冬生疫霉(Phytophthora hibernalis)的快速分子检测

 由冬生疫霉(Phytophthora hibernalis)引起的疫病是一类植物检疫性病害。为建立该病原菌的快速检测技术,本文比较分析了冬生疫霉和其它疫霉的ITS序列,在此基础上设计了一对检测冬生疫霉的特异性引物751F/752R,该对引物从冬生疫霉中扩增得到一条616bp的条带,而其它19种疫霉和其它真菌菌株均无扩增条带,表明该对引物对冬生疫霉具有特异性。在25μL PCR反应体系中,引物751F/752R检测灵敏度为10龟基因组DNA;而以卵菌ITS区通用引物ITS1/ITS4和751F/752R进行套式PCR扩增,能够检测到10ag的基因组DNA,使检测灵敏度提高了1000倍。该检测体系对灭菌水中游动孢子的检测灵敏度可达0.5个游动孢子。结合快速碱裂解法提取发病组织的DNA,采用该PCR检测技术,在1个工作日内即可从人工接种发病的植物组织中特异性的检测到该病原菌。表明本研究建立的检测方法可用于冬生疫霉的快速分子检测。     

雪松疫霉(Phytophthora lateralis)的快速分子检测

由雪松疫霉(Phytophthora lateralis)引起的疫病是一类植物检疫性病害。为建立该病原菌的快速检测技术,本文比较分析了雪松疫霉和其他疫霉的tRNA序列,在此基础上设计了一对检测雪松疫霉的特异性引物T1/T2,该对引物从雪松疫霉中扩增得到1条192 bp的条带,而其他15种疫霉和其他真菌菌株均无扩增条带,表明该对引物对雪松疫霉具有特异性。在25μL PCR反应体系中,引物T1/T2检测灵敏度为10 pg基因组DNA;而以引物T3/T4和T1/T2进行巢式PCR扩增,能够检测到1 fg基因组DNA,使检测灵敏度提高了10 000倍。该检测体系对灭菌水中游动孢子的检测灵敏度可达0.5个游动孢子,对人工接种发病的植物组织能够特异性地检测到该病原菌。此外,进一步建立了该病原菌的实时荧光定量PCR检测体系。     

利用基因YKT6鉴定疫霉属的不同种

 利用分子标记或对特异位点的碱基序列进行分析是植物病原物分子检测的基础,可以在属和种的水平上对物种进行区分和鉴定。对疫霉属的不同种已有一系列的分子检测方法。SNARE蛋白相关基因YKT6拥有保守的侧翼编码区,适于设计疫霉属特异性的PCR引物,同时其内含子所具有的多态性可开发出几乎所有疫霉种的分子标记。利用疫霉属特异性引物对P-YKT6-F/P-YKT6-R可在31个疫霉种中特异地扩增出一条约600 bp的条带,而在腐霉或其他真菌中不能扩增出该条带。利用大豆疫霉的引物对Ps-YKT6-F/ Ps-YKT6-R和辣椒疫霉的引物对Pc-YKT6-F/Pc-YKT6-R,能分别从大豆疫霉菌株和辣椒疫霉菌株中扩增出一条399 bp和282 bp的条带,常规PCR和巢式PCR的灵敏度分别达到100 pg和10 fg。利用这些引物也可从土壤和病组织中检测到目标病原菌。此外,利用上述特异性引物开发出了大豆疫霉和辣椒疫霉的实时定量PCR检测方法。基于YKT6基因的分子标记和检测方法可用于疫霉种的调查检测和法定定量检测。     

利用基因YKT6鉴定疫霉属的不同种（英文）

利用分子标记或对特异位点的碱基序列进行分析是植物病原物分子检测的基础,可以在属和种的水平上对物种进行区分和鉴定。对疫霉属的不同种已有一系列的分子检测方法。SNARE蛋白相关基因YKT6拥有保守的侧翼编码区,适于设计疫霉属特异性的PCR引物,同时其内含子所具有的多态性可开发出几乎所有疫霉种的分子标记。利用疫霉属特异性引物对P-YKT6-F/P-YKT6-R可在31个疫霉种中特异地扩增出一条约600 bp的条带,而在腐霉或其他真菌中不能扩增出该条带。利用大豆疫霉的引物对Ps-YKT6-F/Ps-YKT6-R和辣椒疫霉的引物对Pc-YKT6-F/Pc-YKT6-R,能分别从大豆疫霉菌株和辣椒疫霉菌株中扩增出一条399 bp和282 bp的条带,常规PCR和巢式PCR的灵敏度分别达到100 pg和10 fg。利用这些引物也可从土壤和病组织中检测到目标病原菌。此外,利用上述特异性引物开发出了大豆疫霉和辣椒疫霉的实时定量PCR检测方法。基于YKT6基因的分子标记和检测方法可用于疫霉种的调查检测和法定定量检测。     

芋疫霉重组聚合酶扩增结合侧流层析试纸条快速检测方法的建立及应用

为建立芋疫霉Phytophthora colocasiae快速准确的分子检测方法,基于Ypt1基因特异序列,设计芋疫霉的特异性引物与探针,建立一种快速、准确、可视化的芋疫霉重组聚合酶扩增结合侧流层析试纸条（recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow dipstick,LFD-RPA）检测方法,对该检测方法进行优化,评估其特异性与灵敏度,并对田间疑似样品进行检测。结果表明,优化后的芋疫霉LFD-RPA检测方法最适反应条件为39℃恒温反应30 min。LFD-RPA检测方法能够特异性地检测出芋疫霉,而对其他卵菌近缘种和常见植物病原真菌均未检出,且该检测方法对芋疫霉DNA的检测灵敏度达到1 pg/μL。对田间带病组织检测发现,LFD-RPA检测方法能够快速准确地从田间自然发病植株中检测出芋疫霉。表明本研究所建立的芋疫霉LFD-RPA快速可视化检测方法特异性好、灵敏度高、简单快捷,可用于芋疫病的田间快速诊断。     

基于细胞色素氧化酶基因和激发素基因的大豆疫霉菌特异性PCR引物

引起大豆疫霉根腐病的大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae)是危害大豆的破坏性病原菌之一,也是我国重要的检疫性植物病原菌。简单、快速、准确的鉴定和检测技术是阻止大豆疫霉菌传入和病害早期诊断的有效工具。本研究从大豆疫霉菌细胞色素氧化酶基因Ⅱ(coxⅡ)序列和两个激发素(elicitin)家族基因EST序列中开发了3对大豆疫霉菌特异引物:Cox3-F/Cox3-R、PSEL1-F/PSEL1-R和PSEL2-F/PSEL2-R。这3对引物在大豆疫霉菌中分别扩增出450、289bp和370bp的特异性片段,其检测大豆疫霉菌基因组DNA的灵敏度分别为20、2pg/μL和2pg/μL。3对引物能够有效检测大豆疫霉菌侵染的大豆病株,可以用于病害诊断和鉴别。     

丁香疫霉菌RPA/CRISPR-Cas12a快速检测方法的建立

丁香疫霉病菌（Phytophthora syringae,PS）造成数十种蔷薇科植物严重病害,是我国的植物检疫性有害生物。本研究根据GenBank中PS的Ras-like protein (Ypt1)基因,建立重组酶聚合酶等温扩增结合CRISPR-Cas12a系统的荧光法和侧向流层析试纸条快速检测方法,以实现在田间或口岸快速、准确、灵敏检测丁香疫霉病菌的目的。本研究优化了RPA/CRISPR-Cas12a的反应条件,考察了特异性、灵敏度以及实际样品检测能力。结果表明,该方法 37℃扩增40 min,能特异性地检测丁香疫霉菌,灵敏度为133 fg,与荧光定量PCR相当。本研究建立的快速检测方法可用于丁香疫霉菌的快速诊断。     

菠菜中3种新烟碱类杀虫剂多残留分析方法研究

寄生隐丛赤壳菌是引起板栗疫病的致病菌。为建立该菌的分子检测技术,本研究首先采用通用引物 ITS1／ITS4对分离自四川雅安、泸州及重庆的寄生隐丛赤壳菌及其他参试菌株的 ITS 区进行 PCR 扩增和测序比对。根据该片段与 GenBank 中隐丛赤壳属其他种的 ITS 序列差异,设计了寄生隐丛赤壳菌的特异性引物 ITSP1／ITSP2,片段扩增大小为462 bp。利用该引物对菌株基因组 DNA 进行扩增,可以将寄生隐丛赤壳菌与其他参试菌区分开,检测灵敏度达30 pg。而以引物 ITS1／ITS4和 ITSP1／ITSP2进行的巢氏 PCR,可检测到30 fg 基因组 DNA,其灵敏度较常规 PCR 提高了1000倍。利用巢氏 PCR 检测体系对发病程度不同的组织和携菌组织进行检测,均能快速稳定地检测出寄生隐丛赤壳菌。     

