交变磁场下磁纳米流冷却液强化柴油机缸盖微区域冷却

为能实现柴油机缸盖鼻梁微区域高效冷却兼顾节能化的要求,该文提出了一种通过外部施加交变磁场的方式促进磁纳米流内粒子的微运动达到强化传热的方法,并与传统乙二醇冷却液、Cu-乙二醇纳米流冷却液进行了柴油机缸盖鼻梁微区域传热效果的对比研究。结果表明:在0.17 Hz的磁场交变频率影响下,磁纳米流中加热棒温度值最大下降幅度提升了29.3%,内部粒子运动涡数增加。缸盖鼻梁微区域试验表明:相比传统乙二醇冷却液,稳态工况下,最大扭矩工况点和标定工况点处测点温度值最大下降幅度分别约为12%、14.4%,外特性工况下测点平均温度值降幅为23.7℃,约为9.4%。瞬态工况测试结果表明,采用交变磁场影响下的磁纳米流冷却液,柴油机预热时间较采用传统乙二醇冷却液和Cu-乙二醇纳米流冷却液分别缩短了9.8%和8.2%,柴油机急加速工况下能保持冷却液温度波动性小。能耗率计算结果表明,采用外部施加交变磁场加强磁纳米流冷却液高效传热的方式在达到相同冷却液温度时,可实现节能幅度为7.2%。该研究为柴油机乃至其他高温部件的节能化高效冷却提供科学参考。     

超声波对微细通道内纳米制冷剂流动沸腾传热影响

为探究有无超声波作用下微细通道内纳米流体流动沸腾传热特性,该研究设计了一种可以放置超声波换能器的微细通道试验段,运用超声波振荡法制备了纳米颗粒质量分数为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的均匀稳定TiO2/R141b纳米制冷剂。在设计系统压力为152 kPa,有效热流密度的范围为10.8～22.7 kW/m2,超声功率为50 W,超声频率为23 kHz,质量流率为121.1 kg/(m2·s),入口温度为35 ℃的工况下,在截面宽度为2 mm的矩形微细通道内进行流动沸腾试验。研究结果表明：纳米颗粒质量分数为0.2%时的传热系数较高,强化传热效果较好,超声波作用下仍是质量分数为0.2%的纳米流体强化传热效果较好,相对于无超声情况下R141b平均饱和沸腾传热系数最大提高了89.9%。热流密度对超声波强化传热效果有很大影响,不同热流密度下强化效果有明显差距,声场作用下纳米制冷剂的平均饱和沸腾传热系数随有效热流密度的增大呈先增后降的趋势。通过COMSOL软件对通道内汽液界面的声场进行了模拟,模拟结果表明超声波在汽泡中的传播较弱。对于质量分数为0.2%的纳米制冷剂,进出口超声作用下超声强化因子最大为1.46。该研究结果可为通过施加超声波提高微细通道换热性能提供新思路。     

耦合法用于柴油机冷却系统传热的研究

在研究柴油机冷却系统的流动和传热问题时,边界条件的确定往往成为难点。该文将某六缸柴油机活塞-缸套-冷却液-机体组成一个固流耦合传热系统进行整体传热仿真计算,解决了单独研究固体部件和流体传热时无法确定其边界条件的问题;通过缸套内壁轴向一些试验测点温度的计算值与实测值对比,研究了网格对模拟计算精度的影响;在结合了计算资源与计算精度的条件下,仿真计算得到冷却系统温度场分布、流场分布、压力损失等信息,这些信息对柴油机的设计具有指导意义。     

