头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)对干乳期奶牛乳房炎的预防和疗效观察

为在研究头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)治疗和预防奶牛干乳期乳房炎的临床疗效,本试验选择60头临近干乳期的奶牛,随机分配到头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)高(2支/乳室)、中(1支/乳室)、低(0.5支/乳室)剂量组和苄星氯唑西林乳房注入剂组(对照组,1支/乳室)。结果显示,按照临床推荐剂量1支/乳室的剂量乳房注入头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期),能够有效治疗奶牛干乳期因敏感菌引起的乳房炎,并预防乳房内新增感染。     

硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂对泌乳期奶牛的安全性研究

为研究硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂对泌乳期奶牛的安全性,试验选用12头健康泌乳奶牛(6头初产、6头经产),间隔12 h对每头奶牛的4个乳区分别注入硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(规格:8 g:75 mg/支)1支,连续给药3次,比较观察给药前后奶牛的临床症状、体细胞数、日产奶量及乳区病原菌变化情况。结果显示,与给药前相比,给药期间及停药后奶牛的临床症状、体细胞数、日产奶量、乳区病原菌检测结果均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。表明硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂对泌乳期奶牛是安全的。     

利福昔明乳房注入剂对干奶期奶牛临床型乳房炎预防效果观察

本试验旨在观察利福昔明乳房注入剂对干奶期奶牛临床性乳房炎的预防效果.选择非临床型乳房炎的泌乳末期健康奶牛共计75头,随机分为空白对照组(不给药对照组),苄星氯唑西林乳房注入剂对照组(600 mg/乳区),利福昔明高(400 mg/乳区)、中(200 mg/乳区)、低(100 mg/乳区)三个剂量组,每组15头.分别在干乳期、泌乳期进行乳房观察,并采用致病菌的分离培养和乳汁中体细胞计数检测临床型乳房炎发生情况.结果表明,利福昔明低剂量组保护率与空白对照组保护率相比差异显著(P＜0.05),苄星氯唑西林对照组、利福昔明中剂量组、高剂量组对干奶期奶牛临床型乳房炎的预防效果与空白对照组相比,差异极显著(P＜0.01);利福昔明高、中剂量组与苄星氯唑西林对照组之间的预防效果差异不显著(P＞0.05).结果提示,利福昔明乳房注入剂对临床型奶牛乳房炎有较好的预防效果,可以作为预防类药物用于奶牛生产中,降低奶牛乳房炎的发生率.     

硫酸头孢喹肟乳房（干乳期）注入剂在奶牛乳汁中的残留消除研究

建立了牛奶中硫酸头孢喹肟残留超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法(UPLC-MS/MS)。选取18头刚进入干乳期的健康奶牛,随机分为6个组,分别于预产期前的42、35、28、21、14和7 d进行乳房注入硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(3 g∶150 mg/支),只用药一次,产犊后采集奶样。结果表明:预产期前7 d给药,奶牛产犊72 h后采集的奶样中头孢喹肟残留量降至MRL(20μg/kg)附近;预产期前14 d和21 d给药,奶牛产犊12 h后采集的奶样中头孢喹肟残留量降至MRL以下,均低于检测限;预产期前28、35和42 d给药,所有采集奶样的头孢喹肟残留量均低于检测限。建议在预产期前7、14和21 d给药硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂的弃奶期分别为产犊后5、1和0 d。     

硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂在牛奶中的药代动力学研究

选取8头健康黑白花奶牛,每头牛随机选择两个乳区,以每个乳区1支(8g:75mg/支)的剂量进行单次乳房灌注给予硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂。采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法检测乳中头孢喹肟的浓度。结果表明,该制剂采用单次乳房灌注给药后,乳中药物能发挥较好抑菌效果的时间约为24～30小时,因此建议该制剂治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎的用药方案为：1支(8g:75mg)/(乳区.次),每天给药1次。     

盐酸头孢噻呋乳房注入剂治疗奶牛干乳期乳房炎的临床疗效观察

本试验进行了盐酸头孢噻呋乳房注入剂(干乳期)治疗奶牛干乳期乳房炎的临床疗效观察。试验选择75头即将进入干乳期且体细胞数在40万~80万个/mL的奶牛,分为5组进行临床疗效观察。结果显示,按照临床推荐剂量每个乳区注入1支(含500mg头孢噻呋)盐酸头孢噻呋乳房注入剂,对由乳房内链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌等细菌引起的奶牛乳房炎具有良好的治疗作用。     

