雷竹VRN1同源基因克隆及功能分析

拟南芥VERNALIZATION 1(VRN1)基因是一个介导春化途径,调控开花时间的基因。为了研究竹类植物中VRN1同源基因的功能,采用同源克隆技术从雷竹中分离到一个VRN1同源基因,将其命名为PvVRN1。序列分析表明,该基因编码245个氨基酸,与小麦、水稻中VRN1同源基因相似性分别为86.56%和88.98%。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,PvVRN1在开花雷竹中的表达量高于未开花雷竹;在开花雷竹中,PvVRN1在秆、花、叶芽中表达量相对较高。亚细胞定位分析表明,PvVRN1蛋白质主要存在细胞核中。PvVRN1在拟南芥中的过表达使转基因植株矮小,花瓣和萼片比野生型短,但是在开花时间上与野生型无差异,表明PvVRN1基因可能参与雷竹花形态建成以及其它发育过程。本研究结果可为阐明竹子开花机制提供科学依据。     

陆地棉GhSUMO基因的克隆与黄萎病菌诱导表达分析

SUMO化修饰与植物抗病防御、信号转导和耐旱等有着直接的关系。本文以抑制差减杂交（sup—pression subtractive hybridization．SSH）技术获得SUMO的EST为信息探针,对棉花EST数据库进行同源搜索和电子克隆,获得了全长为396bp的SUMO基因编码区cDNA全长,我们将该基因命名为GhSUMO,推测该基因编码95个氨基酸。分别以抗黄萎病陆地棉品种豫棉21号的cDNA和DNA为模板,对该基因进行了PCR扩增验证,测序结果表明,GhSUMO基因序列与电子克隆序列一致,且没有内含子。蛋白序列分析表明,该蛋白具有保守泛素结构域和C端双Gly的断裂／连接位点,以及保守的疏水表面和Ulpl—Smt3互作位点。系统进化分析表明,该蛋白与蓖麻的同源序列表现了最高的相似性,与其它双子叶植物同源序列次之,而与单子叶植物的相似性较低。棉苗接菌后实时定量PCR结果显示,该基因表达量在接黄萎病菌的量48h后明显上调,96h达到未接菌对照的5倍以上。GhsSUMO基因可受黄萎病菌诱导表达,表明该基因在陆地棉抗黄萎病的机制中可能发挥重要作用。     

芒果MADS1基因生物信息学分析

选取南逗迈4号芒成花前后的顶芽进行转录组测序,在构建的c DNA文库中获得一条表达量变化明显的c DNA,经分析该c DNA属于MADS-box基因家族,命名为MADS1基因,该基因全长为1377bp,编码459个氨基酸。通过NCBI网站的blast功能分析发现其具有MADS基因家族典型的MADS结构域和K-box结构域、DNA结合位点、磷酸化位点、二聚体接口;氨基酸同源性比较发现其与番木瓜的MADS1基因具有较高的相似性,推测它们可能为同源基因,具有相似的生物学功能。     

植物防卫基因PvPGIP2和TaLTP4的克隆及其对小麦的转化

多聚半乳糖酸醛酶抑制蛋白和脂质转移酶蛋白是植物产生的防卫蛋白,对植物病原真菌具有防御作用。本研究利用同源基因克隆策略和RT-PCR技术,成功克隆了1个菜豆的多聚半乳糖酸醛酶抑制蛋白（PvPGIP2）编码基因和1个小麦的脂质转移蛋白（TaLTP4）编码基因;由于它们在功能上具有协同作用,我们以pAHC25为骨架构建了Pv...     

金柑LEAFY同源基因克隆与全序列分析

通过PCR扩增,从融安金柑基因组DNA中克隆出一条2 361 bp的DNA片段,该DNA克隆含有1个2 081 bp的LEAFY同源基因全长序列(FcLFY)。金柑LEAFY同源基因包含2个内含子和3个外显子,编码398个氨基酸。比对结果表明,金柑LEAFY同源基因与甜橙、枳的LEAFY同源基因的核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性均为98%。该研究为今后从分子水平上研究金柑开花调控机理打下了坚实的基础。     

草莓多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白基因（PGIP）的克隆及组织特异性表达

以草莓(Fragaria×ananassa)叶片为试材,采用PCR技术,克隆到1条多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白基因,命名为FaPGIP.基因组DNA片段包含一个长为168 bp的内含子;cDNA编码区全长999 bp,编码332个氨基酸残基.预测该蛋白质分子量为37.1 kD,等电点为7.67,N端24个氨基酸残基构成的疏水区域为信号肽,具有5个潜在的N-糖基化位点.序列同源比对结果表明,所克隆的FaPGIP基因与GenBank中登录的蔷薇科及其它物种PGIP基因具有较高的同源性.采用SyPred3D软件预测了该基因所编码的蛋白质的三维结构,表明FaPGIP蛋白质的三维模型类似马蹄的结构,含12段α-螺旋和21段β-折叠,中心LRR结构域由10个串联的LRRs基序组成.半定量RT-PCR分析显示,FaPGIP在草莓根、茎、叶、花和果五种组织中均有表达,其表达量为果>叶>花>根>茎,相对表达量分别为0.246 0、0.166 4、1.371 2、0.872 1和3.415 4.     

