广西造林整地机具初步探讨

在林业生产中,人工整地是一项很繁重的体力劳动,占用劳动力多,约占造林作业中劳动量70～80%,优先解决造林整地机械化,对迅速发展林业生产,实现“绿化祖国”的伟大目标具有重要意义。现在把广西十多年来,在不同的地形条件,采用不同的机具达到不同的整地方式所进行的工作和迂到的问题简述于下:     

机械作业在桉树人工林营林中的应用

APP中国广西林务在桉树人工林营造过程中,引进挖掘机整地、割灌机除草,以机械替代人工作业,可有效提高劳动生产率,降低作业工人的劳动强度,促进林木生长量提高.在作业过程中通过采取沿等高线水平施工、环山带状作业、保留缓冲隔离区、减少化学品使用等方式降低水土流失、保护生物多样性,提升了人工林营林的环保水平.     

造林绿化作业设计的编制

作业设计是造林绿化工作的基础性工作,是全局工作中相当关键和重要的一个环节。如何编制造林绿化作业设计,文章作者结合自己多年的工作实践经验,将其分成封面、审批表、作业设计说明书、作业设计规划表、作业设计附图五个方面对其进行了初步的探讨。     

近期我国耕作机械开发展望

播种机具。小麦精密播种机具需加强部件研究，提高产品性能。玉米、大豆等中耕作物的精密播种机品种少、性能低，急待改进。小型机械式排种精密播种机应发展采用气力式排种部件的大中型精密播种机，实现单粒精密播种。随着牧草面积不断扩大，牧草播种机具需求十分迫切。 新型驱动型耕地机具和联合作业机具。今后需要发展多种型式的驱动型机具，包括驱动型土壤翻耕机具、大耕深旋耕机、驱动耙等耕整地机具，以及耕、整地联合作业机具和整池、施肥与播种联合作业机具等。 旱作农业耕作机械。保护性耕作及旱作保墒技术是“十五”期间我国旱作农…     

小型灭茬整地机传动系统的改进

在垅作作物地区，灭茬整地机具多为用东方红－７５、东方红－８０２等动力机配套的大型机具。当作业面积大、动力机少时，就会有部分地块来不及进行灭茬整地作业，给种植、植保等后序作业带来不利影响。而使用中小型动力机，又因其配套的灭茬机传动系统存在问题不能保证正...     

广西造林整地机具介绍

在林业生产中,人工整地约占造林作业中劳动量70-80%,优先解决造林整地机械化,对迅速发展林业生产,实现"绿化祖国"的伟大目标具有重要意义.机械整地首先遇到的是地形条件复杂,坡度各异,对于较平缓的低丘地带一般使用东方红75(或54)履带拖拉机进行全垦整地即可;但在15度以上的山地,要实现机械化整地困难较多.现把我区十多年来,在不同的地形条件、采用不同的机具、达到不同的整地方式所进行的试验和遇到的问题简述于下:     

用TLC—E犁树头整地联合作业浅析

雷州林业局桉树短轮伐经营，每年采伐更新３３００－４０００ｈｍ＾２，采用传统的人工挖树头然后机耕整地的作业方式已不能适应生产发展需要，用自行设计试制的ＴＬＣ－Ｅ新式犁树头犁，实行犁树头整地联合作业，不但解决了生产上的难题，而且能提高效率４０倍，节约成本７６５元／ｈｍ＾２，林木生长比传统作业略有提高。     

滇池面山绿化造林作业设计探讨

滇池面山绿化造林作业设计是将昆明滇池国家旅游度假区建成园林式度假区的基础和前提,有利于改善生态环境和林业可持续发展。文章重点阐述了滇池面山绿化造林作业设计中的外业调查、造林布局及技术设计等3个方面,并给出了确保造林顺利实施的各种保障措施、建议。     

广西玉林新农村绿化规划研究

结合广西玉林发展的实际情况，对新农村绿化需实现的效益以及具体规划进行了分析与阐述，从造林整地、乡土树种、空间效益等方面提出了相应的对策与建议。     

用TLC－E犁树头整地联合作业浅析

雷州林业局桉树短轮伐经营，每年采伐更新３３００～４０００ｈｍ２，采用传统的人工挖树头然后机耕整地的作业方式已不能适应生产发展需要，用自行设计试制的ＴＬＣ一Ｅ新式犁树头犁，实行犁树头整地联合作业，不但解决了生产上的难题，而且能提高效率４０倍，节约成本７６５元／ｈｍ２，林木生长比传统作业略有提高。     

