赣南脐橙果实品质分布特征分析

为了解赣南脐橙品质现状及其不同区域、树龄及土壤类型对果实品质的影响,2020年和2021年调查分析了17个县（市、区）66个主产乡镇204个果园脐橙果实品质。结果表明,赣南脐橙果实整体品质优良,以中部盆地区域（北纬25°34′33″～26°8′5″）品质最优,当栽植地向北或向南推移时,可溶性固形物（TSS）含量逐渐下降,南部较低纬度产区的TSS最低,可滴定酸（TA）含量最高;幼龄树果实TSS含量较低,14～20年生树果实品质趋于稳定且TSS含量最高,但树龄≥21年则品质开始降低;红砂土和紫色土上的脐橙品质要优于水稻土和红壤土。因品质存在较大差异,为了上市果品质量相对一致,赣南脐橙应根据区域和树龄等分批次采摘上市,中部果园、成年和老龄果园适时采收,南部和北部果园、幼龄果园适当延迟采收。栽培管理方面,幼龄树控制氮肥施用,老龄果园则通过更新复壮及扩穴增施有机肥等措施恢复树势改善品质。由于目前赣南脐橙绝大部分为2014年后定植,随着树龄的增长,在未来十多年内整个赣南脐橙果实的TSS和固酸比将呈现逐步升高趋势,有利于品质提高。     

湘西椪柑园土壤pH值和树龄与土壤养分及果实品质关系研究

以湖南省湘西自治州60个椪柑(Citrus reticulata Blanco)果园为对象,分析湘西椪柑产区土壤矿质营养情况,土壤pH值及树龄与果园营养状况及果实品质的关系。结果表明,湘西椪柑产区70%以上果园土壤酸化,土壤中多数矿质养分含量适量或过量,而碱解氮、有效硼交换性钙和交换性镁含量缺乏;叶片中氮、钾、钙、镁和锌含量缺乏,磷、锰含量适量,铁、铜含量过量。随土壤pH值升高,土壤交换性钙、交换性镁和有效铜含量升高,而有效铁和有效锰含量降低;叶片氮、铁含量在酸性和弱酸性（4.5相似文献   

重庆三峡库区晚熟脐橙品质变化和适宜采收期研究

为了解重庆三峡库区晚熟脐橙品质变化,以及确定其适宜采收期。2015年1-5月在重庆市奉节县的6个主产乡镇的10个代表性果园,分别采集凤晚和鲍威尔脐橙果实横径80-85mm的大果和横径60-70mm的小果进行品质分析。结果表明：相同采果时期,2个品种的大果单果重、纵横径和皮厚均高于小果,但可食率、出汁率、可溶性固形物（TSS）、可滴定酸（TA）、Vc含量、还原糖、转化糖及总糖均低于小果,2种类型果实的各个品质指标大多数有显著性差异;由于小果的TA均高于大果,导致其固酸比（TSS/TA）低于大果。总体而言,两个品种随采果时期的推移,TSS和TSS/TA上升,TA含量下降;Vc含量先减后增,多数在4月18日最小,随后上升。两个品种果面色差L值随着采果时期的推移先减后增,在4月18日达到最小值,随后上升;凤晚脐橙果面色差a值在3月18日最大,鲍威尔脐橙果面色差a值在1月18日最大;而两个品种的果面色差b值均在1月18日最大;凤晚的果面色差a/b值先增后减,在3月18日达到最大值;鲍威尔的果面色差a/b值先减后增,在4月18日达到最小。总的来说,凤晚脐橙果实成熟期和适宜采收期为4月中旬,鲍威尔脐橙为5月中旬;凤晚脐橙品质优于鲍威尔脐橙;小果的果实品质优于大果。     

增施4种有机肥对桂热芒82号产量、土壤理化性质和果实品质的影响

本试验以高接换种4年的桂热芒82号芒为试材,施用复合肥为对照,选用4种有机肥探讨其对桂热芒82号产量、果实品质以及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：施用有机肥可以提高芒果产量、改善芒果品质。株施20kg或30kg海藻素壳聚糖(HZS)有机肥,20 kg或30 kg菌藻酶微生物菌剂有机肥(JZM)增产明显;株施30 kg菌藻酶微生物菌剂有机肥(JZM)、20 kg或30 kg晨耕生物有机肥(CG)、30 kg海藻素壳聚糖有机肥(HZS)可以显著提高可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比和维生素C含量。施用有机肥能明显改良土壤理化性质。有机肥施用量越高,其土壤有机质含量越高,4种有机肥均能提高土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶等4种酶活性,整体上,施用有机质含量较高的有机肥,其土壤相关酶活性越高。土壤养分的提高总体上以株施20 kg、30 kg菌藻酶微生物菌剂(JZM)表现较好,相关指标与对照差异显著。     