黑果枸杞WD40编码基因LrAN11的克隆及表达分析

WD40蛋白广泛存在于真核生物中,是一类高度保守的蛋白家族,具有广泛的生物化学和细胞生物学功能。为探索黑果枸杞LrAN11的功能,采用同源克隆的方法克隆了黑果枸杞WD40蛋白基因,将其命名为LrAN11,Gen Bank登录号:KY131959。生物信息学分析结果表明,该基因的编码区长1 029bp,编码342个氨基酸,蛋白分子量为38.3 kD,理论等电点为4.95,含有5个WD40基序,属于WD40类蛋白基因家族;经预测LrAN11定位于细胞质中,该基因编码的氨基酸序列具有较高的保守性,与马铃薯、番茄、甜椒和美花烟草具有较近的亲缘关系;定量RT-PCR检测表明,LrAN11基因在黑果枸杞各组织中均有表达,其中在青果中的相对表达量最高,在根和紫果中次之,而在黑果中表达最低,表明LrAN11可能参与黑果枸杞花青素的生物合成的调控;在韩国枸杞和0901枸杞品种中表达显著,在其他14个枸杞品种中表达均较低且无显著差异性(P0.05),说明LrAN11的表达具有品种特异性。此外,随着NaCl处理时间的延长,该基因的表达量先降低后升高,且在2、12和24 h的表达量与对照相比存在显著差异性(P0.05),说明LrAN11可能参与黑果枸杞对盐胁迫的响应。本研究结果为进一步阐明黑果枸杞LrAN11基因的功能及其在黑果枸杞遗传改良中的应用奠定了基础。     

番茄中一个LSm1蛋白同源基因LeLSm1的克隆及表达分析

从番茄品种超级大明星中克隆LSm1蛋白同源基因LeLSm1。LeLSm1基因全长cDNA共有1 038个核苷酸,包含一个387个核苷酸的编码区,以及318个核苷酸的5′非编码区和333个核苷酸的3′非编码区,编码一个含128个氨基酸的蛋白质,分子质量为14.5 ku,等电点为4.94。LeLSm1编码的氨基酸序列包含LSm1蛋白的保守功能域,与截形苜蓿、拟南芥和水稻等植物的类似LSm蛋白具有高度的同源性,在氨基酸水平上的一致性依次为82.8%、82.0%和72.1%。用PCR方法克隆了LeLSm1基因,其全长转录区共4 751 bp,其中包含5个外显子和4个内含子。Southern杂交结果显示,LeLSm1是单拷贝基因。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,LeLSm1在番茄五叶期和结果期的根、茎、叶以及花和果实中均有表达,且表达量无明显差异,是一个组成型表达基因。     

苏云金杆菌营养期杀虫蛋白vip3A-LS1基因的克隆与表达

从土壤中分离得到营养期对鳞翅目害虫高毒的Bt LS1菌株。分子检测菌株中存在营养期杀虫蛋白基因，进行了该基因的克隆表达。设计全长基因引物扩增得到了约2.3kb的靶片段；克隆序列分析证实为新Vip3A基因，命名为Vip3A-LS1，GenBank登录号DQ016968，Bt基因命名委员会命名为Vip3Aa22。该基因推导蛋白与其它已知同源蛋白8个氨基酸不同。构建vip3A-LS1基因的表达载体，SDS-PAGE检测约88kD目的蛋白大量表达；生物测定表明，胞内可溶性蛋白对棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾活性最高。纯化蛋白对初孵棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾的LC50分别为73.6和32.2µg/g。     

粉菠萝FVE同源基因的克隆及表达分析

FWE是植物自主开花途径中的关键基因,主要通过抑制FLC的表达来调控花发育过程。本研究利用粉菠萝似echmeafasciata）茎尖组织转录组序列数据,通过RACE技术克隆获得了粉菠萝中n,E同源基因A毋yE的cDNA全长序列。该序列全长为1672bp,开放阅读框为1404bp,编码由468个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白,该蛋白序列中含有6个保守的WD重复区域。氨基酸序列比对结果表明,4椰E基因编码的氨基酸序列与其它物种中WE的同源序列具有较高的相似性。qRT—PCR（实时荧光定量PCR）分析结果显示,粉菠萝中A椰E基因对外源乙烯的刺激产生了应答。在采用乙烯利灌心处理不同时间的过程中,发现A删E基因的转录水平均在处理后1d时达到最大,推测A椰E可能参与乙烯信号反应,该基因在粉菠萝自主开花途径中的调节作用可能受乙烯影响。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.