退耕还林与药用植物资源开发

将具有生态功能的药用林草植物种还在退耕的土地上，使退耕区广大的农民群众既改善了当地的生态环境条件．又增加了经济收入，并进行以林业为主的建设而开展非林业产业即药用植物资源的开发，建立长久稳固的经济产业，促进退耕还林还草的协凋发展，达到以林促经，以经养林，确保改善生态环境，经济生态双赢的目的。     

喀斯特石漠化区植被恢复研究综述

指出了林草植被恢复是治理石漠化的根本和有效途径,需要建立针对喀斯特石漠化区独特生态系统的研究方法。针对小区域尺度或不同流域生态系统类型,研究了其植物群落配置、生物多样性恢复与保护技术,以及需要针对不同等级石漠化造林的参考技术。在极度耐旱抗凝冻植物选育,增汇、生物能源适生植物选育与种植,以及初步恢复生态系统维护技术等方面需进一步的研究。提出了把产业链与生态链进行有机整合,建立可持续的地方生态产业,是喀斯特石漠化区植被恢复重建的一个重要发展方向。     

花海建植管护技术探讨--以广西北部湾花卉小镇为例

指出了花海是当代热门旅游的时代产物,其爆发式的发展给全国各地人民带来了开阔壮观的景象,丰富了人们的精神文明,也美化了生态环境。但花海过于快速的发展,背后存在着若干问题,以广西国有钦廉林场北部湾花卉小镇的花海种植为例,总结了北部湾地区的花海建植及管理方法,对花海现存问题进行了探讨并提出了相应的对策和措施,以期为今后的花海景观营造及可持续发展提供参考。     

Tree planting in Tigray, Ethiopia: the importance of human disease and water microdams

We examine the decision to plant trees and level of tree planting for two sites, public microdam areas and household agricultural land, and two species groups in Tigray, Ethiopia. Both sites are not perfect substitutes, as they vary with respect to distance from the household and tenure security. The role of permanent pooled water irrigation microdams to tree planting is important but unknown, because water borne diseases, which may influence household income and productivity, are thought to be enhanced by the dams. We find both disease and microdams to be important predictors to tree planting. Disease seems more important in determining whether households plant at all, and less important in the level of planting for those that do plant. For example, disease increases the probability of planting both eucalyptus and other species groups on household-own land, but households suffering from malaria plant higher-cost eucalyptus trees with lower probability at both sites, while planting of other lower-cost species increases at dam sites where other villagers can monitor the trees. We also establish a connection between planting and agricultural residues, finding a strong substitution effect on own-land. Microdam access and age are also important. Households living nearer to dam sites will plant both species groups there with higher probabilities, but the decision to plant on agricultural own-land is not affected. For older dams with more developed irrigation, households are more likely to grow crops rather than plant trees on their own land, but they plant more trees at the dam sites. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

川中丘陵地区油橄榄引种栽培历史和现状及其适宜性评价

川中丘陵地区在上世纪70年代曾大规模种植油橄榄,由于当时国内橄榄油市场价格低和对油橄榄生物生态学特点的认识不足,在上个世纪末逐渐被毁,目前仅少部分得以保存。本文从该区域历史种植和现有油橄榄保存情况,结合该区域的气候资料、土壤检测,并对照油橄榄的生物生态学特点进行分析,指出该区域沙性紫色土中高钙质含量对油橄榄生长与结实起重要补充作用。提出在该区域内选择光照相对较好的阳坡、土壤质地为沙性紫色土适度发展油橄榄是可行的。     

Restoration of dry tropical forests in Central America: A review of pattern and process

