基于高光谱图像和遗传优化神经网络的茶叶病斑识别

为实现茶叶病害的快速高效识别,提出了基于高光谱成像技术和图像处理技术融合的茶叶病斑识别方法。利用高光谱成像技术采集了炭疽病、赤叶斑病、茶白星病、健康叶片等4类样本的高光谱图像。提取感兴趣区域敏感波段的相对光谱反射率作为光谱特征。通过2次主成分分析,确定第二次主成分分析后的第二主成分图像为特征图像,基于颜色矩和灰度共生矩阵提取特征图像的颜色特征和纹理特征。利用BP神经网络对颜色、纹理和光谱特征向量融合数据进行检验,识别率为89.59%;为提高识别率,提出遗传算法优化BP神经网络的方法,使病斑识别率提高到94.17%,建模时间也缩短至1.7 s。试验结果表明:高光谱成像技术和遗传优化神经网络可以快速准确的实现对茶叶病斑的识别,可为植保无人机超低空遥感病害监测提供参考。     

黄土高原侵蚀地面光谱成像测量系统

<正>黄土高原侵蚀地面光谱成像测量系统融合高光谱成像技术和激光雷达技术,可便携式测量黄土高原侵蚀地貌中植被、土壤、岩石、水体等各类物体在350～2 500 nm波段范围的反射光谱信息,构建黄土高原地物光谱库,对目标地物进行快速、准确、有效识别;并将高光谱成像技术和激光雷达技术相结合,同步获取高光谱影像和激光雷达点云数据,形成先进的对地立体成像综合定性定量探测系统,共用IMU/GPS参数,实现对黄土高原野外侵蚀形态的精准测量和侵蚀过程快速成像。     

高光谱图像技术在水果品质无损检测中的应用

传统的近红外光谱分析法和可见光图像技术应用于水果品质无损检测中存在的检测区域小、检测时间长、仅能检测表面情况等局限性。高光谱图像技术结合光谱技术与计算机图像技术两者的优点,可获得大量包含连续波长光谱信息的图像块,其图像信息可检测水果的外部品质,光谱信息则可用于水果内部品质的检测,达到根据水果内、外部综合品质进行分类的目的。根据不同的采集设备,简介了两种获得高光谱图像的方法。综述了国内外将该技术应用于水果品质检测方面的研究进展,检测内容包括外观品质、损伤与缺陷,成熟度和坚实度,含糖量、含水率等内部品质,着重介绍了各高光谱图像的成像波段范围、分辨率、成像源,实验数据处理的方法以及实验结果等。根据综述所得提出了高光谱图像技术应用中需要解决的光谱降维、降低样品差异影响和实时检测平台搭建等问题。     

基于扫描成像的作物近地高光谱获取与特征分析

为了验证自主研制的扫描成像光谱仪（PIS）在近地应用的可行性,该文以小麦、玉米为研究对象,利用PIS近地获取作物冠层和叶片的高光谱图像,在对田间和室内获得的成像数据进行对比分析的同时,探讨了成像光谱采集过程中的影响因素。此外,将PIS获取的成像高光谱与地物光谱仪（ASD）测定的高光谱进行比对研究。结果表明：PIS能准确收集作物的光谱信息,且采集的高光谱数据与ASD具有很好的一致性;PIS在田间采集作物光谱信息时,受氧气吸收的影响,在760 nm处有明显的干扰吸收;PIS除了能反映作物不同叶位叶片、不同器官光谱的差异,还可依据影像提取杂草、土壤对作物冠层光谱的影响程度。上述初步结果为进一步应用PIS进行农作物长势诊断提供了参考。     

基于高光谱成像的茶叶中EGCG分布可视化

针对目前关于表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)在茶叶中的分布缺乏可视化表达问题,该文采用高光谱成像技术以实现EGCG在茶叶中的分布可视化。通过高光谱成像仪采集茶叶的光谱信息,按照标准方法 HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography)法测量茶叶的EGCG浓度。运用化学计量学方法建立光谱与EGCG浓度之间的回归模型。为寻求相对较优的模型效果,对光谱进行不同的预处理,以确定最优的预处理方法;采用4种建模方法建立回归模型,以确定最优的建模方法;对光谱进行特征波段选择,以降低数据冗余提高模型的稳定性和运算速度。最后,将高光谱图像中像素点对应的光谱变量导入模型,从而生成EGCG浓度分布图。结果表明:可见-近红外光谱与EGCG浓度之间具有很强的相关性,其回归模型的决定系数达到0.905,利用高光谱成像技术对茶叶中EGCG分布进行可视化可行。通过对不同品种、叶位的茶叶中EGCG浓度分布进行可视化,能够为高EGCG浓度茶树品种的培育、EGCG代谢规律的分析以及茶树采摘部位的识别提供有效手段。     