寄生隐丛赤壳菌ITS分子检测技术研究

寄生隐丛赤壳菌是引起板栗疫病的致病菌。为建立该菌的分子检测技术,本研究首先采用通用引物ITS1/ITS4对分离自四川雅安、泸州及重庆的寄生隐丛赤壳菌及其他参试菌株的ITS区进行PCR扩增和测序比对。根据该片段与GenBank中隐丛赤壳属其他种的ITS序列差异,设计了寄生隐丛赤壳菌的特异性引物ITSP1/ITSP2,片段扩增大小为462bp。利用该引物对菌株基因组DNA进行扩增,可以将寄生隐丛赤壳菌与其他参试菌区分开,检测灵敏度达30pg。而以引物ITS1/ITS4和ITSP1/ITSP2进行的巢氏PCR,可检测到30fg基因组DNA,其灵敏度较常规PCR提高了1 000倍。利用巢氏PCR检测体系对发病程度不同的组织和携菌组织进行检测,均能快速稳定地检测出寄生隐丛赤壳菌。     

李属植物检疫性丁香疫霉和栗黑水疫霉的三重PCR分子检测

为建立我国禁止进境的2种检疫性真菌丁香疫霉Phytophthora syringae和栗黑水疫霉P.cambivora的同步分子检测方法,根据疫霉属的18S rRNA、HSP90和Ypt1基因分别设计通用引物、丁香疫霉和栗黑水疫霉的特异性引物,建立三重PCR检测方法,并进行灵敏度测试和模拟带菌试验。结果表明,可同时检测李属植物上丁香疫霉和栗黑水疫霉的特异三重PCR检测体系为:最佳引物浓度组合18SUF/18SUR、PCSF/PCSR和PSSF/PSSR依次为0.2、0.8、1.0μL,最佳退火温度为63℃,最佳退火时间为20 s。该体系扩增丁香疫霉出现884 bp的18S rRNA条带和683 bp的HSP90基因特异条带,扩增栗黑水疫霉出现884 bp的18S rRNA条带和314 bp的Ypt1基因特异条带,对照菌只出现18S rRNA条带;三重PCR反应体系检测灵敏度低于单重PCR;模拟带菌试验可同时扩增出3个片段。表明该三重PCR检测方法能实现丁香疫霉和栗黑水疫霉的同步特异性检测,可有效改进李属类水果及其种苗上检疫性疫霉的快速检测。     

Evaluation of root damage to English walnut caused by five Phytophthora species

The pathogenicity of five species of Phytophthora to English walnut was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Phytophthora cinnamomi was the most aggressive species, causing severe root rot and seedling mortality. The other species tested, P. cambivora , P. citricola , P. cactorum and P. cryptogea , did not induce visible crown symptoms on seedlings 2 months after inoculation. Some strains of P. cambivora and P. cactorum also caused taproot damage to seedlings. All except one of the tested isolates caused significant necrosis of fine roots and a significant reduction of root weight compared with noninoculated seedlings. Reduction of above-ground plant development was not statistically significant. While P. cinnamomi is well known as an aggressive primary pathogen of English walnut, the other species of Phytophthora may act as predisposing factors to walnut decline, affecting root system development and increasing host vulnerability to environmental stress.     

Prevention of Phytophthora Root Rot in Gerbera by increasing copper ion concentration in the nutrient solution

Increased copper concentration in the nutrient solution was used as a means for reducing the severity of root rot caused by Phytophthora cryptogea in Gerbera jamesonii in three experiments. Plants were grown in pots on ebb-and-flow benches with separate systems for recirculating nutrient solutions. Eight nutrient solutions with two concentrations of copper ions (0.07 and 0.28 ppm), two electrical conductivity values (1.5 and 2.2 mScm^-1), and two iron sources (FeHEEDTA or FeSO₄) were combined in a factorial design. Plants were inoculated with zoospores of P. cryptogea via the recirculating nutrient solution. Disease incidence was significantly reduced in inoculated plants grown on nutrient solution with 0.28 ppm copper compared with 0.07 ppm copper, when FeSO₄was introduced as the iron source. No effects of increased copper concentration was observed when iron was added as FeHEEDTA. The change in electrical conductivity from 1.5 to 2.2 mScm^-1 without changing the Cu²⁺ concentration did not influence the disease severity in these experiments. The results suggest that increased copper ion concentration in the nutrient solution could be a component of disease management strategy for ebb-and-flow systems. Possible management of the cupric ion concentration in the nutrient solutions is discussed.     

