退耕还林(草)政策主要成效及趋势分析--基于西北5省和内蒙古793个退耕农户的统计分析

根据退耕还林（草）县区和调查人员的分布布局,对西北5省和内蒙古793个退耕还林（草）农户进行了问卷调查,分析了退耕还林（草）政策的主要成效及趋势,总结了农户对退耕还林（草）的评价,并提出了结论和政策性建议。研究表明,退耕还林（草）工程显著地改善了研究区域的生态状况,提高了退耕农户的生态意识和生计水平;农户拥护退耕还林（草）政策,有进一步实施退耕还林（草）的意愿;农户对退耕补助依赖性较大,如果降低补助标准,农民毁林复耕的可能性较大;提高补助标准,扩大退耕还林（草）面积,提供技术支持并大力发展后续产业是当前退耕农户的普遍愿望。     

甘肃典型退耕还林区农户认知和意愿评价

以典型退耕还林区会宁县为例,运用参与式农村评估法研究了生态修复政策对甘肃社会经济的影响,以及生态项目实施引起的农户态度的变化和对当地居民生计的影响,结果表明:广大农户对该工程广泛认同,接受退耕还林补偿政策,有82.04%的农户认为国家开展退耕还林还草是值得的,有86.83%的农户认为该项目的实施是成功的;但也存在一些问题,其中有86.20%的农户认为植被的保存率不好,所以多数受访农户(83.95%)希望政府实施林权责任制,同时有83.23%的受访农户希望政府协助开发林草市场。由此可见,尽管政府增加了退耕地的补助年限,但是没有从根本上解决退耕还林还草项目恢复的植被面临再次复垦的风险,这一问题可以通过更加综合的环境政策得到部分解决,而不是仅仅将注意力集中在粮食和现金补助方面。要从根本上解决必须做到从退耕还林这一政策出发,调整农业产业结构最终形成优势产业。     

农户调查方法在退耕还林（草）工程研究中的应用——以皇甫川流域为例

以皇甫川流域农户调查为例,探讨了农户调查方法在退耕还林（草）工程研究中的应用问题。农户调查因其数据获取直接、时效性强、反映问题全面等特点,可用于农户生产生活受工程影响及其相互作用等研究,并为相关政策的制定提供参考。研究表明：农户对退耕还林（草）工程普遍持赞成态度,但一些农户反对禁牧和圈养舍饲。影响农户对退耕还林（草）工程态度的主要因素是农户的年龄、家庭人数以及退耕所能带来的收益;影响农户对圈养舍饲态度的主要因素是畜牧业收入;农户受教育程度越高,人均纯收入越高,但耕地面积、种植业和畜牧业比例越大,人均纯收入反而越少,表现出当地传统农牧业典型的“不可持续性”,并与生态系统的不可持续性交互作用,形成了生态一经济的恶性循环。如何进一步发挥退耕还林工程的作用,促进生态和经济的可持续性,值得进一步探讨。     

农户对退耕政策的认知及其影响因素研究--以米脂县杨家沟镇为例

为了深入了解农户对退耕还林(草)政策的认知和态度,研究它们受影响的因素,对陕西省米脂县杨家沟镇100多户农户进行了问卷调查和统计分析.结果表明,97.17%农户对国家实施退耕政策持积极态度,但他们仅从个体经济收益角度认识此政策的目的.影响这一结果的要素包括农户年龄、文化水平、退耕面积、家庭人口数量、劳动力数量、耕地面积、经济收入水平,其中前三者对以种植业和养殖业为主要收入来源的农户影响显著,而经济收入水平对以外出务工为主要收入来源的农户影响显著.     

陕北地区退耕还林草工程社会经济效益分析--以志丹县和子洲县为例

退耕还林草工程是我国投资规模最大的生态工程,给退耕区带来了巨大的经济效益和社会效益.本文对陕北地区的志丹县和子洲县进行了退耕前后社会经济效益分析,研究了退耕对粮食产量、农业产值、林业产值,农、林、牧产值及构成比,人均收入等方面的影响.同时,从劳动力转移和农户年度家庭生活消费支出方面做社会效益对比分析,对两县退耕还林成果的保持与区域发展提出建议,以保证退耕还林工程建设健康发展.     

米脂县退耕还林(草)可持续发展研究

农户是退耕还林(草)的主体,他们的经济行为和认知响应对退耕还林(草)工程的实施具有重要的作用.基于参与性农村评估调查( participatory rural appraisal,PRA)方法,对米脂县退耕区8个行政村的325户退耕农户的退耕认知、退耕后家庭收入结构进行调查研究.研究表明,虽然农户对退耕还林工程持支持态度,但是巩固退耕还林(草)成果,保证退耕还林(草)工程的可持续发展,必须调整农业产业结构,提高农户收入.为此,需要协调好3个方面的关系:(1)劳务输出与退耕区的发展;(2)退耕区与农业产业发展;(3)农业补贴与农户增收.     

