我国农作物病虫害生物防治的新进展

我国农作物病虫害生物防治的新进展林晃（全国植物保护总站，１０００２６）９０年代以来，我国生物防治发展迅速，全国生物防治面积达２３００多万公顷，生防对象有２０多种农作物病虫害，生物制剂的品种不断增加，生物防治技术已成为水稻、小麦、棉花、玉米、果树、蔬菜...     

邱式邦院士在恶性入侵杂草豚草治理上的学术贡献——纪念邱式邦院士诞辰110周年

豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.是一种世界性传播的入侵杂草，20世纪30年代传入我国东南沿海地区，由于其脱离了原产地生物因子的制约，种群迅速扩散蔓延。为有效遏制豚草种群的肆意扩张，20世纪80年代开始，邱式邦院士带领团队先后从北美、前苏联（俄罗斯）和澳大利亚等国引进5种取食豚草的食植性昆虫，揭开了我国豚草生物防治的序幕。本文回顾了邱式邦院士在豚草治理方面所做的重要工作，这些工作不仅开启了我国入侵杂草生物防治的先河，也为我国入侵物种防控研究奠定了坚实的基础。此外，本文介绍了在继承邱式邦院士的工作基础上，豚草生物防治取得的巨大突破。     

基于CNKI文献计量的我国生物防治学科研究进展与发展态势分析

为全面分析我国生物防治研究进展与研究热点,本文通过采集北大中文核心期刊论文产出数据,针对生物防治领域的发文数量、高发文作者、重要机构、高发文期刊、学科分布情况等几个方面进行了系统分析。运用VOSviewer分析工具软件,绘制我国生物防治领域知识图谱,通过对关键词进行聚类分析得出当前生物防治领域的研究热点。更加直观地揭示目前我国生物防治领域的科学研究进展,为我国生物防治领域研究决策提供参考。     

我国草坪害虫防治研究进展

根据国内文献报道，介绍了我国草坪害虫防治方面的最新研究进展，在我国草坪上发生的害虫主要有10多种，多种上害虫可对草坪造成毁灭性的影响，如斜纹夜蛾，粘虫，蛴螬等。在防治上仍然以化学药剂防治为主，如可用敌敌喂防治蛴螬，地考虑等害虫，在生物防治方面也取得了一些进展，如可用细菌防治蛴螬。     

关于联合召开全国生物防治暨第八届杀虫微生物学术研讨会的预备通知

为了总结交流改革开放以来我国生物防治科学研究工作的经验和成就,面向2l世纪探讨生物防治的发展方向,促进提高我国生物防治科学技术,受中国植物保护学会生物防治专业委员会、中国微生物学会杀虫微生物专业委员会和中国昆虫学会生物防治专业委员会的委托,由中国农业科学院生物防治研究所、中国科学院武汉病毒研究所、中山大学生物防治国家重点实验室共同协商拟于2000年9月下旬在广东珠海市联合召开“全国生物防治暨第八届杀虫微生物学术研讨会”。     

有机茶病虫综合防治技术

发展有机茶，应用生态调控杠杆和生物防治技术的作用来控制茶园整个生态环境，在生产过程做到绿色、环保、无污染，有效地解决茶叶生产中农药残留(MRC)超标问题，是振兴我国茶叶生产的主要途径。     

青枯病的化学与生物防治研究进展

本文阐述了近年来在植物细菌性青枯病化学和生物防治研究方面所取得的进展。首先介绍了普通化学药剂和抗生素及植物生长调节剂等防治青枯病的新近应用，作用效果和防治特点；然后回顾了应用无致病力青枯菌菌株，拮抗细菌，菌根和基因工程技术进行生物防治的研究情况；最后对化学和生物防治的有关问题及应用前景进行了讨论。     

林木白蚁的生物防治和生物源农药防治研究进展

林木白蚁在我国南方林区危害严重。目前,林木白蚁的防治仍以化学防治为主。但化学农药残毒严重,对环境和人类健康已构成极大威胁。利用生物防治以及生物源农药对林木白蚁进行防治具有高效、低毒,与环境兼容的特性,极具发展潜力。本文综述了生物防治以及生物源农药防治林木白蚁的研究现状与进展,并对其目前存在的问题和未来应用前景进行了分析。     

