柑桔园链格孢杀菌剂的室内筛选

摘要：利用菌丝生长速率法,测定了18种化学药剂对柑桔园链格孢菌MP3的毒力。结果表明,70%丙森锌抑菌效果最好,EC50值为0.2475 μg/mL;10%苯醚甲环唑可湿性粉剂效果次之,EC50值为0.3465μg/mL;其次为50%丙环唑、27.12%碱式硫酸铜、16%松脂铜酸乳、10%井冈霉素,400g/L杜邦福星、70%氢氯化铜、22%抑菌唑、1.5%噻霉铜、65%代森锰锌,EC50值分别为0.5773、1.2840、1.5371、1.6250、1.7680、1.7738、1.8692和2.3157μg/mL;多菌灵效果最差,EC50值为911.7747μg/mL。     

8种杀菌剂对桃实腐病菌的室内毒力测定

由扁桃拟茎点霉菌（Phomopsis amydalina）引起的桃实腐病是为害桃树果实的一种重要真菌性病害。为了能筛选到对该病菌具有强毒力的杀菌剂,本文采用菌丝生长速率法,用8种供试药剂对桃实腐病菌进行了室内毒力测定。结果表明：400g/L氟硅唑（EC）的毒力最强,其EC50值为0.0770μg/mL;其次为125g/L氟环唑（SC）,10%苯醚甲环唑（WG）,300g/L苯甲?丙环唑（EC）和500g/L异菌脲（SC）,它们的EC50值分别为0.2343μg/mL、0.2946μg/mL、0.4184μg/mL和0.4773μg/mL;70%丙森锌（WP）的毒力最弱,其EC50值达到2.1958μg/mL。根据毒力测定结果,我们认为400g/L氟硅唑（EC）可以作为桃实腐病田间药效试验的首选药剂。     

贡梨果实黑斑病病原菌鉴定及室内防治药剂筛选

通过病原菌形态特征、致病性测定、rDNA-ITS序列和EF1-α基因序列分析,确定贡梨黑斑病的病原菌为链格孢菌（Alternaria alternate）。在此基础上,采用菌丝生长速率法测定8种杀菌剂对该病原菌的毒力大小,结果表明,苯醚甲环唑、异菌脲、肟菌?戊唑醇和苯甲?丙环唑的抑菌效果很好,EC50值分别为0.4904μg/mL、0.5091μg/mL、0.5718μg/mL和0.9138μg/mL。     

6种杀菌剂对猕猴桃主要腐烂病菌的室内毒力测定

葡萄座腔菌（Botryosphaeria dothidea）和拟茎点霉菌（Phomopsis sp.）是引起江西省奉新县猕猴桃果实腐烂的两种主要病原菌。本文采用菌丝生长速率法测定了6种杀菌剂对其室内毒力,结果表明拿敌稳（75%肟菌酯?戊唑醇）、扑海因（50%异菌脲）、世高（10%苯醚甲环唑）、甲基托布津（70%甲基硫菌灵）、百泰（60%吡唑醚菌酯?代森联）5种杀菌剂对葡萄座腔菌和拟茎点霉菌均有较强的毒力,对葡萄座腔菌的EC50值依次为0.1439μg/mL、0.1502μg/mL、0.1795μg/mL、0.2640μg/mL和0.9466μg/mL;对拟茎点霉菌的EC50值依次为0.0893μg/mL、0.2228μg/mL、0.1320μg/mL、0.4034μg/mL和0.7922μg/mL;杀菌剂翠贝（50%醚菌酯）则对两种病菌的毒力很弱,对葡萄座腔菌和拟茎点霉菌的EC50值分别高达7890.7μg/mL 和12881.0μg/mL。     

柑桔脚腐病菌Phytophthora parasitica杀菌剂的室内筛选

柑桔脚腐病是危害柑桔主干基部的病害。本文采用菌丝生长速率法对柑桔脚腐病菌寄生疫霉Phytophthora parasitica进行了21种杀菌剂的室内毒力测定。结果表明,各药剂对寄生疫霉菌丝的生长均有抑制作用,并且其抑制率与药剂浓度呈正相关。其中毒力作用最强的是烯酰吗啉,EC50为0.2598 μg/mL;其次是唑醚-代森联、春雷霉素、丙森锌和多抗霉素,EC50分别为1.0476μg/mL、3.1074μg/mL、3.2056μg/mL、4.9501μg/mL。甲基硫菌灵的抑制作用最弱,EC50高达1713.833μg/mL,不推荐继续用于柑桔脚腐病的防治。这些药剂的筛选为田间进一步防控柑桔脚腐病提供了理论依据。     

白菜型冬油菜根腐病的室内药剂筛选和药效试验

采用7种药剂对引起白菜型冬油菜根腐病的半裸镰刀菌和尖孢镰刀菌进行了室内药剂筛选和毒力测定,结果表明,苯甲·丙环唑、十三吗啉、苯醚甲环唑、恶霉灵4种药剂对半裸镰刀菌和尖孢镰刀菌的EC50均较小,毒力较强,对半裸镰刀菌的EC50分别为0.15、15.67、22.61、67.45μg/mL,对尖孢镰刀菌的EC50分别为2.11、11.78、8.56、62.41μg/mL。采用7种药剂对冬油菜种子拌种,进行了室内药效试验,结果表明,苯甲·丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑、十三吗啉、恶霉灵4种供试药剂对半裸镰刀菌和尖孢镰刀菌的防效显著高于其他3种药剂,平均防效达60%。     

5种杀菌剂对广西葡萄灰霉病病菌的毒力评价

通过室内菌丝生长抑制率测定和孢子萌发抑制率测定得到抑霉唑、吡唑·醚菌酯、啶菌噁唑、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑5种杀菌剂对葡萄灰霉病病菌灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea Pers.）的室内毒力值。结果表明,5种杀菌剂对葡萄灰霉病病菌菌丝和孢子均有抑制作用,但抑制效果存在一定差异,两种测定方法EC50值均<1μg/ml的是咪鲜胺,葡萄灰霉病对咪鲜胺最敏感,可作为治疗和保护药剂在生产中使用,菌丝生长抑制率测定法EC50值<1μg/ml的是啶菌噁唑和苯醚甲环唑,可作为葡萄灰霉病的治疗药剂在生产中使用。     

11 种杀菌剂对3种拟茎点霉病菌的室内毒力测定

为筛选出李果腐病菌、桃枝枯病菌和蓝莓枝枯病菌的有效防治药剂,本研究采用菌丝生长速率法测定11种杀菌剂对上述3种拟茎点霉病菌(Phomopsis sp.)的室内毒力。结果表明：40%氟硅唑WP、40%咪鲜胺EW和12.5%腈菌唑EC等3种药剂对蓝莓枝枯病菌、桃枝枯病菌和李果腐病菌的毒力最强,EC50值均小于1μg/mL。其中40%氟硅唑WP对桃枝枯病菌和李果腐病菌的毒力最强,EC50值分别为0.02和0.13 μg/mL;40%咪鲜胺EW对蓝莓枝枯病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,EC50值为0.66 μg/mL。本研究结果为这3种病害的田间防治药剂筛选提供理论依据。     

一株少孢节丛孢分离株对两种抗真菌药的敏感性测定

为了评估少孢节丛孢菌(Arthrobotrys oligospora)对两性霉素B和酮康唑的敏感性,本研究利用实验室保存的当地分离株(F447),通过孢子萌发抑制和菌丝生长抑制试验,使用线性回归评估了两种药物对该菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长抑制作用。结果显示,两性霉素B和酮康唑对A. oligospora孢子萌发的EC50(半最大效应浓度)分别为3.3770μg/mL和0.3283μg/mL,对其菌丝生长的EC50分别为4.0206μg/mL和0.1005μg/mL。结果证明,不论是分生孢子还是菌丝,酮康唑对试验真菌比两性霉素B敏感。     

9种杀菌剂对香蕉灰纹病菌的室内毒力测定

为了测定不同化学杀菌剂对香蕉灰纹病的毒力,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了9种杀菌剂对3株香蕉灰纹病菌的抑制效果。结果表明,80%多菌灵可湿性粉剂（WP）和12.5%氟环唑悬浮剂（SC）毒力最强,平均EC50值均小于1 mg/L;25%丙环唑乳油（EC）、37%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂（WG）、20%戊唑醇乳油（EC）和50%甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂（SC）次之,平均EC50值在1～3 mg/L之间;80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂（WP）和24%腈苯唑悬浮剂（SC）毒力一般,平均EC50值在9～20 mg/L之间;40%百菌清悬浮剂（SC）毒力最弱,平均EC50值为46.572 4 mg/L。80%多菌灵WP、12.5%氟环唑SC、25%丙环唑EC、37%苯醚甲环唑WG、20%戊唑醇EC和50%甲基硫菌灵SC可有效抑制香蕉灰纹病菌菌丝生长,可进一步用于田间试验。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.