黄土丘陵区退耕还林(草)农户认知调查——以安塞县为例

以安塞县退耕还林(草)试点工作为对象,以参与性农村评估(Participatory Rural Appraisal,PRA)为调查方法,就农户对退耕还林(草)的认识、接受、期望以及退耕对农户家庭的影响等进行了调查分析。结果表明,退耕还林(草)目前存在的主要问题表现在政策宣传不足、补助力度不大、政策灵活性低、技术指导乏力等问题,在此基础上,作者提出了相应的建议,其中加强基本农田建设和对退耕还林(草)的技术指导对退耕还林(草)的顺利开展具有重要意义。     

黄土高原典型区退耕还林还草工程实施效果实证分析

为缓解黄土高原地区水土流失、土地退化等生态环境问题,中国自1999年开始在该地区实施退耕还林还草等生态保育工程。选取甘肃省会宁县为研究区,基于农户问卷调查、统计资料及相关政府报告,应用统计学软件SPSS和满意度指数分析法,对典型区退耕还林还草工程实施前后土地利用、种植养殖结构、农户经济收入的变化进行了研究,并调查了农牧民对退耕还林还草工程影响的满意度,旨在评估退耕还林还草工程实施对黄土高原典型区农户生产生活的影响。结果显示,退耕还林还草工程对会宁县的土地利用结构具有重要影响,有4.48%的耕地转换成草地和林地,退耕还林还草工程取得了较好效果。但与此同时,农户问卷调查显示,有0.08 hm2·户-1大于25°坡耕地未实施退耕,表明工程实施需要加强监督并及时巩固退耕成果。工程实施后,会宁县谷物、薯类、豆类和油料作物的种植面积和单位面积产量都有一定增长,产量提高的主要原因是耕地的投入和耕作集约化程度有所提高。由于耕地面积减少,为提高土地利用效率,会宁县政府通过重点发展地膜玉米产业调整种植业结构,玉米种植面积增加近3倍。过去10多年间,会宁县还修建了大量梯田,这也有利于提高单位土地面积产出。另外,退耕还林工程实施后,会宁县家畜养殖数量有一定增长,但由于自然环境限制和饲草来源不足等原因,养殖规模维持在较低水平。由于连年旱灾导致种植业风险增大,农户环保意识增强,打工收入高等原因,较多农户选择外出打工,使打工收入成为最重要的收入来源,占总收入的62.69%。农户对退耕还林还草工程实施的9个方面较为满意,但在就业和收入方面满意度较低,满意度分别为-0.1和-0.2。本研究结果可为黄土高原典型区退耕还林还草工程进一步实施和生态系统可持续管理决策提供参考。     

彭水县退耕还林情况调查及促进退耕农户增收的对策

退耕还林是国家西部大开发的一项重要政策,是建设生态文明的重大举措。退耕地区农户生活问题如果不解决,将有复耕的可能。重庆市彭水县共有21个退耕还林乡镇(街道),涉及106个村(居委)22325户76390人,面积0.65万hm2。全县退耕还林区共有基本口粮田5551hm2,人均基本口粮田低于(0.50×667)m2的退耕户有1008户3875人,占退耕还林人口比例6.22%,人均粮食产量266kg,人均纯收入3805元。2012年全县退耕农户人均纯收入5915元,人均纯收入在国家贫困线以下的退耕户有1461户,人均基本口粮田低于(0.50×667)m2且收入在国家贫困线下的有621户。针对问题分析,提出"加大基本口粮田建设力度,提高耕地生产能力;加大后续产业发展,增加退耕农户收入;新增退耕还林任务,巩固生态治理效果;加强基础设施建设,改善生产生活条件;实施易地搬迁"等建议对策。     

从宁夏原州区的调查看退耕还林政策的不足

退耕还林政策实施5年来成效明显，但还存在一些问题。国家放缓退耕还林进度，检讨政策不足十分必要。依据在宁夏原州区各相关部门和73个农户的实地调查，提出了退耕还林政策4个方面的问题和初步改进建议。即补助标准总体较高，长期大面积补偿，国力难以支撑，还会扭曲退耕还林还草的目标；退耕补助期限过短，在补助到期之后与退耕地见效之前的过渡期太长，不利于巩固退耕还林成果；粮食补贴政策的变化不利于稳定退耕农户的生计；退耕还林地产权安排仍显僵硬，农民受益没有保障。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.