换热器微细通道纳米流体沸腾混沌特征与强化传热的关系

为探究微细通道内纳米流体流动沸腾系统的传热性能、非线性特性及其相互关系,分别以质量分数为0.05%、0.10%、0.15%、0.20%和0.30%的Al2O3/R141b纳米流体和R141b纯制冷剂为试验工质,在2 mm×2 mm的矩形微细通道内进行流动沸腾试验,计算得到了不同浓度纳米流体的沸腾传热系数,建立了试验段进出口压差时间序列,运用Hurst指数分析、关联维数、最大Lyapunov数和Kolmogorov熵研究了该时间序列的非线性特征,并比较其与传热系数之间的关系,结果表明:相比纯制冷剂,纳米流体流动沸腾系统的混沌程度更强,传热性能也更好;纳米流体的混沌程度随着浓度的升高先增强后减弱,其沸腾传热系数也随着浓度的升高先增加后减小,试验工况下质量分数为0.1%的纳米流体的各项非线性特征量均达到最大值,混沌程度最强,相应的沸腾传热系数也为最大,其平均沸腾传热系数可达4.25 k W/(m~2·K),而纯制冷剂仅为2.42 k W/(m~2·K)。该文采用非线性分析与试验相结合的方法,更能准确描述微细通道沸腾系统的动力学特征,可为进一步研究微细通道纳米流体相变强化传热机理提供参考。     

太阳能电池冷却用微通道散热器内纳米流体换热特性

该文基于螺旋式微通道散热器,采用Mixture模型对菲涅尔高倍聚光下纳米流体冷却工质的换热特性进行了研究,并引入强化传热因子η来判定冷却工质的换热能效,结果表明:雷诺数相同时,与蒸馏水相比,Al_2O_3-H_2O和Si O2-H_2O纳米流体具有更高的对流换热系数,并且Al_2O_3-H_2O的传热特性要优于SiO_2-H_2O;纳米流体的强化传热因子随着入口流速的增大呈先升高后降低的趋势,当入口流速为0.82 m/s时,强化传热因子达到最大值,但质量分数为5%的Al_2O_3-H_2O纳米流体的强化换热因子与流体的入口速度成正比,且当流体速度小于0.68 m/s时,其强化传热因子高于其他3种纳米流体;Al_2O_3-H_2O纳米流体的换热特性随着纳米粒子粒径的增加而降低,随着质量分数的增加呈先增后降的二次曲线趋势,当质量分数为5.5%时换热特性最强,该研究为纳米流体在高倍聚光砷化镓太阳能电池冷却方面提供理论参考。     

增压中冷柴油机缸套热态变形研究

缸套承受不均匀的热负荷而产生的失圆变形,主要影响缸套与活塞组件间的密封、摩擦/磨损以及排放性能。控制缸套的变形与失圆,对降低机油耗,改善摩擦性能以及降低排放,具有重要的意义。该文应用流固耦合传热方法,建立了缸盖-冷却液-缸套-缸体耦合传热模型,在对冷却液流动特性以及缸套、缸盖关键点温度测试的基础上,研究了缸套的稳态传热温度场分布以及热态变形规律。研究表明:受各缸冷却水套流动与热负荷不均匀的影响,各缸缸套温度场分布不均匀,从缸套顶部到底部温度逐渐降低,相邻两缸间的缸套顶部温度高于其他部位,最高温度出现在3、4缸间的缸套顶部;各缸缸套综合热变形是不均匀的,1、4缸自由端综合热变形较大,最大综合膨胀变形位于第4缸90°位置(飞轮方向),最大综合收缩变形位于第1缸90°位置(1、2缸间);缸套不同截面径向变形呈现与综合变形不同的变化趋势,缸套中部与冷却液接触,主要呈现膨胀变形,上部与下部受缸体结构约束,膨胀变形较小;各缸呈现不均匀的"豌豆"形径向变形,其中2、3缸对称,1、4缸对称;缸套主推力面与次推力面径向变形量相对较小,各缸的变形差异也较小。     

基于微观场的重型增压柴油机工作循环能量流及㶲流仿真

为了探索重型增压柴油机工作循环中能量流、?流变化和损耗的规律并从缸内微观层面分析其原因,该文以CA6DL重型车用增压柴油机为研究对象,基于热力学基本原理、试验数据及仿真结果计算并分析了不同工况下工作循环中能量流、?流变化和损耗的规律。以B50工况为例,从缸内速度、当量比、温度分布的角度出发,对引起燃烧过程中能量流、?流变化和损耗的原因进行了分析。结果表明:增压柴油机工作循环中能量流、?流变化主要发生在燃烧过程;传热?、燃料累计?、排气损失、CA90、?效率等参数正相关于负荷,而内部?损失及传热?所占燃料?比例负相关于负荷,B25、B50、B75工况下内部?损失占燃料?比例分别为31.3%、29.9%、28.3%;理论当量比区域多集中在中等流速区;燃烧过程中期,缸内流场与高温区在缸壁附近的叠加作用加剧了缸壁的传热损失;当量比分布越不均匀,燃油氧化速率越快,高低温区体积占比差距越大,温升越缓慢,内部?损失率越大。     

电场作用下微细通道内纳米流体流动沸腾传热性能

为探究电场作用下微细通道内纳米流体流动沸腾传热特性,该研究在微细通道几何中心布置线状电极来产生0～800 V不均匀电场,采用两步法配置出不同质量分数的SiO2-R141b纳米流体,在截面为2 mm×2 mm微细通道内开展流动沸腾试验,研究不同质量分数纳米流体在不同电压电场作用下微细通道内平均饱和沸腾传热系数以及有效强化传热热流密度范围。通过可视化研究不同电压电场作用下微细通道中汽泡的脱离速率、受限汽泡运动速度以及长径比的变化,分析电场作用下纳米流体流动沸腾强化传热机理。利用传热综合性能评价方法研究不同强化技术对微细通道的强化传热综合性能的提升。研究结果表明,相较于纯制冷剂,单独电场强化、单独添加纳米颗粒强化、电场与添加纳米颗粒复合强化作用最大饱和沸腾传热系数分别提升44.9%、20.9%、58.0%。电场作用下纳米流体强化传热综合性能最高,平均传热综合性能评价因子为1.34。该研究结果可为微细通道内复合强化传热技术的应用提供参考。     

拖拉机排气余热板翅式蒸发器热力性能分析与参数优化

利用拖拉机排气余热能够有效降低燃油消耗,其中基于有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle, ORC)的余热能量转换效率最高。该研究根据拖拉机实际空间尺寸,试制了一种板翅式蒸发器用以回收柴油机排气余热。基于移动边界法建立排气与工质对流传热数值模型,结合台架试验数据验证模型有效性,并定量分析了柴油机全工况下蒸发器热力性能。为提高蒸发器传热量和适用范围,采用CFD仿真和BP神经网络进一步分析非设计工况时蒸发器传热特性,并对结构与工质参数进行优化。结果表明:1)蒸发器热力性能随转速和负载增大而提高,最大传热量为69.89 kW,在中低转速负载工况下,蒸发器出现传热不稳定现象;2)增加接管倒角和改变翅片形状,在蒸发器尺寸不变条件下传热量可提高5.2%,传热面积增大0.19m~2;3)通过优化流道、工质流量和进口温度,能够改善中低负载工况热力性能,如柴油机1 500 r/min时,工质流量可在0.03～0.08 kg/s范围变化,最大传热量可达19.46 kW。研究结果可为蒸发器实际应用于拖拉机及与柴油机工况匹配提供参考。     

发酵柑桔皮渣流化干燥传热传质分析

为了开发高效合理的柑桔皮渣发酵—干燥成套设备,需要进行发酵柑桔皮渣的干燥机理分析、传热传质的研究。该文采用流化干燥方法对发酵柑桔皮渣的干燥进行试验研究,建立了小型的流化床干燥试验台,分析了风速、颗粒粒径、初始含水率等对发酵柑桔皮渣流化干燥过程中传热传质的影响。试验表明：流化床的传热传质性能与流体的物理性质、操作参数、颗粒本身的物理性质以及流化床的特性密切相关。试验结果表明,传热系数沿流化床床高增加而减小,在床高4～6 cm之间,传热系数减小的幅度较大;在风速、颗粒粒径、初始含水率3个影响因素中,风速对传热系数的影响最大,当风速从2.06 m/s增大到2.75 m/s时,床高2～4 cm区域的平均局部传热系数增大了近92%。根据试验结果建立了传热传质数学模型并获得了传热无因次准则方程式,为强化传热传质以提高干燥效果提供了理论依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.