马铃薯黑心病和单薯质量的透射高光谱检测方法

针对单一检测技术不能同时检测马铃薯内外品质的多项指标,采用透射高光谱成像技术并融合光谱和图像信息,对其内部黑心病、质量指标进行检测。通过透射高光谱成像系统获取266个样本高光谱图像（400～1000 nm）,并提取光谱和图像二者信息。采用不同变量选择方法对光谱进行变量选择,用9个光谱变量建立检测马铃薯黑心病偏最小二乘判别分析（partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA）模型与质量偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares, PLS）模型;提取样本透射高光谱图像的面积信息,建立基于光谱-图像的检测马铃薯质量PLS模型。试验结果表明,黑心样本识别率为100%,识别最小黑心面积为1.88 cm2;基于光谱-图像所建立质量检测模型预测效果较好,其预测集相关系数(Rp)为0.99,预测均方根误差(RMSEP）为10.88。结果表明：采用透射高光谱成像技术并融合图像和光谱信息对马铃薯内部黑心病、质量同时进行检测是可行的。     

利用高光谱成像技术和多变量校正方法检测苹果的硬度（英）

高光谱图像集图像信息与光谱信息于一身,应用于农产品品质无损检测领域。该研究尝试利用高光谱图像技术结合多变量校正方法检测苹果硬度的可行性。试验通过获取的高光谱图像中提取有效的光谱信息来建立预测苹果硬度的预测模型。在建立模型过程中,偏最小二乘（PLS）和支持向量回归（SVR）两种多变量校正方法被比较,结果表明在785.11～872.45 nm范围内,SVR模型的性能优于PLS模型,模型对硬度预测结果的相关系数为0.6808。试验结果表明高光谱图像技术可以被用来检测苹果的硬度。     

基于高光谱成像技术的马铃薯外部缺陷检测

为了实现马铃薯的准确快速分级,提出基于高光谱成像技术的马铃薯外部缺陷检测方法。通过反射高光谱成像技术采集马铃薯干腐、表面碰伤、机械损伤、绿皮、孔洞以及发芽等6类外部缺陷样本及合格样本的高光谱图像。提取合格及各类缺陷样本感兴趣区域的光谱曲线并进行光谱特性分析,采用主成分分析法确定了5个特征波段(480、676、750、800和960nm),以5个波段的主成分分析的第二主成分图像作为分类图像,识别率仅为61.52%;为了提高识别率,提出波段比算法与均匀二次差分算法相结合的方法,使缺陷识别率提高到95.65%。试验结果表明:通过高光谱成像技术可以准确有效地对常见马铃薯外部缺陷进行检测,为马铃薯在线无损检测分级提供了参考。     

基于高光谱荧光技术的叶菜农药残留快速检测

为了解决现有农药残留检测手段费时、复杂、前处理过程繁琐等不足,结合高光谱成像技术和荧光激发技术,搭建了高光谱荧光成像农药残留检测系统。在400～1 100 nm范围内获取叶菜表面毒死蜱的高光谱荧光图像,使用ENVI 4.3软件提取了农药的荧光光谱信息。研究结果表明,毒死蜱在甲醇溶液中具有较强的荧光特性,在437 nm附近产生荧光发射光谱,并且不同浓度的毒死蜱农药具有不同的荧光发射光谱峰值,随着农药浓度的降低其荧光特征峰值也降低。研究结果可为进一步开发和研究快速、精确的农药残留检测仪器提供理论依据。     

基于图像光谱信息融合的鱼不同冻藏时间及冻融次数鉴别

应用高光谱成像技术(380~1023 nm),基于信息融合实现鱼不同冻藏时间后冻融次数鉴别。首先,提取鱼样品感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI)光谱并结合竞争性自适应重加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)得到57个变量作为光谱信息,同时对鱼样品做主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA),提取第一主成分图像信息如中值、协方差、同质性、能量、对比度、相关、熵、逆差距、反差、差异性、二阶距和自相关12个灰度共生矩阵(gray level co-occurrence matrix,GLCM)纹理特征参量,结合灰度共生矩阵纹理特征与光谱特征,作为模型偏小最二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machines,LS-SVM)的输入建立区分模型,预测集识别率达到98%。结果表明,高光谱成像技术可以用于鱼不同冷冻时间以及冻融次数的鉴别。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.