Detection of the Phoma pathogens Plenodomus biglobosus subclades ‘brassicae’ and ‘canadensis’ on wasabi,and ‘canadensis’ in Europe

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Phoma stem canker / blackleg is an internationally important disease of Brassicas including B. napus (oilseed rape, OSR), caused by multiple genetic subclades...     

Molecular diversity of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ isolates in Slovenia

A European quarantine organism ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ causing devastating pear decline disease has been reported to affect pear trees in several European countries. In this study a multilocus sequence analysis was successfully used to gain detailed insight into the molecular diversity of thirty closely related ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ isolates from different orchards in Slovenia. Among three genomic regions analyzed, the 16S/23S rRNA intergenic spacer region was the most conserved among Slovenian isolates with 99.7 % sequence identity, yielding only three distinct genotypes. On the other hand, five different genotypes were detected when analyzing secY and aceF genomic regions that shared sequence identity of 94.8 and 97.2 %, respectively. Six of the detected genotypes, specifically four in the secY region and one in each of the two other analyzed genomic regions, were unique for Slovenia. At least eight different haplotypes were found with multilocus sequence analysis, indicating high molecular diversity among Slovenian ‘Ca. P. pyri’ isolates. Haplotypes were clustered into two major clusters, separated by at least 45 mutations. No connection was established between haplotype occurrence and cultivar type.     

No detection of seed transmission of citrus tatter leaf virus in ‘Meyer’ lemon

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV), a strain of apple stem grooving virus, is a virus of citrus that is of commercial importance for trifoliate orange...     

Evaluation of efficiency of hemi-nested PCR assay for the detection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ infecting citrus

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The present study reports the development and evaluation of a hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction (hnPCR) assay for the efficient detection of...     

‘赞皇大枣’和‘冬枣’对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以3 a生定干80 cm的‘赞皇大枣’和‘冬枣’为试材,设干旱和正常灌水两种处理,在处理21 d时测定其生长指标、叶绿素含量、光合及荧光参数、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性和内源激素含量,分析两个枣树品种响应干旱胁迫的生理差异。结果表明：干旱胁迫主要抑制了两个枣树品种的新梢叶片数、叶片长度和枣吊长度,‘冬枣’的新梢节间数下降了45.5%,而‘赞皇大枣’的单株枣吊总数下降了45.61%。干旱胁迫后,‘赞皇大枣’和‘冬枣’的叶片叶绿素总含量分别下降了18.94%和29.32%。‘赞皇大枣’的光合、蒸腾速率在正常灌水和干旱胁迫后均高于‘冬枣’,而在正常灌水情况下,除F_m以外,二者的荧光参数值无显著差异。干旱胁迫后,‘赞皇大枣’的C_i无显著变化,而‘冬枣’的C_i降幅为48.07%。相比于‘冬枣’,干旱胁迫后‘赞皇大枣’的ΦPSⅡ和qP分别提高97.69%和77.25%,qN降低18.29%。正常情况下,两个枣树品种叶片的相对电导率、MDA和Pro含量无显著差异,‘赞皇大枣’的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量比‘冬枣’分别高148.29%...     

Heterogeneous Nature of a ‘new’ Pathotype of Melampsora Rust on Salix Revealed by AFLP

An outbreak of rust on Salix × mollissima (S. triandra × S. viminalis) Q83, an important biomass willow, was first observed at several locations in the UK in 1992. Rust collections obtained from Q83 in 1992 at Long Ashton (south west England), Markington (Northern England) and Loughgall (Northern Ireland), were tested for pathogenicity and examined using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). All collections showed the same pathogenicity patterns on the eight willow differentials and were assigned to f.sp. larici-epitea typica of Melampsora epitea. A total of 304 AFLP markers was scored for 54 rust isolates, 20 from Long Ashton, 20 from Markington and 14 from Loughgall. Cluster analysis placed the isolates into three distinct groups according to the collection sites. Within each site, Markington isolates were least variable, Nei & Li's similarity coefficients averaging 0.996. Average similarities within isolates from Long Ashton and Loughgall were 0.899 and 0.883, respectively. Average per-locus diversity within site (H_j), calculated using Shannon information index, was 0.014 in Markington, 0.24 in Long Ashton and 0.23 in Loughgall population. Most diversity (69.1%) was partitioned between populations. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) attributed 85.8% of variance to between populations and 14.2% to the individuals within populations. The results suggest that, in 1992, this previously unknown pathotype was not spread from a common source but from separate sources. The AFLP analysis and early records on the host range of M. epitea indicate that the rust virulent to S. × mollissima may have existed in nature before 1992.     

Assessment of Losses of Hybrid Sorghum ‘CSH-1’ to Earhead Caterpillars,and Comparison of Insecticidal Controls

Abstract

In hybrid sorghum ‘CSH-1’ severe infestation of the earhead caterpillars Cydia sp., Ectomyelois sp., Eublemma sp. nr. gayneri Roths., Heliothis armigera Hub., and Euproctis limbata Wlk, was recorded at Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) during 1968. The first two were relatively more serious. The loss in grain yield was estimated to be 18.26 per cent, i.e. about 717 kg/ha.

