DNA条形码技术在小花蝽属昆虫分类鉴定中的应用

本研究利用DNA条形码技术对13种小花蝽属Orius Wolff昆虫进行了鉴定,进行了59条COI基因序列碱基组成及种内、种间遗传距离的分析,采用邻接法、最大简约法、贝叶斯推论法构建了系统发育树。结果表明,小花蝽属昆虫COI基因序列碱基组成与典型的昆虫线粒体DNA一致,A+T平均含量(66.4%)明显高于G+C含量,密码子的第3位A+T含量高达90.7%,碱基替换多为同义替换;13种小花蝽种内平均遗传距离为0.008,种间平均遗传距离为0.128,种内、种间遗传距离没有重叠区域。3种方法构建的系统发育树的聚类分析与形态学鉴定结果基本一致,除微小花蝽Orius minutus(Linnaeus)可能存在隐存种现象外,其他同一种群的不同个体单独聚为一支。利用DNA条形码技术对小花蝽属昆虫进行物种快速分子鉴定具有可行性。     

澳大利亚外来昆虫组成及区系

为明确澳大利亚外来昆虫物种组成及入侵区系，以在线数据库、公开发表文献以及图书等资料为数据源集成澳大利亚外来昆虫数据集，对其物种组成、原产地、空间分布、传入途径进行统计分析。结果显示，收集的澳大利亚外来昆虫数据集共包括382种，隶属于8目78科277属。鞘翅目昆虫的种类最多，有325种，其中象甲科昆虫最多，有74种，其次是隐翅甲科和叶甲科昆虫，分别有27种和20种。澳大利亚外来昆虫主要来源于亚洲，占外来昆虫原产地总记录频次的28.47%，其次是欧洲和非洲，占比分别为19.79%和16.32%。整体上来看，澳大利亚外来昆虫丰富度呈现东高西低的空间分布格局，密度呈现东南密西北疏的格局；从传入途径来看，无意传入的昆虫占91.89%，有意传入的昆虫占8.11%，且主要通过运输污染物和运输偷运物2种途径无意传入。基于澳大利亚外来昆虫现状，考虑我国在全球气候变化背景下面临的跨境生物入侵威胁，建议我国在外来物种入侵防控工作中加大口岸检疫监管力度，规范引种管理，同时加强防范入侵的宣传教育。     

烟粉虱是一个物种复合体

按照生物学的一般概念,生物型（Biotype）是种下的表型,一个物种（Species）内的不同生物型之间不存在生殖隔离;隐种（Cryptic species,又称姐妹种Sibling species）是形态上无法鉴别的物种,一个物种复合体（Speciescomplex）包含多个隐种,这些隐种之间虽然形态上无法区分,但相互之间存在生殖隔离,基因交流受阻。有关烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci分子种系发生的最新研究结果表明,烟粉虱是一个包含30个以上隐种的物种复合体。     

入侵昆虫基因组研究进展

随着全球贸易的加速发展,入侵物种对农林业、生态环境及人类健康的威胁日益严重。基因组学研究为阐明外来有害生物入侵的分子机制与生态适应性过程以及研发新型防控技术提供了新手段、新平台与大数据。本文综述了入侵昆虫基因组学研究的发展现状,系统总结了基因/基因家族、转座子/重复序列等基因组信息在决定昆虫入侵性中的重要作用,着力探讨了基因组学研究在助力害虫RNAi、昆虫不育技术(SIT)、化学生态防治和物理防治等防控新技术/新产品开发方面的潜力,并展望了基因组学研究应用于入侵昆虫综合防控的前景。     

苹果异形小卷蛾的分子鉴定研究

苹果异形小卷蛾（Thaumatotibia leucotreta）是世界范围内重要的检疫性有害生物,对水果和农作物等生产具有重要影响,并影响国际贸易发展。本研究选用线粒体 COI 基因作为物种鉴定的条形码,结合 GenBank 数据库、BOLD 数据库比对和系统进化树构建,对2014年1月广州白云国际机场口岸入境加纳牛油果中截获的卷蛾科昆虫进行分子鉴定。根据 GenBank 数据库比对分析、NJ方法构建的系统进化树分析以及 BOLD 数据库查询分析,最终鉴定该样品为苹果异形小卷蛾。认为基于 DNA 条形码的分子鉴定能快速、准确地鉴定苹果异形小卷蛾。     

农田生物多样性对昆虫的生态调控作用

随着农田作物的单一性种植,植食性昆虫暴发、物种流失等问题日益突出,化学农药大量应用于作物有害生物的防治更加剧了对农田生态系统的破坏和不稳定性.因此,从生物多样性-农田生态系统-植食性昆虫的相互关系入手,探讨生物多样性的保护及其在农业有害生物防控上的应用,回归农田生态系统动态平衡的生态调控举措,成为可持续发展农业领域中研究的焦点之一.本文综述了农田生物多样性对昆虫生态影响的重要性及其生态功能,进一步阐述了农田生物多样性在农业生产中的应用及前景.     

