,末次计数时间为置床后第15天,发芽势统计时间为第8天。结论:川续断具有快速吸水的生物学特性;温度对川续断种子的发芽率、发芽势,发芽指数有显著影响,光照有利于种子发芽。     

内蒙古3种野生葱属植物种子吸水与萌发特性研究

以内蒙古草原上常见的蒙古韭(A.mongolicum)、碱韭(A.polyrhizum)和细叶韭(A.tenuissimum)3种葱属植物为材料,对其种子吸水特性及在不同温度和光照条件下的萌发特性进行了研究.结果表明,蒙古韭种子在30 h内吸水饱和,其吸水量为种子重量的77％;碱韭种子在34h内吸水饱和,其吸水量为种子重量的73％;细叶韭种子在26 h内吸水饱和,其吸水量为种子重量的60％.3种野生葱属植物种子自然休眠期约7个月.蒙古韭和细叶韭的种子属于种孔抑制和胚后熟的综合型体眠;碱韭种子属于种孔抑制的强迫性休眠.3种野生葱属植物种子适宜萌发温度为15℃恒温或15 ～25℃变温.黑暗对细叶韭种子萌发无明显促进作用.而蒙古韭和碱韭种子萌发具有一定的嫌光性.在适宜萌发条件下,3种野生葱属植物种子萌发率均能达到90％以上.     

高吸水剂的吸水能力及其对土壤水分物理性质的影响

高吸水剂的吸水能力及其对土壤水分物理性质的影响何腾兵，易萱蓉，蔡是华，张明（贵州农学院贵阳５５００２５）高吸水剂是一种高分子有机物质，其吸水量可超过自身重量的数百倍，但不同的产品，其吸水力相差颇大。为了掌握高吸水剂的吸水性能及其对土壤保水效果和对土壤...     

砾石覆盖层截留降雨的模拟实验研究

砾石覆盖技术可减少土壤水分蒸发,在世界的一些干旱半干旱地区得到了不同程度的应用。但在降雨时,雨水通过覆盖层进入土壤的过程中,覆盖层也会截留一定的降雨量。此文通过模拟降雨实验,表明：在降雨强度、降雨历时和铺设方式等相同的条件下,烘干砾石的吸水量随着降雨历时的延长而增大,并逐渐达到饱和吸水量;烘干砾石达到吸水饱和所需的降雨历时随着砾石平均等效粒径的减小而缩短;随着砾石平均等效粒径的增加,覆盖层砾石颗粒间的滞留水量逐渐减少;饱和砾石覆盖层的截留水量也逐渐减小,用指数衰减拟合模型进行拟合,具有高度的显著性。     

酶量和酶解时间对玉米多孔淀粉制备效果的影响

选择玉米淀粉为材料,探讨糖化酶酶量和时间对多孔淀粉效果的影响。酶解时间为18,24,30 h,酶量分别为306.67,377.00,495.39,754.88,1 486.17,2 948.75 U/g;以吸水、吸油率为判定标准,结合电镜扫描和显微测量淀粉表面的孔数和孔径,得到最佳酶量和酶解时间分别为754.88 U/g和24 h,且单位多孔淀粉颗粒表面的平均孔数为44,孔径为1.64～1.76μm。其他条件相同,在最佳酶量下,吸水率和吸油率达到118.83%,98.47%;在最佳时间下,吸水率和吸油率达到119.45%,98.34%;吸水和吸油率均最高。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.