我国地下害虫防治现状

针对我国地下害虫发生为害及其造成的经济损失不断加重的现状,本文综述了当前我国地下害虫的主要种类、分布、生活习性、为害特点,并从物理防治、化学防治、生物防治、农业防治等四个方面阐述了目前我国地下害虫的防治现状,以期为农业生产中地下害虫的防治提供一些参考。     

苏云金杆菌杀虫剂在农业虫害综合防治中的应用

害虫的综合防治技术是一种管理体系,必须从生态环境全局出发,协调各种有效措施,调节生物之间以及生物与非生物之间的相互制约和动态平衡关系,把害虫的危害压制在经济允许域值之内,保证人畜健康和持续增加生产。在我国虫害综合防治实践中,主要采取以下措施:1)选用抗虫农作物品种     

试论农业害虫的自然控制

作者根据水稻、棉花、玉米、小麦、油菜、果树和蔬菜等的重要害虫几十年的防治经验，论述了农业害虫自然控制因素的作用和自控措施。这些措施包括作物耐抗性的利用、植物性杀虫剂的利用、昆虫行为和习性的利用、天敌资源的保护利用、农业措施的利用以及农业害虫的综合自控技术。依据可持续农业的发展要求，讨论了在农业害虫的治理中应充分重视和利用一切自然控制因素     

Global developments in biological control and the implications for Europe1

Developed and developing countries, for a range of reasons, have strongly endorsed an IPM approach to sustainable pest management. IPM is founded on the self-renewing contribution of natural enemies to pest suppression, or biological control. However, many pests today escape such natural control because they are exotic introductions, and for these pests the introduction of specific biological control agents is a proven and valuable technique. With growing exotic pest problems in agriculture and forestry, due both to increased trade and to the policy of the WTO, with new concern for exotic invasive species affecting biodiversity, and with a booming biocontrol industry, there is a rapid growth of interest in introduced biological control agents (including biopesticides, which are generally still not acknowledged as introductions). To meet this demand for biological control introductions, it is necessary to address issues of research, safety and the rights of governments and peoples to their genetic resources. By and large, Europe has not done this, and this is proving both an opportunity for environmental accidents and a disincentive for sustainable agriculture and conservation.     

Ecological pest management and control by using allelopathic weeds (Ageratum conyzoides,Ambrosia trifida,and Lantana camara) and their allelochemicals in China

The development of pest management and control is striving toward a future of sustainable agriculture. Weeds cause serious problems in agricultural ecosystems and attempts to control them have met with limited success. However, many weeds are allelopathic; that is, they can produce and release allelochemicals to interact with other plant competitors and to attack microbes or insect and other animal predators. These allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals may be put into use for ecological pest management and control or employed for other uses. Currently, little attention has been paid to how allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals potentially can be utilized as an important part of pest management and control in agricultural ecosystems. This review outlines recent research regarding the potential for pest management and control by allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals by studying the cases of Ageratum conyzoides, Ambrosia trifida, and Lantana camara and provides examples of allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals that have been incorporated into ecological pest management and control in China.     

中国应对草地贪夜蛾入侵研究的主要进展

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是严重威胁我国粮食生产的重大入侵性害虫。自2019年草地贪夜蛾入侵我国以来,我国植保工作者在其生物学和发生规律、迁飞与种群监测、生态调控和理化诱控、生物防治和化学防控技术等方面取得一系列重要进展：基本明确了草地贪夜蛾在我国的发生规律,建立了以监测预警、生物防治、理化诱控和应急化学防控为一体的草地贪夜蛾综合防控技术体系。本文综述了草地贪夜蛾在我国的总体研究概况及在灾变和治理研究中取得的主要进展,并展望了农民接受、社会认可、生态可持续的草地贪夜蛾安全治理工作,以期为提升我国草地贪夜蛾的安全治理能力提供有力的科技支撑。     