东江源区经济昆虫资源

昆虫是地球上生物种类最多,数量最大的生物类群,是生物食物链的一个重要组成部分,与人类社会密切相关。昆虫是一座宝贵的资源库,给人类带来巨大的财富。本文通过对东江源区昆虫科考,采集样本10000余号,初步鉴定源区有昆虫18目206科1541种,其中经济昆虫（药用、食用、观赏昆虫）资源约122种,并分别对其作了简要介绍,从而为源区昆虫资源的保护和开发利用奠定了基础。     

玉米与不同植物间作模式的生态服务价值评估

为探究适宜山东省东营市玉米种植的高效间作模式，设置玉米-辣椒（4行∶5行）、玉米-大豆（4行∶6行）、玉米-花生（4行∶6行）和玉米-天人菊（4行∶6行）4种间作模式，以单作玉米作为对照组，基于农田生态系统服务功能价值理论，通过初级产品经济价值和人工及生产资料等投入成本来估算各间作模式的经济效益，并结合生态系统的控害能力、物种丰富度和土壤营养指标来综合评估各间作模式的生态服务价值。结果表明，相较于单作玉米模式，玉米-大豆和玉米-花生间作模式的经济效益分别增加了48.44%和13.02%；玉米-辣椒和玉米-大豆间作模式的虫害发生量显著减少了50.00%和68.75%，同时物种丰富度分别提高了32.21%和33.13%；玉米-大豆和玉米-花生间作模式的土壤有机质积累量分别显著提高了150.04%和131.49%。综合评估结果表明玉米-大豆间作的经济价值和土壤调节能力最优，玉米-天人菊间作的物种丰富度最高，其生态涵养能力最佳，可针对东营市玉米产业的不同需求选择适宜的间作模式。     

运用DNA条形码技术鉴定茶园蜘蛛物种

运用DNA条形码技术,对广东潮州茶园蜘蛛物种进行了分子鉴定。本研究利用基因测序技术获取了凤凰山区域茶园50种蜘蛛的74条线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I (mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunitⅠ, COⅠ)基因序列。使用邻接法(neighbor joining, NJ)构建系统发育树,运用ABGD(automatic barcode gap discovery)软件对蜘蛛样本进行聚类分析。结果表明:邻接法构建的系统发育树聚类结果与ABGD软件划分结果以及形态分类鉴定结果相一致,运用DNA条形码可以有效地对蜘蛛物种进行分子鉴定。这对茶园蜘蛛疑难物种和新物种的鉴定具有重要意义,在茶园蜘蛛物种多样性的研究中也具有重要价值。由此表明,基于COⅠ基因的DNA条形码对于本研究中所涉及的蜘蛛物种的划分具有较好的区分结果,可以作为一种有效的工具在茶园蜘蛛物种鉴定中进行应用。     

湖南口岸外来入侵植物现状分析

本文基于野外调查及文献等资料,对湖南省口岸外来入侵植物的物种组成、生活型、原产地进行了分析,并探讨了入侵植物物种数与口岸海拔、温度、降水量、货物吞吐量4个因子的相关性。结果表明：湖南口岸外来入侵植物共计66种,隶属于16科45属,以菊科（17种）、苋科（9种）、禾本科（8种）、豆科（5种）、车前科（5种）这五个大科为主。生活型上以草本植物入侵为主;原产地上以来源于美洲的外来入侵植物最多,其次是欧洲和亚洲。入侵植物物种数与口岸年均温呈正相关,随口岸年降水量和货物吞吐量的增加而呈上升趋势。本文对湖南口岸外来入侵植物的现状分析可为后续进出境植物检疫、有害植物监测、农业部门采取防控措施等工作提供切实依据。     

烟粉虱基因组和转录组研究及展望

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是世界性的重要害虫,为物种复合体,其中少数隐种近30年来入侵世界各国,并暴发成灾。在我国,最近几年MED隐种已经逐渐替代了之前入侵的MEAM1隐种,成为我国农田生态系统中的主要致害隐种。基因组和转录组研究的不断深入极大地推动了烟粉虱入侵机制、隐种替代机制、种系发生、不同隐种或地理种群鉴定、抗药性机制、烟粉虱与共生菌互作等领域的研究。本文简要综述了烟粉虱基因组和转录组测序的研究进展,介绍了转录组数据在种的分化和鉴定、共生菌的互作及抗药性研究领域的应用。     

Advances in insect phototaxis and application to pest management: a review

Many insects, especially nocturnal insects, exhibit positive phototaxis to artificial lights. Light traps are currently used to monitor and manage insect pest populations, and play a crucial role in physical pest control. Efficient use of light traps to attract target insect pests is an important topic in the application of integrated pest management (IPM). Phototactic responses of insects vary among species, light characteristics and the physiological status of the insects. In addition, light can cause several biological responses, including biochemical, physiological, molecular and fitness changes in insects. In this review, we discuss several hypotheses on insect phototaxis, factors affecting insect phototaxis, insect‐sensitive wavelengths, biological responses of insects to light, and countermeasures for conserving beneficial insects and increasing the effect of trapping. In addition, we provide information on the different sensitivities to wavelengths causing positive phototactic behavior in > 70 insect pest and beneficial insect species. The use of advanced light traps equipped with superior light sources, such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), will make physical pest control in IPM more efficient. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

DNA barcoding: a new module in New Zealand's plant biosecurity diagnostic toolbox

Molecular methods for identification of high risk pests and pathogens have been employed for more than a decade to supplement standard diagnostic protocols. However, as the volume of traded goods continues to increase so does the breadth of taxa that diagnosticians need to deal with. Keeping pace by introducing more molecular tests that are typically species-group specific is not an efficient way to progress. Since 2005 classical DNA barcoding using cytochrome oxidase I sequence has been employed routinely in New Zealand for the highest risk insect species (fruit flies and lymantriid moths). Subsequently a broader range of pests have been considered. Case studies are presented here for three important lepidopteran pests, Lymantria mathura (pink gypsy moth), Conogethes punctiferalis (yellow peach moth) and Hyphantria cunea (fall web worm), as well as a trial to identify miscellaneous border interceptions. While the data support the effectiveness of DNA barcoding for border diagnostics, they also raise issues around cryptic species identification and potential species discovery that could impact on operational biosecurity systems.     

豆科绿肥作物害虫苜蓿叶象甲的鉴定与预警

苜蓿叶象甲Hypera postica是我国苜蓿Medicago sativa上的重要害虫, 主要分布在新疆、甘肃、内蒙古等畜牧业主产区。作者2023年4月在安徽省芜湖市南陵县调查紫云英Astragalus sinicus虫害时, 在当地紫云英留种田中发现疑似苜蓿叶象甲严重为害紫云英茎叶, 对紫云英生长和产量产生严重影响。为明确该种害虫的分类地位, 在田间收集了幼虫并带回室内饲养, 在对幼虫和成虫形态学初步鉴定的基础上, 采用DNA条形码进行了分子鉴定, 最终确定为苜蓿叶象甲, 且发现该地区苜蓿叶象甲种群存在明显的种内分化。结合苜蓿叶象甲的生物学与生态学特性, 对其在我国的传播及其对绿肥作物的危害做出了预警, 并提出了防治建议。     

Review on exotic Bondar’s nesting whitefly,Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi infestation on multiple cropping system

Between 2016 and 2020, seven new whitefly species were uncovered in the tropical Southern region of India, wrecking chaos among producers in certain invasive whitefly instances. The repercussions of climate change, improved free trade practices between countries, increased intercontinental migration, enhanced exim operations for planting supplies, etc., may have led to insect invasions. A limited number of invasive insect species only swelled to unmanageable proportions when entered into new geographic locations. Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly (BNW), Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a native of Brazil to Honduras, was one such species. In May 2017, BNW noticed from the Indian Andaman and Nicobar islands, by December 2018 reached Indian mainland Kerala. Because of its co-existence with other whiteflies and cryptic appearance, BNW identification at immature stages can be challenging and may call for specific instruments and methods. Global analysis of BNW mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) indicated the presence of highly homogenous population. BNW is polyphagous, co-lives with other whiteflies and feeds by desapping from adaxial leaf surfaces of perennial and seasonal plants, crops, weeds etc., thus promoting sickliness. The land areas invaded and host plants exploited have increased within a short span from its introduction. BNW has no known parasitoids, and only non-specific predators utilize them. The presence of an intensive BNW population warrants frequent adoption of pest control practices. Even though insecticides bring down whiteflies, it is not the sole panacea. The information pertinent to BNW and its sustainable control is limited and scattered. These details mandate reviewing them concerning poly-crop systems practised in tropical ecosystems. This review discusses the possibilities of BNW becoming a significant pest of crops in tropical Indian mainlands and its management prospects.

