我国甘薯脱毒种薯种苗繁育存在的问题及建议

病毒病是甘薯的重要病害, 种植脱毒健康种苗是防治病毒病?提高甘薯产量最有效的方法?近年来, 我国甘薯病毒及其传播介体的发生呈现出新的特点, 传统的脱毒种薯种苗繁育体系不能满足当前甘薯生产的需要?本文综述了当前我国甘薯病毒的种类及危害现状, 分析了我国甘薯脱毒种薯种苗繁育中存在的问题, 对规范和完善我国甘薯脱毒种薯种苗繁育体系提出了建议?     

Seed degeneration in potato: the need for an integrated seed health strategy to mitigate the problem in developing countries

Seed potato degeneration, the reduction in yield or quality caused by an accumulation of pathogens and pests in planting material due to successive cycles of vegetative propagation, has been a long‐standing production challenge for potato growers around the world. In developed countries this problem has been overcome by general access to and frequent use of seed, produced by specialized growers, that has been certified to have pathogen and pest incidence below established thresholds, often referred to as certified seed. The success of certified seed in developed countries has concentrated the research and development agenda on the establishment of similar systems in developing countries. Despite these efforts, certified seed has had little penetration into the informal seed systems currently in place in most developing countries. Small‐scale farmers in these countries continue to plant seed tubers acquired through the informal seed system, i.e. produced on‐farm or acquired from neighbours or local markets. Informal seed tubers frequently have poor health status, leading to significant reductions in yield and/or market value. This review emphasizes the need to refocus management efforts in developing countries on improving the health status of seed tubers in the informal system by integrating disease resistance and on‐farm management tools with strategic seed replacement. This ‘integrated seed health strategy’ can also prolong the good health status of plants derived from certified seed, which would otherwise be diminished due to potential rapid infection from neighbouring fields. Knowledge gaps, development challenges and impacts of this integrated seed health strategy are discussed.     

甘薯茎线虫的形态特征

 甘薯茎线虫样本采自河北、山东和安徽省的部分甘薯产区,该线虫种鉴定为腐烂茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor Thome,1945)。雌虫:线虫唇架骨质化,唇区稍缢缩、有4个唇环和6个唇片;侧区有6条侧线,有网格纹。中食道球梭形、有瓣膜,食道腺通常覆盖于肠的背面达体宽1/2,个别覆盖于肠侧面和腹面;尾呈锥状,稍向腹面弯曲,末端窄圆;卵巢前端卵原细胞双行排列;阴唇略隆起,阴门裂与体轴线垂直,阴门宽度占4个体环;后阴子宫囊大,延伸至阴肛距2/3-3/4。雄虫:虫体前部与雌虫相似。泄殖腔隆起,交合伞起始于交合刺前端水平处向后延伸达尾长3/4;交合刺朝腹向弯曲,前端膨大具指状突;引带短。     

广东省甘薯疮痂病病原菌鉴定及国内主要菜用甘薯种质抗性评价

为明确广东省甘薯疮痂病病原菌种类及当前国内主要菜用甘薯种质对疮痂病的抗性,结合形态学特征和rDNA-ITS序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定,并通过病圃诱发结合人工喷雾接种法对来自9个省区30个菜用甘薯种质进行连续2年的抗性鉴定。结果显示,共获得15株形态学特征及培养性状相似的菌株,其中代表菌株CRI-CJ的形态学特征与甘薯痂圆孢菌Elsinoe batatas基本一致,且在基于rDNA-ITS序列的系统发育树中与甘薯痂圆孢菌聚在一支,表明甘薯疮痂病病原菌为甘薯痂圆孢菌。30个菜用甘薯品种(系)中,抗性、中抗、中感和感病品种(系)分别为7、7、5和11个,占总数的23.3%、23.3%、16.7%和36.7%。其中抗性品种(系)有广菜薯11-52、广菜薯15-6、广菜薯16-1、广菜薯16-19、广菜薯17-23、广菜薯17-9和广菜薯18-6,中抗品种(系)有EC01、广薯菜2号、广菜薯3号、广菜薯6号、广菜薯7号、广菜薯17-25和广菜薯18-3。不同地理来源的品种(系)对甘薯疮痂病的抗性水平存在差异,11个非广东省品种(系)中感病、中感和中抗品种(系)分别为8、2和1个,占比分别为72.7...     

Characteristics of infestation of sweet potato by sweet potato weevil Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Apionidae)

Studies were conducted to examine the characteristics of infestation of vines of sweet potato plants by the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (F.). The use of terminal tender vine cuttings, taken even from heavily weevil‐infested sweet potato, to grow a new crop and planting such a crop in plots surrounded by barriers to reduce weevil migration from the outside to the newly planted area, produced a practically weevil‐free crop. On the contrary, crop planted to old vine cuttings in an open field was severely damaged by the weevil. Consequently, crop planted using tender vine cuttings produced significantly more root yield than the one planted to old vine cuttings, irrespective of whether the planting was done in an open field or in an insect‐protected field. Sweet potato weevil infestation of 1‐ to 8‐week‐old plants increased significantly with plant age. The insect preferred sweet potato roots over sweet potato vines when both plant parts were available for infestation. Dipping the vine cuttings for 30 min in carbofuran solution prior to planting protected the newly planted sweet potato crop for up to 6 weeks after planting.     

Seed transmission of Sweet potato leaf curl virus in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)

Sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV) infects sweet potato and is a member of the family Geminiviridae (genus Begomovirus). SPLCV transmission occurs from plant to plant mostly via vegetative propagation as well as by the insect vector Bemisia tabaci. When sweet potato seeds were planted and cultivated in a whitefly‐free greenhouse, some sweet potato plants started to show SPLCV‐specific symptoms. SPLCV was detected by PCR from all leaves and floral tissues that showed leaf curl disease symptoms. More than 70% of the seeds harvested from SPLCV‐infected sweet potato plants tested positive for SPLCV. SPLCV was also identified from dissected endosperm and embryos. The transmission level of SPLCV from seeds to seedlings was up to 15%. Southern blot hybridization showed SPLCV‐specific single‐ and double‐stranded DNAs in seedlings germinated from SPLCV‐infected seeds. Taken altogether, the results show that SPLCV in plants of the tested sweet potato cultivars can be transmitted via seeds and SPLCV DNA can replicate in developing seedlings. This is the first seed transmission report of SPLCV in sweet potato plants and also, to the authors' knowledge, the first report of seed transmission for any geminivirus.     

侵染甘薯的DNA病毒研究进展

甘薯是重要的粮食作物和食品加工及工业原料。我国是世界上最大的甘薯生产国。病毒病是甘薯上的重要病害,目前世界上已报道的侵染甘薯的DNA病毒主要归属于双生病毒科Geminiviridae和花椰菜花叶病毒科Caulimoviridae。近年来,双生病毒等DNA病毒严重影响我国甘薯的产量、品质以及食品加工产业。本文简介了甘薯在我国的重要地位和种植情况;具体介绍了侵染甘薯的菜豆金色花叶病毒属Begomovirus、玉米线条病毒属Mastrevirus及杆状DNA病毒属Badnavirus的病毒特征、分子变异、分类现状和检测方法。结合甘薯生产的实际情况,提出了目前甘薯DNA病毒研究中存在的问题及思考。本文旨在为我国甘薯DNA病毒病的综合防控提供理论依据。     

侵染广东甘薯的甘薯曲叶病毒分子检测与鉴定

甘薯曲叶病是广东甘薯的一种新病害,病株表现为叶片皱缩,向上卷曲,叶脉肿大等症状.PCR检测结果显示,所有病样中均存在菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒.通过滚环扩增方法获得了3个病毒分离物的全基因组.扩增产物克隆及序列分析结果表明,这3个病毒分离物基因组均仅含有DNA-A,具有菜豆金色花叶病毒属单组分病毒基因组典型特征;其大小分别为2 829 nt (JX286653、JX286654)和2 828 nt(JX286655).三者核苷酸序列同源率为96.0％～98.4％;与已报道的甘薯曲叶病毒19个分离物的同源率均大于89.0％.因此,引起广东甘薯曲叶病的病原被鉴定为甘薯曲叶病毒.本研究是首次在广东发现甘薯曲叶病毒.     

新疆塔城地区甘薯茎线虫病原鉴定

为研究新疆塔城地区甘薯茎线虫病的病原种群分类地位,2010年从乌兰乌苏镇发病地块采集病薯样本,通过贝曼漏斗法分离线虫后,对其致病性进行了室内接种测定,在显微镜下观察病原线虫形态和测量特征数值.结果表明:该线虫具有很强的致病力,接种薯块全部发病,与田间发病薯块症状相同;线虫虫体侧区有6条侧线,尾末端钝圆,雌虫后阴子宫囊较长,常延伸到尾长的3/4,这些典型分类特征与马铃薯腐烂线虫形态特征相符,且所测量数值与其基本一致.研究结果表明该病原线虫为马铃薯腐烂茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor Thorne),新疆地区应加强病区甘薯种薯及种苗的管理.     

中国甘薯病毒种类的血清学和分子检测

 2009～2010年,从我国18个省（市）采集了176份表现病毒病症状的甘薯样品。利用血清学、PCR和核苷酸序列测定的方法,对上述样品中的病毒种类进行了鉴定。血清学检测结果表明,供试样品中甘薯羽状斑驳病毒（SPFMV）的阳性率最高,达56.3%,其次为甘薯G病毒（SPVG）和甘薯类花椰菜花叶病毒(SPCaLV),阳性率分别为34.1%和33.5%。PCR和核苷酸序列测定结果表明,我国甘薯上至少存在SPFMV、SPVG、甘薯潜隐病毒（SPLV）、甘薯褪绿斑病毒（SPCFV）、甘薯褪绿矮化病毒（SPCSV）、黄瓜花叶病毒（CMV）、甘薯脉花叶病毒（SPVMV）和甘薯卷叶病毒（SPLCV）8种病毒。此外,供试样品中没有检测出甘薯轻斑驳病毒（SPMMV）,是否存在甘薯轻斑点病毒(SPMSV)、SPCaLV和C 6病毒尚不能确定。     

台州新发现甘薯茎腐病

2015年新发现的甘薯茎腐病是进境检疫性病害,该病是甘薯生产上为害最严重、危险性最大的新病害,在台州已有3个县(市、区)发生为害,一般发病田块平均病株率10%~20%。为有效控制甘薯茎腐病传播扩散,本文介绍了甘薯茎腐病的发生分布情况,描述了病害各生育期症状和为害特点,提出了加强植物检疫、与非寄主作物轮作、培育无病种苗、适增磷钾肥、防积水以及化学农药浸种和喷雾预防等综合防控措施。     

Uneven distribution of two potyviruses (feathery mottle virus and sweet potato latent virus) in sweet potato plants and its implication on virus indexing of meristem derived plants

Abstract

The distribution of two sweet potato potyviruses, FMV and SPLV, was assessed in three plants infected with both viruses and in one plant infected with FMV only. All leaves, the top and basal sections of the main stem, and branch sections were tested by ELISA. Both symptomless leaves and leaves showing symptoms including purple rings, chlorotic spots, mottle or discoloration were found to contain the viruses. However, neither could be detected in every leaf or stem piece. SPLV was found in a lower proportion of leaf and stem samples than FMV. This indicates that the two viruses are either very unevenly distributed within sweet potato plants or that the virus concentration in some parts is below the detectable level. Testing of each leaf is recommended for reliable virus indexing of small, meristem‐derived sweet potato plantlets, if the ELISA method is used. Additional indexing of all ELISA‐negative materials by grafting to susceptible indicator plants is nevertheless still necessary.     

甘薯病毒病害SPVD抗性鉴定方法及产量损失估计

为了建立规范、有效的甘薯病毒病害（sweet potato virus disease,SPVD）抗性鉴定方法,于2011—2012连续两年,利用田间人工嫁接病毒接穗的方法对12个甘薯品种进行抗性鉴定和产量损失测定。结果显示,嫁接接种后,接穗成活率接近100%,12个品种都有不同程度发病,病情指数在51.0~95.2之间;感染SPVD的甘薯植株叶绿素含量降低、蔓长缩短;单株薯块产量损失范围在55.1%~97.8%之间。研究表明,供试的12个甘薯主栽品种感染SPVD后均可引起严重的产量损失,且田间人工嫁接病毒接穗是一个有效的SPVD抗性鉴定方法。     