“以螨治螨”生防技术在南丰蜜桔上的应用

2005-2007年,在南丰蜜桔上建立了以人工释放捕食螨控制柑桔害螨为核心,辅以配套的农业、物理和药剂防治措施的桔园虫害控制技术体系。试验证明该技术对防治以柑桔害螨为主的柑桔虫害效果显著。6月中旬以后,生防区红蜘蛛平均虫口密度仅为0.15头/叶,其他主要害虫如粉虱、蚧虫和蚜虫等的发生量均显著少于化防区和对照区。随着该技术的示范和推广,已逐渐展现出巨大的经济效益,每亩可节本增效600元以上,累计增加经济效益达900万元以上。同时提高了桔农素质,提升了生产水平;减少施用有毒农药60%以上,改善了生态环境,进而创造了良好的社会效益和生态效益,为加快推动南丰蜜桔无公害标准化生产进程,保障南丰蜜桔产业的可持续发展提供了技术支撑。     

我国植物害虫生物防治的研究现状及发展策略

植物害虫生物防治是指利用生物或生物代谢产物来控制农业害虫的一种害虫防治方法,具有安全、环境友好和可持续等优点。本文基于我国近年在天敌资源挖掘、天敌控害机制、天敌产业化应用和新方法探索等方面研究现状与存在问题的分析,探讨了我国植物害虫生物防治学科的体系建设及促进学科发展的主要策略。     

Management of Stored Wheat Insect Pests in the USA

Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined.     

我国农业害虫天敌昆虫利用三十年回顾(下篇)

本文参阅了从1985-2014近30年有关我国农业害虫天敌昆虫利用发表的文献,尤其是发表在中国生物防治学报的文章。对天敌资源的调查与分类、优势天敌的人工繁殖与释放、与繁殖和释放相关的基础研究、成功的天敌昆虫引进、生物防治技术应用策略等方面的研究与应用进展进行了简要回顾。期望此文能使读者了解近30年来我国生防前辈所作出的贡献,和后辈继往开来的创新成就;认识农业害虫天敌昆虫在我国农林业生产曾发挥的作用。由于此文篇幅较长,分上、下两篇发表。天敌资源的调查与分类、优势天敌的人工繁殖与释放归为上篇,与繁殖和释放相关的基础研究、成功的天敌昆虫引进、生物防治技术应用策略研究归为下篇。     

The role of bacillus-based biological control agents in integrated pest management systems: plant diseases

ABSTRACT Bacillus-based biological control agents (BCAs) have great potential in integrated pest management (IPM) systems; however, relatively little work has been published on integration with other IPM management tools. Unfortunately, most research has focused on BCAs as alternatives to synthetic chemical fungicides or bactericides and not as part of an integrated management system. IPM has had many definitions and this review will use the national coalition for IPM definition: "A sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks." This review will examine the integrated use of Bacillus-based BCAs with disease management tools, including resistant cultivars, fungicides or bactericides, or other BCAs. This integration is important because the consistency and degree of disease control by Bacillus-based BCAs is rarely equal to the control afforded by the best fungicides or bactericides. In theory, integration of several tools brings stability to disease management programs. Integration of BCAs with other disease management tools often provides broader crop adaptation and both more efficacious and consistent levels of disease control. This review will also discuss the use of Bacillus-based BCAs in fungicide resistance management. Work with Bacillus thuringiensis and insect pest management is the exception to the relative paucity of reports but will not be the focus of this review.     

Advances in insect phototaxis and application to pest management: a review

Many insects, especially nocturnal insects, exhibit positive phototaxis to artificial lights. Light traps are currently used to monitor and manage insect pest populations, and play a crucial role in physical pest control. Efficient use of light traps to attract target insect pests is an important topic in the application of integrated pest management (IPM). Phototactic responses of insects vary among species, light characteristics and the physiological status of the insects. In addition, light can cause several biological responses, including biochemical, physiological, molecular and fitness changes in insects. In this review, we discuss several hypotheses on insect phototaxis, factors affecting insect phototaxis, insect‐sensitive wavelengths, biological responses of insects to light, and countermeasures for conserving beneficial insects and increasing the effect of trapping. In addition, we provide information on the different sensitivities to wavelengths causing positive phototactic behavior in > 70 insect pest and beneficial insect species. The use of advanced light traps equipped with superior light sources, such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), will make physical pest control in IPM more efficient. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry