有机肥对设施土壤硝态氮垂直分布的影响

以辽宁省新民市某设施蔬菜大棚为研究对象,研究在保护地栽培条件下不同有机肥施用量对不同施肥年限的设施土壤(0~120 cm土层)硝态氮累积和淋溶的影响。结果表明,土壤硝态氮的垂直分布与土壤的施肥年限和有机肥施用水平密切相关。在不同施肥处理条件下,施肥1年后各处理土壤剖面硝态氮累积和淋溶程度均很低;施肥2年后硝态氮累积迁移显著,尤其是高量有机肥的投入(处理M4),设施土壤0~120 cm土层都出现硝态氮淋洗现象。在不同施肥年限下,中高量有机肥处理都存在不同程度的硝态氮累积现象,硝态氮累积量随施肥量和施肥年限的增加而增加,随土壤深度的增加而降低,累积峰值集中在0~60 cm土层。     

不同施肥处理对潮棕壤磷素累积与剖面分布的影响

摘　要 以下辽河平原的长期定位试验为平台,通过比较不同肥料类型和用量条件下表层土壤全磷及土壤剖面（0~80 cm）中速效磷的分布差异,研究长期不同施肥条件对土壤中磷素垂直迁移的影响。结果表明：1）在各施磷肥处理上,土壤磷素收支盈余,表层土壤全磷和速效磷含量均明显升高,且土壤磷收支的盈亏值(x)与土壤速效磷的增减量(y)呈显著直线关系y = 0.070 1x 8.538 9（R2=0.89**）,其中磷素盈余量的15.8%进入到土壤速效库内;2）化肥磷施用量为50和100 kg hm-2时,60~80 cm土层内速效磷含量显著高于对照,说明存在磷素的垂直迁移;3）相对于化肥而言,施用有机肥更易于磷素向下迁移;4）在施肥、有机质含量和作物吸收等多种因素影响下,土壤速效磷在土壤剖面中呈现上下层高、中间层低的空间分布格局,最低值出现在20~40 cm土层。     

不同种植年限黑土型蔬菜保护地磷素状况的研究

采用石灰性土壤无机磷形态分级方法,对不同种植年限的蔬菜保护地0～60cm土层土壤磷素形态及其含量特征与差异进行了研究.结果表明:哈尔滨市蔬菜保护地土壤磷素处于大量积累状态,其中全磷、速效磷、有机磷、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P在0~20era土层积累较多,且随土层深度的增加各形态磷的...     

模拟淋溶条件下沼液对菜田土壤磷素淋洗及其形态的影响

以不同磷水平菜田土壤为研究对象,通过土柱淋溶模拟试验,探讨施用沼液对土壤磷素形态及其移动性的影响。结果表明:与单施去离子水的对照相比,施用沼液通过减少淋洗溶液体积降低淋洗液中总磷含量722.3μg·柱~(-1),中、高磷土壤淋洗液总无机磷(TIP)分别减少507.2μg·柱~(-1)和1 319μg·柱~(-1)。低、中磷土壤淋洗液中水溶性无机磷(DIP)减少158.1μg·柱~(-1)和474.3μg·柱~(-1)。在低磷土壤中,施用沼液对剖面土壤全磷、有机磷和速效磷含量影响显著,上层(0~7 cm)土壤增加的比例分别为34.8%、37.7%和148%,土壤p H值显著降低0.39个单位,下层(7~14 cm)土壤增加的比例分别为18.5%、29.3%和32.9%,土壤p H值显著降低0.28个单位。在中磷土壤中,施用沼液对上层土壤全磷含量影响未达到显著水平,速效磷增加比例20.1%,下层土壤p H值降低0.33个单位。在高磷土壤中,施用沼液对剖面土壤全磷、有机磷和速效磷含量影响未达到显著水平,下层土壤p H值降低0.34个单位。因此,施用沼液降低土壤磷素淋洗,增加低磷土壤磷素有效性含量,但对中磷和高磷水平土壤的磷素影响未达到显著水平。     

不同栽培年限日光温室土壤磷素累积特性研究

测定了陕西关中地区不同栽培年限日光温室土壤不同形态磷素的含量,以评价土壤磷素累积特性。结果表明:与农田土壤相比,日光温室栽培土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷含量显著增加,土壤表层Olsen-P和水溶性磷平均含量分别达227 mg kg-1和8.45 mg kg-1;0～20 cm土层土壤全磷、Olsen-P和水溶性磷含量平均分别为农田的1.78倍,8.00倍和3.70倍,20～40 cm土层的分别为农田的0.62倍,3.24倍和2.53倍;且随日光温室栽培年限的增加,不同形态磷的累积量呈逐年递增的趋势。日光温室土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷三者关系呈显著线性相关关系,有效磷与水溶性磷达极显著正相关。表明研究地区日光温室栽培下土壤磷素过量累积带来的淋溶风险值得关注。     

有机肥对设施菜地土壤磷素状况的影响

以辽宁沈阳市郊某设施菜地土壤为研究对象,通过设置不同有机肥用量处理(0,20,60thm-2)的小区实验,系统研究不同有机肥处理对不同本底肥力设施菜地土壤全磷、速效磷含量变化的影响。研究结果表明,有机肥能够提高不同肥力设施菜地土壤0～20cm土层全磷含量,其中P1全磷含量与CK相比增加2.7～19.5%,P2增加7.6～33.6%。土壤0～20cm速效磷含量也随有机肥施用量的增加而明显增加,P2即有机肥施用量60thm-2时,不同肥力设施菜地土壤在黄瓜拉秧期速效磷含量与CK、P1之间均达显著差异(P<0.05)。本实验条件下,施用有机肥20thm-2,可保持施肥当季中肥力与高肥力设施菜地土壤磷素水平;当地常规有机肥施用量60thm-2可显著提高设施菜地土壤全磷与速效磷含量,从而加剧高肥力土壤磷素的累积,并对环境造成压力。     

施磷对南疆棉田土壤磷素有效性的影响

通过大田试验,研究了不同磷肥用量对棉田土壤速效磷、全磷、磷素活化系数以及棉花磷素吸收积累的影响,结果表明,施磷增加了土壤的速效磷和全磷含量以及土壤磷素活化系数。低磷处理下,棉田0～20 cm土层速效磷含量、全磷含量和磷素活化系数分别比对照增加了35.31%、12.44%和20.67%,高磷处理下,棉田0～20cm土层速效磷含量、全磷含量和磷素活化系数分别比对照增加了76.05%、33.64%和35.48%。低磷处理下,花铃期和吐絮期棉花整株磷素积累量分别比对照提高了44.69%和46.56%,高磷处理下花铃期和吐絮期棉花整株磷素积累量分别比对照提高了20.16%和7.51%。施磷(P2O5)75～150 kg.hm-2既能提高棉田土壤磷素有效性又能满足棉花对磷素的需求。     

减水减肥对设施黑土菜田磷素累积与淋溶的影响

设施黑土菜田由于过量施肥和灌溉导致磷素淋溶损失严重,亟待优化水肥管理模式以减少设施黑土菜田磷素淋溶。本研究依托黑土设施菜田淋溶监测试验,设置常规灌溉量与施肥量(WF)、常规灌溉量+80%常规化肥量(W80%F)、80%常规灌溉量+常规肥处理(80%WF)3个处理,对土壤磷储量、速效磷动态变化、磷素淋失量进行分析,研究了不同水肥处理对黑土设施茄子土壤磷素淋失风险和淋失量的影响。结果表明:经种植1季茄子后, WF、W80%F和80%WF处理0～100 cm土体磷储量分别为9.69 t·hm~(-2)、9.36 t·hm~(-2)和8.84 t·hm~(-2),分别比移栽前增加26.5%、27.5%和7.1%。随着茄子生育期延长, 0～20 cm土层速效磷含量呈先升高后降低的趋势, 80%WF处理速效磷含量较其他两个处理高,变幅为145.17～224.55 mg·kg-1; 20～40 cm土层, WF处理速效磷含量基本保持不变,80%WF处理速效磷含量整体呈上升趋势,W80%F处理速效磷含量先升高后降低再升高,除盛果期外均显著高于另两个处理。WF、W80%F和80%WF磷素淋失量分别为17.84 kg·hm~(-2)、17.47 kg·hm~(-2)和9.02 kg·hm~(-2),其中有机磷淋失量占磷素淋失总量的90%以上。磷素淋失量与磷储量增加量、盛果期0～40 cm土层速效磷含量、拉秧期0～20 cm土层速效磷含量之间均存在显著的相关性(P0.05),可通过磷储量增加量来预测生育期内磷素淋失量。与常规水肥处理相比,减少化肥施用量对磷素淋失量和淋失风险无明显影响,但减少灌溉量能显著减少磷素淋失量,降低磷素淋失风险。研究结果可为设施黑土菜田磷素淋溶阻控提供技术支撑,为新阻控技术的研发提供理论指导。     