江西寻乌脐橙果园土壤养分变化特征研究

为摸清江西寻乌县脐橙果园土壤养分状况,为该区的脐橙果园土壤改良和施肥管理提供科学依据,本研究根据脐橙种植年限、土壤类型、地形等的不同,选取了具有代表性的果园45个作为取样点,分析了其土壤pH值及养分含量,并基于R软件研究了土壤养分特征与环境因子之间的关系,结果表明：寻乌县脐橙果园土壤整体偏酸,其中强酸性（pH<4.8）和偏酸性（pH值4.8～5.5）的土壤占样本总数的91.2%,且随着种植年限的增加,土壤pH每年以0.01个单位下降;土壤有机质、速效N、速效P、速效K含量普遍偏低,其中79.7%的脐橙园土壤有机质偏低,87.8%脐橙园土壤速效N、75.6%土壤速效P、74.9%脐橙园土壤速效K处于缺乏状态;土壤养分与环境因子之间的关系为：有机质主要受土壤类型的影响,其中水稻土的有机质含量显著高于壤土,速效磷主要受种植年限的影响,种植时间越长,土壤速效磷越高;而速效钾主要受地形影响,坡地土壤速效K较平地或盆地容易流失而减少;碱解氮主要受种植年限和土壤类型的共同作用,受地形影响较小。     

不同有机肥对土壤及核桃果实品质的影响

为探究‘辽宁1号’核桃较适宜的有机肥种类及施肥方式,以‘辽宁1号’核桃树为试验材料,利用半焦肥、鸡粪及生物菌肥三种有机肥进行施肥处理,检测不同有机肥对土壤及核桃产量品质的影响。结果表明,生物菌肥施肥能显著提高果仁黄酮含量;鸡粪能显著提高果仁Fe、Zn含量以及土壤速效磷、速效钾含量;5.0 kg半焦肥能显著提高果仁多酚、土壤有机质含量;10.0 kg半焦肥施肥能显著提高核桃单果重、横径、脂肪含量,矿质元素中K、Ca、Mg、Cu的含量以及土壤全磷含量。综合比较,10.0 kg/株半焦肥施肥对核桃相关果实品质的影响较大;根据隶属函数分析得出10.0 kg/株半焦肥施肥是较优施肥方式。     

广西富川纽荷尔脐橙园土壤和植株叶片营养状况研究与评价

对广西富川县60个纽荷尔脐橙园土壤和叶片样品进行营养成分检测分析。结果表明,所调查纽荷尔脐橙园土壤偏酸,土壤有机质、有效钾、有效锌、交换性钙含量较高;碱解氮、有效磷、有效铁和有效铜含量中等;交换性镁、有效锰和有效硼含量较低。脐橙叶片中磷、钾和铁含量大部分处于高量水平,少量处于适量范围,但是铜和锌的含量多数处于低量水平。纽荷尔脐橙园土壤pH值与交换性镁呈极显著正相关性,与有效钾呈极显著负相关,土壤有机质与有效锌呈极显著正相关。土壤交换性钙与叶片钙含量呈显著正相关、交换性镁与叶片镁的含量呈显著正相关,土壤交换性钙、镁与叶片锰含量呈极显著负相关,土壤酸度和土壤中营养元素的有效含量对树体营养元素的吸收和营养水平有较大影响,各个果园的氮、磷、钾肥施用极其不均,大部分果园钾肥施用过量。本研究对指导富川县纽荷尔脐橙园配方施肥和营养调节具有重大意义。     

微生物水溶肥对赣南脐橙品质及重金属含量的影响

【目的】为探明微生物水溶肥对赣南脐橙产量、品质、脐橙黄皮层香气物质含量的提升,及对重金属吸收的抑制效果。【方法】2020至2021年度,以赣南纽荷尔脐橙为试验对象,通过比较果农习惯施肥与微生物水溶肥对赣南脐橙品质及重金属的影响,在信丰县大塘埠镇果园开展了连续2年的田间试验。【结果】结果表明,与习惯施肥相比,连续2年按照推荐用量施用微生物水溶肥使得脐橙产量平均提高了30.78%,可溶性固形物含量提高了6.75%,还原型Vc含量提高了7.25%,脐橙可食部位铅含量降低了36.46%,脐橙黄皮层香气物质含量提高了16.33%;同时,整果铅、铬、砷的含量分别降低了27.44%、43.27%、11.90%。【结论】施用微生物水溶肥有助于提高脐橙的产量、品质及脐橙黄皮层香气物质的含量,显著降低脐橙果实重金属铅、铬、砷的含量。     

酸、碱性土壤脐橙园短期内可施用适量氯化钾代替硫酸钾

正据《植物营养与肥料学报》2021年第5期《氯化钾对脐橙园土壤—树体氯积累及叶片营养和果实品质的影响》(作者沈鑫健等)报道,为探讨施用氯化钾对脐橙叶片营养、果实产量及品质的影响,分析土壤和植株中氯元素含量与积累状况,以9年生纽荷尔脐橙为试材,     

黄龙病对柑橘果实品质及矿质元素的影响#

柑橘一旦感染黄龙病,叶片将出现黄化、果实品质劣变。本研究比较了赣州纽荷尔脐橙、永春芦柑、广西砂糖桔的黄龙病果实与正常果实在果实大小、形状、可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸(TA)、Vc和矿质营养等方面的差异。结果发现感病果实纵、横径均显著低于正常果实,其中纽荷尔果实的果形指数显著变小、芦柑和砂糖桔的果实指数则显著变长,并且纽荷尔和芦柑的感病果实重量显著低于正常果实;其次,感病果实的TSS含量均显著低于正常果实,但是TA和Vc的变化在不同品种之间的表现不一致。另外,矿质元素分析表明,纽荷尔病果中N、P、K、Ca、B、Cu、Zn、Al等元素的含量显著高于正常果,芦柑病果中只有Zn、Na和Al的含量显著高于正常果实,砂糖桔病果中有Ca、Fe、Mn、Na和Al的含量显著高于正常果实。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein