草鱼敏感的负趋音筛选

声学屏障是一种阻拦鱼类进入危险区域进而保护鱼类资源的重要手段,为筛选鱼类敏感的负趋音作为声学屏障,本研究采用6种单频音 (500~3 000 Hz)和1种宽频音 (扬子鳄吼叫声)作为实验用音对草鱼幼鱼进行负趋音的筛选研究,通过在水槽两端交替播音来对比草鱼幼鱼对不同声音的行为反应。结果显示,大多数实验鱼对声音有反应,扬子鳄吼叫声与其他声音组的差异显著。单频音实验组中播放500 Hz单频音时平均反应次数最大,为 (1.7±0.6)次,而播放扬子鳄吼叫声时平均反应次数高达 (5.0±0.9)次,显著高于其他实验音。在总平均速度中,宽频音组中草鱼的总平均速度显著高于其他组,表明草鱼对扬子鳄吼叫声敏感,产生逃窜行为。研究表明,草鱼对扬子鳄吼叫声具有负趋音性,扬子鳄吼叫声是一种对草鱼具有驱赶、威慑作用的声音。本研究可为过鱼设施中辅助诱驱鱼手段及水利结构中避免鱼类的夹带提供参考依据。     

草鱼敏感的负趋音筛选研究

声学屏障是一种阻拦鱼类进入危险区域进而保护鱼类资源的重要手段,为筛选鱼类敏感的负趋音作为声学屏障,本文采用六种单频音（500-3 000 Hz）和一种宽频音（短吻鳄吼叫声）作为实验用音对草鱼幼鱼进行负趋音的筛选研究,通过在水槽两端交替播音来对比草鱼幼鱼对不同声音的行为反应。结果表明,大多数实验鱼对声音有反应,短吻鳄吼叫声与其他声音组的差异显著。单频音实验组中播放500 Hz单频音时平均反应次数最大,为1.7±0.6次,而播放短吻鳄吼叫声时平均反应次数高达5±0.9次,显著高于其他实验音;在总平均速度中,宽频音组中草鱼的总平均速度显著高于其他组,表明草鱼对短吻鳄吼叫声敏感,产生逃窜行为。本研究表明,草鱼对短吻鳄吼叫声具有负趋音性,短吻鳄吼叫声可能是一种对草鱼具有驱赶、威慑作用的声音,本研究可为过鱼设施中辅助诱驱鱼手段及水利结构中避免鱼类的夹带提供参考依据。     

长江湖口水域四大家鱼幼鱼的耳石与生长研究

采用微耳石日轮鉴定了2009年7-8月采自长江湖口水域的23尾青鱼幼鱼、111尾草鱼幼鱼、73尾鲢幼鱼和70尾鳙幼鱼的日龄,其平均日龄分别为52.4±5.6d、57.1±10.6d、49.8±4.7d和57.5±7.1d。回归分析表明,四大家鱼幼鱼微耳石短半径与日龄及鱼体大小均呈显著线性关系,日龄与体长、体重也均呈显著线性关系。依据日龄推算,青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙幼鱼的体长平均生长率分别为0.1651 cm/d、0.1426cm/d、0.0928 cm/d、0.0997 cm/d,体重平均生长率分别为0.9412 g/d、1.0211g/d、0.4978 g/d、0.7292 g/d。     

饲料中添加不同水平的维生素D_3对草鱼幼鱼生长和体成分的影响

本文以酪蛋白和脱脂豆粕为蛋白源,糊精为糖源,玉米油和豆油为脂肪源的半纯化饲料为基础饲料,研究维生素D3对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼生长及体成分的影响。维生素D3共设0,100,200,500,1000,2000,3000 IU/kg 7个添加梯度,每一梯度设3个重复,每个重复放养60尾初始体质量(3.86±0.34)g的草鱼,在(26.9±3)℃的流水系统中养殖8周。结果显示:维生素D3对草鱼幼鱼增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、存活率、体水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量和血清钙浓度没有显著性影响(P>0.05);对照组和添加100 IU/kg维生素D3的试验组中,草鱼幼鱼的粗灰分显著低于其它试验组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲料中添加维生素D3对全鱼钙磷含量、血清磷离子浓度以及碱性磷酸酶活性影响显著(P<0.05)。根据维生素D3对全鱼钙磷含量的影响,草鱼幼鱼饲料中维生素D3适宜的添加量为1000 IU/kg。     