Phytophthora cryptogea as a cause of root rot of raspberry in Australia; resistance of raspberry cultivars and control by fungicides

Phytophthora cryptogea was isolated from field plantings of the red raspberry cultivars Glen Clova, Canby and Willamette which showed wilting, dieback, stem lesions and root rotting. Pathogenicity of P. cryptogea to raspberry was demonstrated in glasshouse experiments. Twelve cultivars of raspberry were screened for resistance to the disease by growing them in artificially infested soil. Glen Clova and Canby were highly susceptible whilst Chilcotin, Nootka, Haida and Puyallup were resistant. Soil treatments with either metalaxyl, phosphorous acid or fosetyl aluminium controlled the disease. This is the first record of a phytophthora root rot of raspberry in Australia, and the first demonstrating the pathogenicity of P. cryptogea to raspberry.     

Control of Phytophthora cryptogea in the hydroponic forcing of witloof chicory with the rhamnolipid-based biosurfactant formulation PRO1

Rhamnolipids, extracellular metabolites of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with surfactant properties, proved to be very effective in controlling the spread of brown root rot disease caused by Phytophthora cryptogea in the hydroponic forcing system of witloof chicory ( Cichorium intybus var. foliosum ). The biosurfactant was applied as the product PRO1, a formulation of 25% rhamnolipids in oil. Both an in vitro screening and in vivo experiments in a mini-hydroponic system demonstrated the ability of PRO1 to control brown root rot. A 25  µ g mL⁻¹ rhamnolipids nutrient solution was enough to obtain good control of an artificial infection with a zoospore suspension of P. cryptogea . The biosurfactant PRO1 performed well in a semicommercial system under growers' conditions. A treatment of 25  µ g mL⁻¹ rhamnolipids (100  µ g mL⁻¹ PRO1) reduced the disease incidence significantly in two independent experiments. However, PRO1 was not effective when a mycelial suspension was used as inoculum. Rhamnolipids have good potential to limit the spread of P. cryptogea in the hydroponic forcing system of witloof chicory, and can be used as a preventive measure against brown root rot.     

Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Phytophthora sojae in Soil and Infected Soybeans by Species-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays

ABSTRACT Root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae is one of the most destructive diseases of soybean (Glycine max) worldwide. P. sojae can survive as oospores in soil for many years. In order to develop a rapid and accurate method for the specific detection of P. sojae in soil, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of eight P. sojae isolates were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the universal primers DC6 and ITS4. The sequences of PCR products were aligned with published sequences of 50 other Phytophthora species, and a region specific to P. sojae was used to design the specific PCR primers, PS1 and PS2. More than 245 isolates representing 25 species of Phytophthora and at least 35 other species of pathogens were used to test the specificity of the primers. PCR amplification with PS primers resulted in the amplification of a product of approximately 330 bp, exclusively from isolates of P. sojae. Tests with P. sojae genomic DNA determined that the sensitivity of the PS primer set is approximately 1 fg. This PCR assay, combined with a simple soil screening method developed in this work, allowed the detection of P. sojae from soil within 6 h, with a detection sensitivity of two oospores in 20 g of soil. PCR with the PS primers could also be used to detect P. sojae from diseased soybean tissue and residues. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assays were also developed to detect the pathogen directly in soil samples. The PS primer-based PCR assay provides a rapid and sensitive tool for the detection of P. sojae in soil and infected soybean tissue.     

新疆主要农作物疫霉菌种类鉴定

 1993~1995年,对侵染新疆主要农作物的疫霉菌进行了较全面的调查研究,共从9个地区的28种作物上采集表现根腐、根颈腐、果腐症状(包括病土)的病样1531个,结果从其中17种作物上分离到452个疫霉菌株。根据形态特征、生理生化特性、致病性和菌体可溶性蛋白电泳测定,鉴定为7个种:辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici Leon.),恶疫霉[P.cactorum(Leb.et Cohn) Schroeter],掘氏疫霉(P.drechsleri Tucker),菸草疫霉(P.nicotianae van Breda de Haan),苎麻疫霉(P.boehm eriaeSaw.),柑桔褐腐疫霉[P.citrophthora (Sm.et Sm.) Leonian],隐地疫霉(P.cryptogea Pethyb.etLaff.)。这些疫菌是造成新疆茄果类、瓜类、棉花、苹果、梨、枸杞、草霉、红花、白术等幼苗及成株大量死亡及烂果的主要病原,在农业生产中具有十分重要的意义。     

双重PCR检测马铃薯晚疫病菌和青枯病菌方法的建立及应用

 利用真菌通用引物ITS1和ITS4扩增马铃薯晚疫病菌转录间隔区并进行序列测定,通过序列比较,设计了1对马铃薯晚疫病菌的特异引物INF1/INF2,并对15种不同真菌、细菌和7种疫霉属和腐霉属卵菌基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,结果只有不同来源的马铃薯晚疫病菌株可获得324 bp的特异带。将引物INF1/INF2与卵菌通用引物进行巢式PCR扩增后,其检测灵敏度在DNA水平上可达30 fg。运用设计的引物与马铃薯青枯病菌特异引物结合建立了双重PCR体系,能从马铃薯晚疫病菌和马铃薯青枯病菌总基因组DNA以及人工接种和自然发病的马铃薯植株中分别或同时扩增到324 bp和281 bp的特异片段。实现了同时对马铃薯晚疫病菌和马铃薯青枯病菌的快速可靠检测。     

Comparison of serological, culture, and bait methods for detection of Pythium and Phytophthora zoospores in water

Two immunodiagnostic detection assay procedures were compared with two conventional assays for their sensitivity in detecting propagules of Pythium ultimum var. sporangiiferum , Pythium Group F, Phytophthora cactorum and P. cryptogea in dilution series in sterile distilled water. The most sensitive assay for all four species was the zoospore trapping immunoassay (ZTI). Conventional membrane filtration-dilution plating gave similar results to ZTI with the two Phytophthora spp., but was less sensitive in Pythium detection. Immunodiagnostic dipstick assays and conventional bait tests showed similar sensitivities in the dilution series, and were generally about two orders of magnitude less sensitive than ZTI. The four techniques were also compared for their detection efficacy with water samples collected from horticultural nurseries and in in situ tests of infected root zones of Chamaecyparis , tomato and Chrysanthemum . In these comparisons, ZTI was again the most sensitive test for water samples, although membrane filtration-dilution plating proved to be a more consistent test. Dipstick and baiting assays were the best techniques for in situ testing, and dipsticks provided epidemiologically valuable, quantitative data on pathogen propagule numbers.     

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Quantification of Phytophthora capsici in Different Pepper Genotypes

ABSTRACT Reliable and sensitive quantification of Phytophthora capsici in pepper plants is of crucial importance in managing the multiple syndromes caused by this pathogen. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the determination of P. capsici in pepper tissues. DNA levels of a highly virulent and a less virulent isolate were measured in different pepper genotypes with varying degrees of resistance. Using SYBR Green and specific primers for P. capsici, the minimal amount of pathogen DNA quantified was 10 pg. Pathogen DNA was recorded as early as 8 h postinoculation. Thereafter, the increase was rapid in susceptible cultivars and slower in resistant ones. The amount of pathogen DNA quantified in each pepper genotype correlated with susceptibility to Phytophthora root rot. Likewise, there was a relationship between the virulence of the pathogen and the degree of colonization. Differences also were found in oomycete amount among pepper tissues, with maximal pathogen biomass occurring in stems. The real-time PCR technique developed in this study was sensitive and robust enough to assess both pathogen development and resistance to Phytophthora root rot in different pepper genotypes.     

大豆与疫霉菌非亲和互作早期差异显示基因的表达分析

大豆疫霉根腐病是大豆的毁灭性病害。为了深入了解大豆对疫霉菌的分子抗病机制,以大豆疫霉菌1号生理小种游动孢子接种抗性品种绥农10的根部及下胚轴,通过反转录差异显示技术分离到疫霉菌侵染0、0.5、1、2和4h后大豆下胚轴和茎部的差异表达基因,其中至少有8个基因与抗病相关。接种后0.5 h开始上调表达的有肉桂酸-4-羟化酶基因、ATP合成酶β亚基基因,以及类花生泛素结合酶基因;接种后1h和2h依次开始上调表达的有尿苷二磷酸-N-乙酰基-α-D-氨基半乳糖基因和豌豆蓝铜蛋白基因;接种后4 h才上调表达的有TGA型碱性亮氨酸拉链基因、大豆环孢素基因和14-3-3蛋白基因。这8个基因中有1个基因与信号传导有关、4个基因与抗病和防御有关、2个基因与转录调控有关、1个基因与能量代谢有关。研究表明,以上8个基因在疫霉菌游动孢子萌发、侵入大豆和在大豆体内扩展过程中起着重要作用。