Much information on restoration and management exists for wet tropical forests of Central America but comparatively little work has been done in the dry forests of this region. Such information is critical for reforestation efforts that are now occurring throughout Central America. This paper describes processes of degradation due to land use and provides a conceptual framework for the restoration of dry tropical forest. Most of this forest type was initially harvested for timber and then cleared for cattle in the last century (1930-1970). Only 1.7% remains largely restricted to infertile soils and remote areas on the Pacific coastal side of Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico. These cleared areas are again in a state of transition due to a combination of decreasing land productivity, and land speculation for tourism development. Some farms have been sold to new landowners who are interested in reforesting to increase biodiversity and forest cover. Attempts have therefore been made to reforest by protecting the land from fire and cattle, by supplementing natural regrowth with enrichment planting, or through use of tree plantations. Experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of these lands to grow back to forests because of native species ability to sprout after cutting, and the capacity of remnant trees in field and riparian zones to provide seeds and to moderate edge environment for seed germination and seedling establishment. However, research also shows that on sites with long histories of land clearance, species diversity will remain low with functional groups missing unless some active management occurs. Under-planting with late-successional native tree species can add structure and diversity; enrichment planting with large-fruited shade-intolerant species can initiate new islands of more diverse regeneration beneath their canopies; and plantings of fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing trees that provide light canopy shade can moderate the environment below, promoting regeneration establishment of late-successional species. Plantations are the only option for lands that have lost almost all remnants of native forest, and where soils and vegetation have changed to new states of structure and function. Conversion of pastures to tree plantations that can facilitate natural regeneration beneath them is appropriate when pastures are prone to fire and/or lack immediate seed sources nearby. After the grasses have been shaded out, natural recruitment can slowly occur over a 10-15 years period. Under-planting of shade-tolerant late-successional species can supplement species composition and structure.     

生态文明与广西林业可持续发展

从生态文明的内涵出发,谈及生态文明与经济社会可持续发展的关系,生态环境是实现经济社会可持续发展的重要支撑,生态建设对建设生态文明社会具有重要作用。针对广西林业的可持续发展,提出了油茶、桉树研究与发展的建议。     

Agroforestry and its application in amelioration of saline soils in eastern China coastal region

Some environmental problems, especially soil salinity hinder the regional sustainable development of eastern China coastal region. Salinity mainly comes from tide weave, seawater flooding and seawater intrusion. Over exploitation of groundwater,which is the result of unfitful land use systems, leads to seawater intrusion and salt concentration increase. Agroforestry systems can enrich soil fertility and prevent soil salinization, furthermore help maintain biodiversity and enhance productivity. For the intergrated multiple ecosystems the most critical issue is to select optimum tree species and rationally arrange these plants. The basics of this multiple ecosystem is that different plants will occupy variable ecological niches within an area, both in space and in soil depth.Shelterbelts and trees intercropping with agricultural crops are major types of the multiple ecosystem. Shelterbelts can reduce wind speed and consequently lessen evaporation and erosion of the soil, increase pasture growth by up to 60% on exposed sites, increase crop yields by up to 25%. Besides intercropping with jujube, other agroforestry multiple ecosystem such as forestry plus agriculture,forestry plus agriculture plus fishery, and forestry plus animal husbandry are the most appropriate ways to utilise land resource in this region.     

广西桂中桉树人工林风险防控

近10年来广西桂中桉树发展迅速，所占比例为广西的桉树1/3，成为木材加工的主要原料，但仍存在不少经营风险，主要是品种单一、病虫害隐患大、抚育施肥粗放、霜冻灾害影响、生态环境安全等。本文针对所隐藏风险，提出防控规避建议，包括加强品种选育，增加造林品种；采取营林措施，病虫害采用综合防治；合理配方施肥，加强施肥除草管理；根据立地条件，做好区域树种规划；合理生产经营措施，保护生态环境等建议。     

广西玉林市北流镇乡村行道树配置对策研究

在分析国内外行道树的种植历史以及现代行道树的栽植现况的基础上,以北流市北流镇乡村为例,对种植行道树带来的效益及北流镇乡村的行道树种开展研究。研究发现行道树可提供遮荫场所、美化乡村环境,具备生态效益。行道树树种选择时要注意优先选择乡土树种,同时树种应具备美学、生态价值以及安全性。北流镇地处亚热带地区,同时水网密布,北流镇乡村需要种植行道树的地方可分为三类：水边、建筑旁和人群聚集地,以此提出北流镇乡村行道树种植对策。