头孢洛宁乳房注入剂防治干乳期奶牛乳腺炎的药效学研究

为了探讨头孢洛宁乳房注入剂对干乳期乳腺炎的防治作用,本研究采用微量稀释法测定比较了头孢洛宁、头孢匹林、阿莫西林和氯唑西林对乳腺炎病原菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、乳房链球菌、停乳链球菌、无乳链球菌)的体外抗菌活性;并且,随机选择60头进入干乳期的临床健康奶牛,在最后一次挤奶后每头牛的每个乳区分别灌注一管受试药物或对照药物(氨苄西林-苄星氯唑西林乳房注入剂)。对入选的每头奶牛分别在干奶前、以及产后1、3、5 d,采集每个乳区的乳样进行体细胞计数和细菌学检查。在药物处理后至产后14 d内,每天对受试动物进行临床型乳腺炎检查。结果显示,头孢洛宁、头孢匹林、阿莫西林、氯唑西林对分离自奶牛乳腺炎的大肠杆菌MIC_(50)分别为4、8、8μg/mL128μg/mL;对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC_(50)分别为0.125、0.25、2、1μg/mL;对乳房链球菌的MIC_(50)分别为4、8、16、128μg/mL;对停乳链球菌的MIC_(50)分别为8、8、8、128μg/mL;对无乳链球菌MIC_(50)分别为0.25、4、0.25、32μg/mL。临床药学研究显示,头孢洛宁乳房注入剂对干乳期奶牛乳腺炎具有良好的防治效果,对不同细菌感染治愈率介于66.6%～100%之间,新感染发生率低于8.3%。在治愈率、新感染率及细菌学清除率方面和对照药物(氨苄西林-苄星氯唑西林乳房注入剂)相比均无显著性差异。表明头孢洛宁对引起奶牛乳腺炎的主要病原菌均具有良好的抗菌活性,干乳期奶牛每乳区灌注一管250 mg的头孢洛宁干乳期乳房注入剂能有效治疗干乳期隐性乳腺炎和预防新的乳腺炎感染。     

非甾体抗炎药联合抗菌药治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎的临床试验

选取临床型乳房炎患牛30头，分为3组，每组10头，试验组用酮洛芬注射液加硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂治疗，对照组用美洛昔康注射液加硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂治疗，阴性对照组用硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂治疗，比较患牛临床精神状况、乳房局部症状、乳汁性状，直肠温度、奶产量及体细胞数、病原菌清除率、治疗效果等。结果显示，试验组与对照组的各项指标相当，均好于阴性对照组，非甾体抗炎药与抗菌药物联合可更有效地恢复泌乳期奶牛的产奶性能，增加牧场的经济效益，该两组的治疗方法可在临床中推广使用。     

硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂中头孢喹肟含量HPLC通用性测定方法的建立

建立了适用于国内硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(泌乳期和干乳期)中头孢喹肟含量测定的HPLC通用性方法。采用与《中国兽药典》硫酸头孢喹肟原料含量测定一致的高效色谱条件,使用有机溶剂破乳后加入流动相超声的提取方法,保证了方法的一致性和适用性。方法验证结果显示,本方法专属性较强,准确度较高,重复性和耐用性良好,适用于对国内硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂的含量测定,被收载入2020年版《中国兽药典》。     

三种干奶药对奶牛乳房炎在干奶期的治疗、预防效果比较

奶牛生产中往往通过干奶期治疗消除乳房在上个泌乳期已存在的感染、预防产后新发感染。干奶期的治疗能使乳房有机会在下一个泌乳期到来之前修复受损的乳腺组织,降低产后临床型乳房炎的发病率。本试验旨在比较三种不同成分的干奶药——盐酸头孢噻呋乳房注入剂(干奶期)(RC)、复方普鲁卡因青霉素-萘夫西林钠-硫酸双氢链霉素乳房注入剂(干奶期)(NF)、邻氯青霉素乳房注入剂(干奶期)(AB)的安全性、对干奶期隐性乳房炎治疗效果和产后新发临床乳房炎预防效果、弃奶期以及经济效益,以期为临床干奶药选择提供依据。结果表明,(1)RC的安全性较好;(2)三种干奶药对干奶期隐性乳房炎治疗和细菌清除效果无显著差异;(3)AB预防产后新发感染效果最好;(4)NF弃奶期最短;(5)AB经济效益最好,对各项综合评分,RC为4分,AB为6分,NF为5分,因此在临床干奶期治疗中首选邻氯青霉素乳房注入剂(干奶期),针对提高新产牛产奶的商品率,可选用复方普鲁卡因青霉素-萘夫西林钠-硫酸双氢链霉素乳房注入剂(干奶期),针对干奶环境略差的牧场可考虑选用盐酸头孢噻呋乳房注入剂(干奶期)。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.