大黄鱼续航时间和临界游泳速度的初步研究

采用续航时间作为游泳能力的评测指标,研究了大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)幼鱼、1龄鱼的续航时间和临界游泳速度.试验结果显示,在45cm/s流速下,大黄鱼幼鱼的平均续航时间为12 min;在60 cm/s流速下,大黄鱼1龄鱼的平均续航时间为22 min 20 s;大黄鱼幼鱼和1龄鱼的续航时间与水流流速呈乘幂递减关系;摆尾频率与水流流速呈线性关系.在给定的6个流速条件下,大黄鱼幼鱼和1龄鱼的平均临界游泳速度分别为39.85cm/s和50.02 cm/s.研究表明,大黄鱼幼鱼不宜在流速长时间超过40cm/s的海区进行养殖,大黄鱼1龄鱼不宜在流速长时间超过50cm/s的海区养殖,否则应采取适当的减流或分流措施.     

四大家鱼幼鱼响应模拟水轮机流道压力变化研究

研究鱼类对反击式水轮机流道内压力突变的响应,为水电站水轮机的结构优化和生态运行提供技术支撑。实验鱼为四大家鱼1龄幼鱼,体长(100±10)mm、体宽(6±2)mm,鱼体健康、鱼鳞完整;实验装置由变频真空泵、高压舱、压力表、连接气管、高速摄像机组成。对四大家鱼幼鱼分别进行负压承受实验(预设压力值分别为80、60、40、20 kPa)、循环负压承受实验(预设压力值分别为80、60、40、20 kPa)和压力梯度承受实验(预设压力值分别为40、20 kPa),测试鱼的行为状态和损伤状况;实验结束后,实验鱼被分别移入暂养水槽暂养,并观察记录其实验后1、4和12 h的自愈状态;最后解剖实验鱼,观察和记录其脏器损伤状态。结果表明:(1)四大家鱼幼鱼对水体中的压力陡降具有较强的敏感性,出现损伤主要发生在第1次压力陡降过程,损伤程度与最小压力值及压力变化梯度成正相关,负压循环次数的增加不会增加家鱼幼鱼受压力损伤的程度和死亡率;(2)压力最低值和压力梯度是家鱼幼鱼通过水轮机流道下行受到压力损伤的主要原因,随着压力最低值的降低和压力梯度的增大,家鱼幼鱼损伤的程度和死亡率上升;(3)生活在河流中底层的青鱼和草鱼对负压和压力梯度较生活在河流中上层鲢和鳙具有更好的耐受性,在进入水轮机流道前鱼类适应压力状态与鱼体通过水轮机受到压力损伤具有一定的相关性;(4)四大家鱼幼鱼受到压力损伤的阈值为20 kPa,当压力值小于或等于损伤阈值,家鱼幼鱼受到压力损伤。     