     

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on biological control of arthropods

During 1999-2001, ARS scientists published over 100 papers on more than 30 species of insect pest and 60 species of predator and parasitoid. These papers address issues crucial to the three strategies of biological control: conservation, augmentation and introduction. Conservation biological control includes both conserving extant populations of natural enemies by using relatively non-toxic pesticides and increasing the abundance of natural enemies in crops by providing or improving refuges for population growth and dispersal into crops. ARS scientists have been very active in determining the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and in studying movement of natural enemies from refuges into crops. Augmentation involves repeated releases of natural enemies in the field, which can be inoculative or inundative. Inoculative releases are used to initiate self-propagating populations at times or in places where they would be slow to colonize. ARS scientists have studied augmentative biological control of a variety of pest insects. The targets are mostly pests in annual crops or other ephemeral habitats, where self-reproducing populations of natural enemies are not sufficiently abundant early enough to keep pest populations in check. ARS research in augmentative biological control centers on methods for rearing large numbers of healthy, effective natural enemies and for releasing them where and when they are needed at a cost less than the value of the reduction in damage to the crop. ARS scientists have researched various aspects of introductions of exotic biological control agents against a diversity of pest insects. The major issues in biological control introductions are accurate identification and adequate systematics of both natural enemies and target pests, exploration for natural enemies, predicting the success of candidates for introduction and the likelihood of non-target impacts, quarantine and rearing methods, and post-introduction evaluation of establishment, control and non-target impacts. ARS scientists have published research on several general issues in biological control. Among the most important are the mechanisms affecting mate- and host-finding and host specificity.     

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service: advances in the molecular genetic analysis of insects and their application to pest management

USDA-ARS scientists have made important contributions to the molecular genetic analysis of agriculturally important insects, and have been in the forefront of using this information for the development of new pest management strategies. Advances have been made in the identification and analysis of genetic systems involved in insect development, reproduction and behavior which enable the identification of new targets for control, as well as the development of highly specific insecticidal products. Other studies have been on the leading edge of developing gene transfer technology to better elucidate these biological processes though functional genomics and to develop new transgenic strains for biological control. Important contributions have also been made to the development and use of molecular markers and methodologies to identify and track insect populations. The use of molecular genetic technology and strategies will become increasingly important to pest management as genomic sequencing information becomes available from important pest insects, their targets and other associated organisms.     

Agricultural insect hybridization and implications for pest management

Biological invasions, the expansion of agricultural frontiers, and climate change favor encounters of divergent lineages of animals and plants, increasing the likelihood of hybridization. However, hybridization of insect species and its consequences for agroecosystems have not received sufficient attention. Gene exchange between distinct and distant genetic pools can improve the survival and reproduction of insect pests, and threaten beneficial insects in disturbed agricultural environments. Hybridization may be the underlying explanation for the recurrent pest outbreaks and control failures in putative hybrid zones, as suspected for bollworm, corn borer, whiteflies, and stink bugs. Reliable predictions of the types of changes that can be expected in pest insect genomes and fitness, and of their impacts on the fate of species and populations remain elusive. Typical steps in pest management, such as insect identification, pest monitoring, and control are likely affected by gene flow and adaptive introgression mediated by hybridization, and we do not have ways to respond to or mitigate the problem. To address the adverse effects of farming intensification and global trade, we must ensure that current integrated pest management programs incorporate up‐to‐date monitoring and diagnostic tools. The rapid identification of hybrids, quantification of levels of introgression, and in‐depth knowledge of what genes have been transferred may help to explain and predict insect population outbreaks and control failures in the future. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Native and introduced parasitoids attacking the invasive chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus

The globally invasive chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus was recently reported in Italy and threatens European chestnut orchards and native forests. Of Chinese origin, this species has invaded Japan, Korea, the USA, Nepal and Europe and in each region it has been attacked by parasitoids exploiting oak gall wasps. Classical biological control using the parasitoid Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) successfully reduced infestation in Japan. Subsequent work in Japan and Korea showed this parasitoid to represent a poorly understood and biologically diverse species complex. Following its success in Japan, T. sinensis was released in Italy in 2005. A growing appreciation of the taxonomic and ecological complexity of the T. sinensis complex in Japan and Korea has stimulated ongoing DNA-based work on relationships and interbreeding of species in this group. Oak cynipid parasitoids provide potential for native augmentative or conservation biological control of D. kuriphilus in Europe. Exploitation of this potential requires improved understanding of the taxonomy of these parasitoids, particularly of morphologically highly conserved lineages such as Eurytoma and Eupelmus in which recognised species may contain many cryptic lineages. There is a growing need for a molecular survey of the communities centered on chestnut and oak gall wasps to: (1) ascertain the identity of T. sinensis lineages released in Italy (2) track the dispersal of T. sinensis in the native community, either in its original form or as hybrids with native species (3) identify possible biological control agents in the native parasitoid community.