施用粪肥对农田土壤磷素累积和饱和度增加速率的影响

针对施用粪肥导致的我国集约化种养区域农田土壤磷素高量累积和高环境风险问题,利用长期定位试验定量分析了施用粪肥对农田土壤磷素累积和磷饱和度（DPS, degree of P saturation）增加速率（每年1 kg P·hm-2磷素盈余所导致的土壤磷素含量或DPS变化量）的影响。结果表明：连续22年过量磷素投入明显提高了土壤磷素含量和DPS,0~20 cm土层土壤磷素累积、DPS增加与磷素盈余均存在明显的线性相关性。与单施化肥相比,施用粪肥对土壤全磷的累积速率影响不大,但是明显提高了土壤Olsen-P累积和DPS增加速率。施用粪肥下,每年1 kg P·hm-2的磷盈余所导致的0~20 cm土层土壤Olsen-P、CaCl2-P累积和DPS增加量分别为0.071 mg P·kg-1（r=0.608, P=0.029）、0.003 mg P·kg-1（r=0.528, P=0.066）和0.036%（r=0.863,P=0.002）,分别为不施粪肥的3.3、6.0倍和1.2倍。土壤DPS变化与磷含量变化之间也存在明显的线性关系,0~20 cm土层土壤每年全磷、Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量增加1 mg P·kg-1所导致的土壤DPS增加值分别为0.13%、0.42%和7.78%。20~40 cm土层土壤磷素累积、DPS增加与磷素盈余之间的线性相关性均较差,但与0~20 cm土层相比,施用粪肥和不施粪肥之间累积速率的差异性有增大的趋势,说明施用粪肥促进了磷素向下层土壤的移动。施用粪肥加速了土壤有效磷累积和DPS增加,进而提高了土壤中磷素损失风险,合理施用粪肥是控制集约化种养区域农田磷面源污染的关键。     

北方耕地和蔬菜保护地土壤磷素状况研究

以北方一般耕地和蔬菜保护地为供试土壤 ,研究了不同种植条件下土壤磷素状况 ,蔬菜保护地土壤磷素的空间分布特性。结果表明 ,蔬菜保护地土壤全磷、无机磷、有机磷、Olsen-P的平均含量是一般耕地土壤的 2.7～14.0倍 ,土壤Olsen P占全磷的比率 ,Ca2-P ,Ca8-P ,Al-P占土壤无机磷的比率显著高于一般耕地土壤。蔬菜保护地土壤各形态磷素主要积累在 0～20cm土层 ,并随土层深度的增加各形态磷素的含量逐渐降低 ,各土层Olsen-P ,Ca2-P ,Ca8-P ,Al-P含量降低幅度明显高于Fe-P ,O-P ,Ca10-P含量的降低值     

Soil and Tissue Tests to Predict the Phosphorus Requirements of Canola in Southwestern Australia

Canola (oil seed rape, Brassica napus L.) is now a major crop grown on the predominantly sandy soils in southwestern Australia and knowledge about the phosphorus (P) requirements of the crop in the region is limited. The results of 22 experiments done in the region are reported to determine the relationships between absolute seed (grain) yield response to applied P and (1) soil test P (Colwell sodium bicarbonate procedure) and (2) concentration of P measured in dried shoots at the rosette growth stage. Large grain yield responses to applied P occurred when Colwell soil test P values for the top 10 cm of soil were < 20 mg/kg soil and when concentrations of P in dried shoots were < 3.6 g/kg. The fertilizer P requirements for optimal economic return for canola grain production in the region varied from 10–35 kg P/ha. The 9 different canola cultivars used in the experiments from 1987–2005 had no major effect on the relationship between absolute grain yield response to applied P and soil test P. Application of fertilizer P mostly had no significant effects on either oil or protein concentrations in grain.     