沅水三种常见鱼类趋流行为研究：水电梯级开发的指示意义

为探索水电梯级开发下鱼类的趋流行为,采用自制鱼类游泳能力及代谢测定装置,研究了3种沅水常见鱼类(鲫、大眼鳜和黄颡鱼幼鱼)的趋流游泳能力及代谢特征。结果显示,鲫、大眼鳜和黄颡鱼的相对感应流速分别为(0.79±0.14)、(1.16±0.07)和(0.75±0.09) BL/s,相对偏好游速分别为(2.31±0.11)、(1.86±0.04)和(1.60±0.03) BL/s,相对临界游速分别为(3.43±0.37)、(2.58±0.32)和(2.68±0.13) BL/s。同样条件下黄颡鱼偏好游速、临界游速、呼吸频率和耗氧率均显著低于鲫和大眼鳜。3种鱼呼吸频率、摆尾频率和耗氧率均随流速增加而增加,呈先升高后降低的趋势。在3.0 BL/s流速下,3种鱼呼吸频率均出现峰值。在2.0 BL/s流速下,鲫和大眼鳜摆尾频率和耗氧率出现峰值,而黄颡鱼则在1.5 BL/s流速下出现。随着流速的增加,鲫趋流率从静水组的64.1%增加至4.0 BL/s的100.0%,大眼鳜和黄颡鱼分别从静水组的60.2%和58.9%增加至2.0~3.0 BL/s的100.0%。水流流速显著影响3种鱼的游泳状态。鲫在静水条件下以逆流前进和顺流而下为主。大眼鳜静水和大多数流水条件下以逆流静止状态为主。黄颡鱼在静水组和较低流速组(<1.0 BL/s)长时间保持逆流静止状态,随着流速的增大,逆流静止比例迅速减少,逆流后退时间比例不断增加。研究表明,沅水3种常见鱼类趋流行为的差异性与其生活习性、形态特征、食性和捕食方式以及生活水环境等密切相关。了解3种鱼类趋流行为参数与流速环境条件的对应关系,有助于建立鱼类游泳生物学仿真数据模型,为梯级开发背景下鱼类的运动生理生态适应机制及运动方式的演化研究提供参考。     

草鱼快速启动过程的加速—滑行游泳行为

以3种不同体长的草鱼为研究对象,在水温(20.00±1.50)℃条件下通过惊吓的方式进行了快速启动过程的加速—滑行游泳行为观察,测定了草鱼的疾冲速度,即实验鱼突然加速达到的最大速度。结果发现,体长为(8.47±0.73)cm(稚鱼)、(17.93±1.27)cm(幼鱼)、(51.24±3.24)cm(亚成鱼)的绝对最大疾冲速度及达到最大疾冲速度所需时间分别为(1.449±0.424)m/s(0.294 s)、(2.359±0.434)m/s(0.294 s)、(2.899±0.457)m/s(0.378 s);相对最大疾冲速度分别为(17.099±5.009)BL/s、(13.156±2.418)BL/s、(5.659±0.891)BL/s;实验鱼达到最大疾冲速度后,均以身体保持直线的方式滑行减速。草鱼的绝对疾冲最大速度随体长的增加而增加;相对疾冲最大速度随体长的增加而减小,且稚鱼的相对疾冲最大速度显著高于亚成体。3种实验鱼的绝对游泳加速度间不存在显著性差异,亚成鱼绝对减速滑行加速度的值显著高于幼鱼和稚鱼,而亚成鱼的相对疾冲游泳加速度和相对减速滑行加速度的值显著小于稚鱼。     

饲料中添加生物素对草鱼幼鱼生长、体成分和血清生化指标的影响

在纯化饲料中分别添加生物素0、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.80、1.60 mg/kg投喂初始质量为(5.92±0.25)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼8周,研究了不同生物素添加量对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料系数、机体营养成分、血清生化指标的影响。试验结果显示:与对照组相比,添加生物素提高了草鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率,降低了饲料系数。添加量为0.40 mg/kg时草鱼幼鱼的特定生长率和增重率最大,饲料系数最低,并与对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05);添加不同水平生物素对草鱼幼鱼全鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著影响,但添加量为0.40 mg/kg时粗蛋白含量最大。0.10 mg/kg组和0.20 mg/kg组的全鱼灰分含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);添加生物素对血清总蛋白(TP)、血糖(GLU)和总胆固醇(TC)无显著影响,但显著提高了血清甘油三酯(TG)含量,各添加组TG含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),1.60 mg/kg添加组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合本试验结果,草鱼幼鱼饲料中生物素适宜添加量为0.40 mg/kg。     

新方法治疗草鱼烂鳃病实例

<正>烂鳃病在水产养殖中为常见病,对淡水鱼类危害极大,常给水产养殖户带来重大经济损失。笔者在2010年7月初,选取160条健康的草鱼幼鱼体重(55±4.2)克随机分成四组,每组40条,试验在实验基地的池子(长×宽×高=3米×2.2米×1.2米)里进行,在驯化期间,草鱼幼鱼暴发烂鳃病。7月5日发现第4组有少量草鱼幼鱼沿暂养池边缘缓慢游动,投喂时摄食异常,反应迟钝;开始出现死亡现象。7月7日发现四组都出现死亡现象,     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.