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昆虫性别决定机制复杂多样, 研究昆虫性别决定机制既能加强对物种进化关系的理解, 也能为通过遗传调控控制害虫种群提供新方向。鳞翅目昆虫多为雌雄二型, 繁殖方式以两性生殖为主, 性染色体系统大多为ZW/ZZ系统, 雌性为ZW型, 雄性为ZZ型。昆虫性别决定是通过级联反应调控的, 在鳞翅目昆虫ZW/ZZ系统中, 位于W染色体上的性别决定初始信号沉默雄性化关键基因Masculinizer (Masc), 然后Doublesex(dsx)基因被雌性特异性剪接, 从而调控雌性偏向基因的表达; 而雄虫中Masc正常表达, 调控dsx进行雄性特异剪接, 实现雄性分化。本文对鳞翅目昆虫性别决定初始信号、Masc和dsx的研究现状, 以及基于基因编辑技术和性别决定机制在鳞翅目昆虫遗传调控中的应用进行了综述。相关研究为鳞翅目昆虫的性别筛选、不育昆虫释放技术(sterile insect technique, SIT)和释放携带雌性特异显性致死基因昆虫技术(female-specific release of insects carrying dominant lethal, fsRIDL)奠定理论基础。 相似文献
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为探究棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera ATP合酶亚基α(ATP synthase subunit α,ATPs-α)对Cry2Ab毒理的影响,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了ATPs-α基因在棉铃虫幼虫不同发育阶段、不同组织及受Cry2Ab诱导后的表达量,并通过在昆虫细胞中过表达和干扰ATPs-α基因验证其在Cry2Ab毒理中的功能。结果显示:ATPs-α基因在棉铃虫各发育阶段和组织中普遍表达,其中在幼虫的1龄和2龄期,以及5龄的中肠、头部和表皮中表达较高。棉铃虫取食Cry2Ab 6 h后,ATPs-α基因表达量开始显著降低,一直持续到36 h;在Sf9细胞系中成功表达ATPs-α蛋白后,显著增强了Cry2Ab的细胞毒力;在美洲棉铃虫H.zea的中肠细胞中干扰ATPs-α基因后,显著降低了Cry2Ab的细胞毒力。表明棉铃虫ATPs-α参与Cry2Ab的毒理过程。 相似文献
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昆虫在进化过程中发展出多种决定性别的调控机制。不仅不同昆虫通过不同的基因和调控机制决定性别分化,甚至在同种昆虫不同品系之间性别决定机制也不尽相同。了解昆虫性别决定分子调控机制,不仅有利于揭示昆虫性别的产生与进化,而且为昆虫的遗传操作提供理论和实践基础。本文综述了不同昆虫中的性别决定原始信号及其调控机制,介绍了昆虫性别决定底层基因doublesex和性别决定关键基因transformer、transformer-2的研究概况,以期为靶标昆虫性别决定的害虫不育防治技术提供理论支持。 相似文献
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为阐明橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis感受2种气味物质γ-辛内酯和β-石竹烯的分子机制,于室内测定记录其已交配雌成虫的触角电位(electroantennogram,EAG)反应和行为,利用RNA-Seq测序技术测定其已交配雌成虫在2种气味物质刺激下的头部组织转录组并进行比较分析,应用实时荧光定量PCR对部分化学感受基因进行验证。结果表明,橘小实蝇已交配雌成虫对γ-辛内酯和β-石竹烯2种气味物质均有浓度依赖性反应,随着浓度增大,EAG反应值有增大趋势,且2种气味物质均对橘小实蝇已交配雌成虫具有明显的引诱作用。γ-辛内酯刺激后橘小实蝇已交配雌成虫的头部转录组中共有851个差异表达基因,包括20个化学感受基因,其中有261个基因上调表达,590个基因下调表达;而β-石竹烯刺激后共有523个差异表达基因,包括15个化学感受基因,其中162个基因上调表达,361个基因下调表达。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果证实,分别有4个和6个化学感受基因可能与橘小实蝇雌成虫对γ-辛内酯和β-石竹烯的感受相关。表明橘小实蝇雌成虫感受γ-辛内酯和β-石竹烯的分子机制可能是由多种化学感受基因共同参与完成。 相似文献
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害虫遗传学控制策略与进展 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
随着分子生物学和基因工程技术的发展,利用遗传学方法控制害虫种群成为人们研究的热点之一。研究者已经尝试利用基因突变、转基因和雄性不育等遗传学技术,培育遗传改造的害虫品系,释放后来控制自然界害虫的种群密度。但由于这些遗传学方法本身存在局限性,研究者开始探索利用低毒高效的荧光纳米材料基因载体携带外源核酸或农药分子进入昆虫或植物细胞从而干扰害虫的发育或行为的新策略。本文综述了害虫遗传学控制的2大策略种群替代和种群抑制的实现方法及其研究进展,并提出了利用新型荧光纳米粒子传送基因或药物的害虫遗传学控制新策略。 相似文献
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This review deals with the biology and control of a biting pest species, Simulium posticatum, which has been responsible for a considerable degree of distress to the human population in the vicinity of the River Stour in Dorset. Each phase of the life cycle of the insect is considered in relation to possible control measures. An account is given of how this information has been combined with the use of Bacillus thuringiensis in a successful, precisely targeted attack on the pest. 相似文献
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Moses T.K. Kairo Gene V. Pollard Dorothy D. Peterkin Vyjayanthi F. Lopez 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2000,5(4):241-254
The hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green, was first reported in the Caribbean in 1994 in Grenada. This was the first record of the insect as a major pest in the New World. By the beginning of 2001, the pest had spread to over 25 territories from Guyana and Venezuela in the South to Bahamas in the North. The pest has also extended its distribution to Central America (Belize) and North America (California, USA). Early attempts to control the pest using pesticides resulted in failure and a classical biological control approach was adopted. Several exotic natural enemies were introduced but control was attributed to Anagyrus kamali Moursi and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant. In all countries where biological control was implemented, this resulted in success. This paper reviews the remarkable success story. Information is provided on the distribution and factors leading to rapid spread of the pest, its pest status and resultant economic losses, and implementation of the biological control effort. 相似文献
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G. D. Almeida D. Pratissoli J. C. Zanuncio V. B. Vicentini A. M. Holtz J. E. Serrão 《Phytoparasitica》2009,37(3):225-230
Frankliniella schultzei Trybon (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an important pest of tomato plants. The need for more healthful foods is stimulating
the development of techniques to increase plant resistance to phytophagous insects. The objective of this research was to
evaluate the effect of calcium silicate and an organic mineral fertilizer, alone or in combination, on the resistance of tomato
plants to F. schultzei. The treatments consisted of: control (T1), calcium silicate (T2), organic mineral fertilizer (T3), and calcium silicate
with organic mineral fertilizer (T4). The mortality of nymphs of this thrips and the number of lesions on tomato leaves were
evaluated after three, six, nine and 12 applications of these products. The number of F. schultzei individuals and of lesions on tomato leaves was lower in treatments T2 and T4 than in T1 and T3, showing a possible increase
in tomato resistance to this pest. The increase in the number of applications of calcium silicate and the organic mineral
fertilizer increased the mortality of nymphs and reduced the damage by this insect on tomato leaves, mainly after nine applications. 相似文献
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Many insects, especially nocturnal insects, exhibit positive phototaxis to artificial lights. Light traps are currently used to monitor and manage insect pest populations, and play a crucial role in physical pest control. Efficient use of light traps to attract target insect pests is an important topic in the application of integrated pest management (IPM). Phototactic responses of insects vary among species, light characteristics and the physiological status of the insects. In addition, light can cause several biological responses, including biochemical, physiological, molecular and fitness changes in insects. In this review, we discuss several hypotheses on insect phototaxis, factors affecting insect phototaxis, insect‐sensitive wavelengths, biological responses of insects to light, and countermeasures for conserving beneficial insects and increasing the effect of trapping. In addition, we provide information on the different sensitivities to wavelengths causing positive phototactic behavior in > 70 insect pest and beneficial insect species. The use of advanced light traps equipped with superior light sources, such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), will make physical pest control in IPM more efficient. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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The pest control potential demonstrated by various extracts and compounds isolated from the kernels and leaves of the neem plant (Azadirachta indica) A. Juss. (Meliaceae) seem to be of tremendous importance for agriculture in developing countries. Laboratory and field trial data have revealed that neem extracts are toxic to over 400 species of insect pests some of which have developed resistance to conventional pesticides, e.g. sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn. Diptera: Aleyrodidae), the diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella L. Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and cattle ticks (Amblyomma cajennense F. Acarina: Ixodidae andBoophilus microplus Canestrini. Acarina: Ixodidae). The compounds isolated from the neem plant manifest their effects on the test organisms in many ways, e.g. as antifeedants, growth regulators, repellents, toxicants and chemosterilants. This review strives to assess critically the pest control potential of neem extracts and compounds for their use in the tropics. This assessment is based on the information available on the wide range of pests against which neem extracts and compounds have proven to be toxic, toxicity to non-target organisms, e.g. parasitoids, pollinators, mammals and fish, formulations, stability and phytotoxicity. 相似文献
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USDA-ARS scientists have made important contributions to the molecular genetic analysis of agriculturally important insects, and have been in the forefront of using this information for the development of new pest management strategies. Advances have been made in the identification and analysis of genetic systems involved in insect development, reproduction and behavior which enable the identification of new targets for control, as well as the development of highly specific insecticidal products. Other studies have been on the leading edge of developing gene transfer technology to better elucidate these biological processes though functional genomics and to develop new transgenic strains for biological control. Important contributions have also been made to the development and use of molecular markers and methodologies to identify and track insect populations. The use of molecular genetic technology and strategies will become increasingly important to pest management as genomic sequencing information becomes available from important pest insects, their targets and other associated organisms. 相似文献
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昆虫病原线虫是一类专性侵染和寄生昆虫的病原线虫,是非常重要的生防资源。斯氏线虫属Steinernema和致病杆菌属Xenorhabdus通过形成共生体在侵染昆虫过程中共同完成生活史,其中致病杆菌释放效应物质引发昆虫败血症是其重要机制。该文对斯氏线虫-致病杆菌共生体的侵染策略和在侵染过程中产生的免疫调节因子、释放的毒素蛋白和活性代谢物进行概述,其中,苯乙酰胺作为免疫抑制因子促进自身定殖,脂多糖作为内毒素引起寄主血细胞裂解,Tc毒素蛋白作为外毒素导致寄主中肠上皮细胞溶解,活性代谢产物如xenematides、fabclavine和PAX肽等具有抑菌、诱导细胞凋亡等活性。而斯氏线虫本身也能够产生表皮/分泌蛋白来抑制寄主免疫,与共生菌协同致死寄主。因此,通过对斯氏线虫-致病杆菌共生体产生的致病物质进行汇总分析,为研究昆虫病原线虫致病机制提供理论参考,同时也为新型绿色杀虫剂的开发和应用提供证据支持。 相似文献
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Arash Zibaee Idin Zibaee Jalal Jalali Sendi 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2011,100(3):289-298
Endocrine system has a critical role during the developmental stages of insects by synthesis of several regulatory hormones. One of these hormones is juvenile hormone that several insecticides have been driven based on its biochemical structure e.g. pyriproxifen. Due to various disadvantages of fenitrothione spraying, this study was carried out finding the possible usage of pyriproxifen to control the destructive population of Eurygaster integriceps. After bioassay treatments to acquire the appropriate concentrations, the treatment repeated to find possible changes in the biochemical compounds of hemolymph and reserved macromolecules in fat bodies. Results showed significant discrepancies in amount of biochemical components of the hemolymph and the reserved macromolecules in E. integriceps after pyriproxifen treatment. In hemolymph, activity level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase as enzymatic components and uric acid as non-enzymatic one increased but acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, protein, trehalose and lipid showed adverse results. In fat bodies, the amount of all measured reserves including glycogen, lipid and protein decreased and showed significant differences. These kinds of changes have been supported by several studies due to using insecticides. These negative effects on overall physiology of the Sunn pest by depleting the essential compounds cause sensitivity to fungal infections and several shortages for normal development and reproduction of insect. Also, the adaptability of pyriproxifen to increase the effect of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, should be considered to initiate a new pest management program to decrease the production loss made by E. integriceps in wheat fields. 相似文献
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Daniel Blumberg 《Phytoparasitica》2008,36(5):411-448
This review summarizes the current knowledge on the distribution, natural history, economic importance and management of 16
major species of date palm pests in Israel. Another 15, rarely occurring, pest species are also identified. Research on the
date palm pests in Israel was initiated against a background of severe outbreaks of scale insects in the late 1950s. These
outbreaks were caused mainly by unrestrained use of organophosphates. This situation led to the gradual development of an
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program, which was implemented first against scale insects and later against fruit pests.
The IMP approach resulted in successful control of the scale insects, up to the present, whereas agrotechnical and crop management
procedures, including covering the fruit bunches with plastic nets and early harvesting of several date cultivars, were successfully
applied to achieve efficient control of the fruit moths. In addition, the use of chemical compounds in date plantations was
drastically reduced and restricted to heavy foci of pest infestation. In time, microbial control, mainly application ofBacillus thuringiensis products against the lesser date moth, and the use of pheromone traps for monitoring and controlling red palm weevil, enabled
further reductions in the use of synthetic insecticides. The overall change in pest management also significantly improved
the preservation of natural enemies of the pests in the plantations. Whereas in the 1950s the major problems were caused by
the parlatoria date scale and the green scale, in the early 2000s the key pests in date plantations in Israel are the lesser
date moth and sap beetles in most of the date-growing areas, and spider mites which are restricted to the Arava Valley. Future
management of the first two of these pests should rely on an improved monitoring system and integration of pheromone application
for reduction of the population and damage. Efforst should be made to prevent the red palm weevil, which currently is a potential
pest, from becoming an actual key pest in date plantations. 相似文献