Plant availability of isotopically exchangeable and isotopically nonexchangeable phosphate in soils

Isotopically exchangeable P (IEP) is usually considered to be completely plant‐available and the major source of P for plant uptake. The aim of the present study is to test whether plants can, besides IEP, also use non‐IEP and if part of the IEP has an equilibrium concentration in soil solution which is below the minimum concentration, C_Lmin, and can therefore not be taken up by plants. A pot experiment was carried out with maize for two years on two soils, an acid sandy and a neutral loamy soil, either without P fertilizer or fertilized with ten P sources of different solubility. Throughout both years of the study, pots were kept moist either without plants or planted twice with maize (Zea mays L., cv. Athletico). At the end of the experiment, plant P uptake, P concentration in the soil solution (C_L), and P accessible to isotopic exchange within 5 d (E_5d) were measured. Plant growth decreased the E_5d which was about equal to P uptake by maize for most treatments in the acid soil. But for some treatments, i.e., five in the acid and eight in the neutral soil, P uptake was up to 50% larger than the decrease of E_5d, indicating that plants had, besides IEP, also used P from non‐IEP sources. At adequate P supply, both soils had an E_5d of about 100 mg P (kg soil)^–1, but about 30 to 40 mg kg^–1 of this IEP had an equilibrium P concentration in the soil solution below C_Lmin of 0.1 μmol L^–1 at which P would actually not be plant‐available. This study shows that plants take up P mainly from IEP, but not the whole IEP is plant‐available. Furthermore, plants may also use P from non‐IEP sources.     

天津黄潮土剖面磷素分布特征及其影响因素研究

采用野外采样及室内分析方法,研究了不同磷素形态在旱地黄潮土0～120cm土壤剖面中的分布特征。结果表明,经过长期施肥,供试土壤剖面100～120cm的底层土壤中全磷、速效磷、各无机磷形态均有不同程度的积累。土壤剖面速效磷与全磷含量的相关系数（0.8139）达到显著水平（P〈0.05）。无机磷形态中Fe-P和O-P的含量分别达到52.03和53.57mg·kg^-1,分别高于0～20cm的表层土壤的含量,达到5%的差异显著水平。但总体上看,由于供试土壤下层质地较为粘重以及高达10%的CaCO3含量,促使磷在剖面的移动得以放缓,还不足以影响到地下水的质量。     

广东省土壤磷素状况及磷肥需求预测

阐明了广东省不同耕作制下 ,土壤速效磷含量差异很大 ,大致为菜地土壤 >水稻田 >果园土壤 ;预测广东省年磷肥需求量应在 2 0 0 0年的基础上增加 3 0 %～ 44.4%。指出磷肥使用中存在的问题 ,建议加强磷肥领域的研究 ,促进因土因作物适量配施磷肥。     

Changes in the Soil Phosphorus Content of a Long‐Term Fertilization Field Trial Studied in Laboratory Incubations

Abstract

The importance of different soil phosphorus (P) compounds and their transformation influenced by several soil and other factors is well established. However, the dynamics of short‐term processes taking part in the long‐term changes of soil P including immobilization and mobilization is still not completely documented. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out at 10°C and 40°C for studying the influence of incubation on the availability of residual and freshly applied P in samples of a long‐term fertilization field trial conducted on a brown forest soil (U.S. taxonomy: Orthic Eutrochrept; FAO taxonomy: Eutric Cambisol). Samples showing three levels of P resulting from 10 years of intensive P fertilization (referred as P0, P1 and P2, respectively), were collected 30 years after fertilization ceased. Available P contents of soil samples were determined using three approaches: in water (modified Murphy–Riley method), sodium bicarbonate (Olsen, pH=8.5), and ammonium lactate (AL, pH=3.7) extract. Changes in the amounts of P were determined after 2 and 60 days of incubation in four freshly applied new treatments with increasing additions of P: 0, 100, 500, and 1000 mg of P₂O₅ per kg of soil, representing agronomic and extreme P rates. From the results of our experiments, it was suggested that after 2 days of incubation, at 10°C, both agronomic and extreme P rates resulted in significant increases in P content in each extract. On the other hand, after 60 days, even higher values were obtained. Decreases found in water‐P values after 60 days of incubation were considerable compared to either the Olsen‐P or the AL‐P values, indicating the decline of water‐soluble P forms and further evidence of immobilization with increasing incubation time and temperature. Correlation between water‐P, Olsen‐P, and AL‐P values were significant at both temperatures.     

