基于RVA法的水库生态调度研究

我国水库传统的调度运行方式大多为防洪、兴利服务,较少考虑河流生态需求。水库的运行,改变了河道天然水文过程,对河流生态系统产生了较大胁迫,这将不利于河流水资源的可持续利用,因此,有必要对水库现行调度进行优化调整。选取嫩江干流尼尔基水库为研究对象,应用RVA法对水库下游河道生态需水以及水库现行调度方案运行对河流生态水文过程的影响进行了分析,建立了的生态调度模型,并提出了该工程调度的优化建议。     

非充分生态约束条件下水库生态调度模型研究

在不影响水库原有防洪及供水目标前提下,为了降低水库对河流生态系统的影响,针对部分调度模型存在调度结果满足最小生态流量约束而不满足适宜生态流量约束的情况,提出了以最小生态流量约束调度结果为基础,逐步向适宜生态流量约束靠近的非充分生态约束流量求解方法,并引入松弛变量,建立了生态保证程度与发电量的关系,通过对比Kmin法和Kmax-1法的Tennant评价结果确定水库生态调度的最佳平衡点,以此作为非充分生态约束条件下的尼尔基水库生态调度模型。结果表明,生态流量约束值还有很大的提升空间,不宜直接选取最小生态流量约束的调度结果作为调度方案;新的调度模型可以有效解决此类生态调度问题,给决策者提供更合理的调度方式,6种生态约束条件下的生态保证程度分别可提高60%、80%、40%、60%、70%、70%,电量损失率仅为2.01%、1.13%、1.28%、1.47%、2.16%、2.08%。     

松花江支流梧桐河流域河流生态径流研究

研究河流生态径流,对维持河流健康、稳定具有重要意义。以梧桐河主要控制站-宝泉岭站1951-2013年逐月天然径流为基础,采用逐月次最小(大)值法、频率排位法分别计算该站最小(大)生态径流,参考RVA法,以逐月频率法计算河流适宜生态径流阈值,运用Tennant法评价上述计算值,并分析河流生态径流满足程度;同时,分析流域现状水资源开发以及未来水利发展对河流生态径流的影响。结果表明,频率排位法计算的最小、最大生态径流过程更利于维持河流生态健康和稳定;在非汛期的1-2月和12月,河流容易遭受极端流量条件,但大部分月份河流的流量条件对河流生境都是比较有利的;关门嘴子水库及关门嘴子灌区的建设会进一步提高河流水资源开发利用程度,同时宝泉岭站断面4-11月的最小生态径流和敏感期(4-8月)正常生态需水可能得不到满足,未来可尝试通过关门嘴子水库及细鳞河水库的综合调度,以确保下游河流生境尽量处在一个较为有利的流量条件下。上述研究成果可为未来流域科学开展水资源管理工作提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

基于结构目标的水库生态调度模型与求解

传统水库生态调度中生态需水目标多采用基流方式,缺乏生物对天然水流形态和特征响应方面的信息,以致生态目标对生态系统需求的表征不够全面。因此,基于天然水流表征体系开展水库生态调度研究具有科学意义。基于黄河生态水文指标体系,提出了表征河流天然水流形态的结构化生态管理目标,并将该目标引入模型目标函数,构建了基于结构目标的水库生态调度模型,提出求解方法。通过实例研究发现,结构目标模型结果与流量目标相比,供水破坏率、生态破坏率有所增加,RVA改变度有所减少,保证出力与发电量变化甚微。可见,基于结构目标开展生态调度对恢复河流天然水流特征是可行的,且对水库原有的兴利指标影响较小。结构化目标中不同因子的权重关系对生态调度的效果影响较大,对不同河流或河段进行分时段差异化调节将是下一阶段研究的重点。     

水库生态调度模式研究

在总结国内外水库生态调度研究现状的基础上,分析水库对河流生态系统的重要影响,明确水库生态调度的概念及目标,讨论水库生态调度研究中存在的问题,展望水库生态调度模式的研究发展方向.     

石羊河流域变化环境下的水库调度决策研究——以红崖山水库为例

以石羊河流域干流下游的红崖山水库为研究对象,基于Mann-Kendall检验结果,即所得年径流序列突变年份为1972年,在选取基流和降水、气温作为影响径流主要水文和气象因子的基础上,进行蔡旗断面的月径流预测,进而推算得出红崖山水库入库径流。以此来水为输入,构建适用于水库下游红崖山灌区的水库优化调度模型,并用动态规划方法求解。该模型在考虑如何调蓄上游来水、重新分配径流、规划灌区需水期间供水的基础上获得理想的经济收益。     

面向运行约束的三峡水库生态调度研究

三峡水库多年运行期生态调度监测结果表明,实施促进四大家鱼产卵的生态调度效果显著,后期运行需长期坚持。为确保生态调度方案具有可操作性和持续性,方案编制需综合考虑水库自身运行约束和四大家鱼繁殖所需的水文、水力学条件。通过量化三峡-葛洲坝梯级水库运行约束,构建模型评估不同时间开展生态调度的可行性。结果表明:5月上中旬水温满足情况下适宜开展生态调度,5月下旬至6月上旬开展生态调度将增加葛洲坝弃水风险同时影响水库消落,6月中下旬至7月上旬可结合防洪调度开展生态调度。研究结果可为实时调度过程中三峡水库生态调度方案的编制和启动提供参考。     

察汗乌苏河流域西台-哇沿水库生态联合调度预案设计

察汗乌苏河流域资源性和工程性问题并存,为提高流域水资源供水保障能力,维持流域生态健康和保护下游河湖湿地,基于水量供需平衡设计了枯水期西台-哇沿水库的联合调度预案,并对哇沿水库的调度规则进行了研究。结果表明,水库生态联合调度方案一定程度上优化了供水过程,可保证枯水期河道内生态用水量,缓解区域缺水问题,为决策者和管理者提供技术依据和理论支持。     

基于仿真技术的太子河流域水库生态调度研究

针对太子河生态和环境日益恶化问题,以流域水资源利用和河流生态流量为目标,以宏观的水资源配置要求和防洪等为约束,建立水库多目标生态调度模型,并采用模拟仿真技术求解。结果表明,在考虑满足下游控制断面适宜生态流量需求的情况下,各区间用户最大供水缺水率为11.5%。在尽可能不破坏水库的社会经济效益的情况下,采用合理的调度模型能...     

水库建设与生态系统和谐

水库建设和运行对流域内上下游的生物群落和生态系统产生诸多负面影响,诸如改变流域水文气候,导致水温分层、泥沙淤积、水质恶化,切断河流廊道,阻隔鱼类洄游通道等;此外,传统的水库调度方式仅体现水库的工程效益、经济效益和社会效益,忽视了其生态效益。通过详细探讨这些问题,据此提出生态水库的概念,并从规划、设计、施工及生态调度等方面探讨了生态水库的理论体系,即水库建设需与生态系统达到高度的和谐与统一。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。