Among different insecticides tested, carbaryl 0.2 per cent spray proved most effective, followed by endosulfan 0.05 per cent spray. Dichlorvos 0.05 per cent gave good initial kill, but showed little persistent effect.     

农家品种‘白大头’及其衍生系‘天00127’苗期抗条锈性遗传分析

2019年在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所兰州温室,对抗条锈性优异的农家品种‘白大头’及其衍生系‘天00127’与感病品种‘铭贤169’杂交组合的P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂和BC₁代材料,苗期分别人工接种条锈菌主要流行小种CYR34、CYR32的单孢菌系,进行抗病性遗传分析,结果表明：供试亲本‘白大头’和‘天00127’对CYR34和CYR32均表现免疫。各世代材料中,‘铭贤169’/‘白大头’组合与‘铭贤169’/‘天00127’组合的F₁代对供试小种均表现免疫或近免疫;F₂代植株表现抗感分离,其中‘铭贤169’/‘白大头’组合对CYR34符合1R∶3S的理论比值,对CYR32符合3R∶1S的理论比值;BC₁代植株对CYR34表现全感,对CYR32符合1R∶1S的理论比值;‘铭贤169’/‘天00127’组合对CYR34和CYR32均符合3R∶1S的理论比值;BC₁代植株抗感分离符合1R∶1S...     

First report of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ infecting hydrangea showing phyllody in Japan

Phytoplasma-induced floral malformations such as virescence, phyllody, and proliferation were observed on hydrangeas in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA, secY, groEL, and amp gene sequences indicated that the affected hydrangea plants were associated with phytoplasmas belonging to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’, but not to ‘Ca. P. japonicum’, which occurs in hydrangeas showing phyllody in Japan. This is the first molecular evidence of an association of ‘Ca. P. asteris’ with hydrangea plants in Japan.     

‘Instant’ Bordeaux and Burgundy Mixtures

Four annual experiments with garlic (Allium sativum) were established in fields naturally infested with Sclerotium cepivorum, causal agent of garlic white rot, to investigate the effect of time of planting on yield. Initial stands were unaffected by time of planting. Final stands and yields were highest when garlic was planted approximately 1 month earlier (28 January-15 February) when soils were warmer than at the traditional time of planting (15 March-15 April). When garlic was planted at the traditional time, final stands and yields were reduced 56-92% primarily from the attack of S. cepivorum. A 100% loss in yield occurred in some crops planted in cool soils in late March. With an early planting (15 January), final stands were similar to the plantings of 28 January and 15 February, but yields were reduced by half because of a much lower mean weight of the harvested bulbs. In a late planting (15 May), the final stand was 75% lower with correspondingly lower yield than that obtained with the early plantings. The largest bulbs (21.6 g) were obtained from the planting on 28 February; however, the yields from this planting were reduced by half from the planting 2 weeks earlier because of the 50% reduction in final stand. Early planting of garlic is recommended as an important management strategy to avoid white rot in areas with soils infested with sclerotia of S. cepivorum.     

Molecular analysis of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ associated with phytoplasma diseases in Myanmar

During 2010 and 2011, typical phytoplasma disease symptoms such as little leaves, phyllody and witches’ brooms were observed on black gram, green gram, long bean, shaggy button weed and sesame plants from different regions of Myanmar. The symptomatic samples were analyzed by PCR using universal phytoplasma primers and characterized by sequencing 16S rRNA, ribosomal protein and translocase protein genes. Based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the three genes, the phytoplasmas associated with those plants belonged to members of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’. To our knowledge, black gram and shaggy button are new hosts for ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’.     

Histological and ultrastructural characterization of the leaf infection events of Colletotrichum fructicola on Malus domestica ‘Gala’

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), characterized by black necrotic spots and severe defoliation, is a destructive foliar disease of apple. Widely grown cultivars such as Gala and Golden Delicious are highly susceptible to GLS. Currently, the infection biology of the causal pathogen, Colletotrichum fructicola, on apple leaves is unclear. In the present study, the penetration and colonization processes of C. fructicola were characterized on apple (cv. Gala) leaves using light and transmission electron microscopy. C. fructicola conidia produced germ tubes 4 hours post-inoculation (hpi) and appressoria at 8 hpi. In melanized appressoria, funnel-shaped appressorial cones formed around the penetration pore. At 12 hpi, C. fructicola produced secondary conidia. After penetration, C. fructicola began to develop infection vesicles at 36 hpi. At 48 hpi, the primary hyphae of C. fructicola were produced from infection vesicles within host epidermal cells; the host epidermal cell plasma membrane remained intact, indicating a biotrophic association. Subsequently, secondary hyphae penetrated epidermal cells and destroyed cell components, initiating necrotrophic colonization. C. fructicola also produced biotrophic subcuticular infection vesicles and hyphae. Together, these results demonstrate that C. fructicola forms special infection structures and colonizes apple leaves in a hemibiotrophic manner, involving intracellular as well as subcuticular colonization strategies. Detailed characterization of the infection process of C. fructicola on apple leaves will assist in the development of disease management strategies and provide a foundation for studies of the molecular mechanism of the C. fructicola–apple leaf interaction.     

春小麦品系‘MY002894’和‘YJ006793’成株期 抗条锈病基因遗传分析

春小麦品系‘MY002894’和‘YJ006793’对小麦条锈病具有成株期抗性?本研究分析了这2个品系成株期抗条锈病基因遗传规律, 促进其有效利用?通过‘MY002894’与‘Taichung 29’(T29)抗-感杂交和‘MY002894’与‘YJ006793’抗-抗杂交构建F2∶3代分离群体, 在青海省农林科学院植物保护研究所小麦条锈病自然病圃进行了两年的抗病表型鉴定?遗传分析结果显示, ‘MY002894’与‘T29’ F2∶3杂交群体卡方测验符合7R∶9S的抗感分离比, 表明‘MY002894’中含有2对独立作用的隐性成株期抗条锈病基因; ‘MY002894’与‘YJ006793’F2∶3群体卡方测验符合55R∶9S的抗感分离比, 表明‘MY002894’与‘YJ006793’杂交F2∶3杂交群体对条锈病的抗性由1对显性基因2对隐性基因独立控制?由于‘MY002894’中有2对独立作用的隐性成株期抗条锈病基因, 推测‘YJ006793’中可能含有1对显性成株期抗条锈病基因?     

Genetic diversity of Czech ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ strains based on multilocus gene analyses

In several European countries apple trees are affected by apple proliferation disease, which is usually associated with the presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’. During 2010, samples from several apple trees displaying proliferation symptoms were collected throughout the Czech Republic to verify identity of phytoplasmas detected in association with the disease. The majority of the 74 apple trees examined using molecular tools were positive for ‘Ca. P. mali’ presence. The 16S–23S ribosomal genes, the ribosomal protein genes and the nitroreductase and rhodonase like genes were then studied to verify phytoplasma strain variability on multigenic bases. Two RFLP profiles and correspondingly two genetic lineages were found in the PCR-amplified fragments covering the 16S–23S rDNA spacer region. ‘Ca. P. mali’ strains belonging to rpX-A subgroup were identified in the majority of the apple tree sampled, whereas phytoplasmas belonging to the rpX-B subgroup were distributed sporadically. The apple proliferation subtypes AP-15 and AT-2 exhibited nearly equal occurrence; the AT-1 subtype and a mixture of the two or all three of the AP subtypes were infrequently found. The PCR/RFLP results were confirmed by nucleotide sequence analyses of selected ‘Ca. P. mali’ strains.     

Note: Molecular identification of ‘Candidatus phytoplasma asteris’ inducing histological anomalies inSilene nicaeensis

Numerous plants ofSilene nicaeensis having symptoms resembling those associated with the presence of phytoplasmas were observed in an extensive coastal area in the south of Italy. Microscopic observation showed histological abnormalities in the organization of tissues in symptomatic plants, and molecular tests, including PCR/RFLP analyses and nucleic acid sequencing, revealed the presence of phytoplasmas belonging to the aster yellows group (‘Candidatus phytoplasma asteris’). This is the first report of phytoplasma infection inS. nicaeensis, a wild species that colonizes the Calabrian coast. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting June 12, 2008     

Detection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ in citrus by concurrent tissue print-based qPCR and immunoassay

‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) is associated with the most destructive disease of citrus, huanglongbing (HLB). The most widely used methods for detection of CLas are PCR-based and require purification of DNA from plant samples. Elution of DNA from tissue prints made on nitrocellulose membranes followed by qPCR (TPE-qPCR) was compared to DNA extraction of plant tissue followed by PCR (X-PCR) by testing the same tissue samples. The former estimated a higher CLas population in tissue prints than the latter (t-test; P = 0.009). All extracts prepared for TPE-qPCR throughout the experiment were also tested by conventional PCR and 80.8% were identified as positive. A similar set of stem and petiole tissue samples was tested by TPE-qPCR and immunoassay. Although the detection rate by TPE-qPCR was higher than by immunoassay, about 6% of tissue prints were positive by immunoassay but not by TPE-qPCR. Thus, a higher detection rate would be achieved by combining TPE-qPCR with immunoassay. Significant differences were observed in the performance of nitrocellulose membranes from different manufacturers in these assays. Immunotissue prints showed that the spatial distribution pattern of CLas infection varied widely from one sample to another, but the patterns were highly correlated among serial sections from the same sample, suggesting that CLas preferentially colonizes adjacent phloem cells in a vertical rather than horizontal direction.     

Postharvest fungicide dips to control fruit rot of ‘Monthong’ durian (Durio zibethinus)

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Fruit rot diseases are the serious problem in durian production for domestic consumption and export. Fungicides are commonly applied to reduce postharvest loss...