Effect of land use on some soil properties related to the risk of loss of soil phosphorus

Although land use clearly modifies soil properties, the intensity of the modifications depends on the management procedures and also on the soil properties themselves. To enable construction of models that describe soil nutrient losses, extensive databases corresponding to soils under different land use must be made available. Analysis of 404 samples of soils (from Galicia, NW Spain), under different types of use revealed that most of the soil properties underwent changes in the following order: forest use (least modified) ‐ grassland ‐ arable (most modified). Decreases in the contents of organic matter, extractable oxides and P‐adsorption capacity followed the same order, as did increases in the contents of available P (total, inorganic and organic), P desorbed with distilled water, and degree of P saturation. In general, in all of the soils, independently of their use, the amount of P desorbed (whether total P, molybdate reactive P or particulate P) was more closely related to the degree of P saturation than to the levels of P extracted with bicarbonate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

设施菜地利用强度对土壤磷形态分布及其有效性的影响——以江苏省水耕人为土和潮湿雏形土为例

以江苏省水耕人为土和潮湿雏形土两种土壤类型为对象,研究了设施菜地利用强度对土壤磷形态分布及其有效性的影响.结果表明:随利用强度增加,两种土壤类型的各磷形态含量均有所增加,以水溶态磷和铝结合态磷(Al-P)增加最为显著(P<0.05).而水耕人为土闭蓄态磷(O-P)占总磷百分比和潮湿雏形土残渣态磷占总磷百分比随利用强度增...     

Evaluation of Agronomic and Environmental Soil P Test Methods in a Network of Hungarian Long‐Term Field Trials

Abstract

Winter wheat shoot weight and phosphorus (P) concentrations, corn leaf weight and P concentrations, and soil AL, Olsen, H₂O, Bray 1, Pi (Fe-oxide impregnated paper strip) and AERM (anion exchange resin membrane) contents were determined in a network of uniform Hungarian national long‐term field trials. P application had a significant effect on soil P test values at different P levels and sites. The relationship between the different soil P test methods was studied separately for different soil groups (all, acid, and calcareous soils). Corn leaf weight was influenced by the sites much more than by soil P supply level, whereas corn leaf P percentage was influenced by both sites and P levels. For winter wheat, both sites and soil P levels had a positive effect on wheat shoot weight. Wheat shoot P percentage was influenced by the soil P supply much more than by the sites. Correlation between corn leaf P percentage and the Pi or AERM extractable P and between wheat shoot P percentage and the Pi and AERM P values was logarithmic.     

Soil Phosphorus Tests for Flooded Rice Grown in Contrasting Soils and Cropping History

Soil phosphorus (P) tests for flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) generally present uncertainties for estimating P availability. Bray 1, 1% citric acid, Mehlich 3, Olsen extractants (dry samples), and Bray 1 extractant after 3 days (BI3) and 7 days (BI7) of anaerobic incubations were evaluated to estimate P availability for rice in 43 Uruguayan soils. Field trials were conduced at each site (0, 13, 26, and 39 kg P applied ha^?1). Relative yield and absolute and relative yield increases were determined. Extracted P was variable for the different tests. For silty soils, P availability was better estimated by citric acid, Mehlich 3, and Bray 1, with similar soil P critical concentrations (6?8 mg P kg^?1). The BI3 and BI7 tests showed greater soil P critical concentration but poorer correlations with yield indexes. This study contributes to the scientific basis of P fertilization for flooded rice, promoting more effective fertilizer use and minimizing environmental P losses.     

长期施肥条件下潮土有效磷的演变及其对磷盈亏的响应

为探明土壤有效磷的演变规律与磷平衡状况,在河南潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下,于1998年始在河南省不同区域开展田间定位试验,共设置常规施肥(CF)和不施肥(CK)2个处理,对土壤全磷、速效磷累积和土壤有机质等进行监测和分析。结果表明,长期不施肥,土壤磷素常年处于亏缺状态,有效磷处于耗竭状态;长期施肥即常规施肥,有12个监测点的有效磷随年份显著上升,2个监测点显著下降,其余持平。土壤有效磷的变化量与磷的盈亏量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),不施肥条件下,土壤每亏缺100 kg P·hm-2,土壤有效磷下降2.7 mg·kg-1;常规施肥下,土壤每盈余100 kg P·hm-2,土壤有效磷可以增加1.2 mg·kg-1。土壤有机质含量与有效磷随磷盈亏的变化量呈极显著正相关(P0.01,CF的R2=0.5542,CK的R2=0.4039)。由此可见,通过施肥措施来调控土壤有效磷含量,可达到培肥地力和作物高产的效果。本研究结果为指导磷肥施用以及土壤磷素管理提供了科学依据。