福建省甘薯蔓割病现状与研究进展

概述了甘薯蔓割病在福建的发生流行特点,病菌与寄主的互作关系,以及选育与推广抗病品种,感病品种 种苗用药处理的防治技术,为防治由镰刀菌引起的甘薯蔓割病提供借鉴。     

甘薯的抗旱生理及栽培技术研究进展

甘薯是耐旱作物,但缺水时,同其它作物一样,生长发育、生理和产量均会受到影响。对近10a来该方面研究成果进行了综述,并讨论了甘薯抗旱栽培途径和措施。     

甘薯爪哇黑腐病的病原鉴定

甘薯爪哇黑腐病是甘薯贮藏期的一种真菌性病害,是全球热带和亚热带地区甘薯贮藏期的重要病害之一。2013年我们从广东湛江采集的甘薯中,发现病薯薯块由两端向中间变黑变硬,切开发病薯块,在伤口处会逐渐长出黑色或灰色的菌丝。发病薯块室内放置30d后表面龟裂,裂口处有大量的黑色粉末溢出,显微镜下观察发现大量褐色有隔膜孢子。经对病原菌进行分离,采用柯赫氏法则回接验证,依据病原菌的形态特征和rDNA-ITS及β-tubulin基因序列,确定该病害为甘薯爪哇黑腐病,病原菌为可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)。致病性测定发现该病具有较强致病性,对于贮藏期甘薯具有较大威胁。这是国内首次对该病进行的报道。     

平衡施肥对高淀粉甘薯产量和品质的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了平衡施肥对川中丘陵干旱区高淀粉甘薯徐薯22和川薯34产量和品质的影响.结果表明,与不施肥处理相比,氮磷钾肥配合施用使徐薯22增产40.2％～56.0％,淀粉含量增加1.5～3.3个百分点;川薯34增产38.7％ ～52.7％,淀粉含量增加0.2～6.7个百分点.在高产目标下,徐薯22每生产100...     

甘薯潜隐病毒莲藕分离物辅助成分-蛋白酶基因原核表达及抗血清制备

根据已报道的甘薯潜隐病毒莲藕分离物sweet potato latent virus-lotus(SPLV-lotus)核苷酸序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR从感病莲藕样品中扩增获得SPLV-lotus辅助成分-蛋白酶基因(HC-Pro),大小为1 375 bp。通过序列测定和分析后,将其克隆到原核表达载体pGEX4T-1,转化大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3),经IPTG诱导并纯化获得大小为74 kD的融合蛋白pGEX4T-1-HC-ProSPLV-lotus。SDS-PAGE结果显示,融合蛋白获得过量表达。以纯化蛋白为抗原免疫新西兰大白兔制备抗血清,采用ELISA和Western blot对抗血清效价和特异性进行检测,当HC-Pro抗血清稀释比为1∶256 000时,ELISA显色后OD450读数仍高于0.6,表明所制备抗血清合格;Western blot结果显示,在感染SPLV-lotus植株样品中仍能检测到单一目的条带。这些结果表明,制备的抗血清效价合格且可用于SPLV-lotus的特异性检测。     

Effect of local inoculum on the spread of sweet potato virus disease: limited infection of susceptible cultivars following widespread cultivation of a resistant sweet potato cultivar

A study compared the spread of sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) into crops of two moderately resistant and initially SPVD-free sweet potato cultivars in northern and southern Mpigi, Uganda. Whiteflies, the vector of sweet potato chlorotic stunt crini virus (SPCSV), a component cause of SPVD, were similarly abundant in farmers' sweet potato fields around Namulonge in northern Mpigi, and Kanoni in southern Mpigi. However, mean incidence of SPVD in farmers' crops neighbouring the trials was higher at Kanoni (13.3%) than at Namulonge (2.8%). Furthermore, spread of SPVD into initially SPVD-free sweet potato plots of two only moderately resistant cultivars was greater in plots at Kanoni than in plots at Namulonge. The SPVD-resistant New Kawogo was the most common cultivar grown in farmers' fields at Namulonge and had few diseased plants, whereas susceptible cultivars with relatively high incidences of disease predominated at Kanoni. Final SPVD incidence in each trial was positively correlated with a measure combining the proximity and level of inoculum in surrounding fields. The study demonstrates the importance of local SPVD inoculum in determining the rate of spread of the disease into fields and implies that the widespread cultivation of a resistant variety limits infection of susceptible cultivars grown nearby.     

利用小RNA测序技术鉴定吉林省甘薯病毒

在吉林省7个主要甘薯种植区共采集85份甘薯叶片样品,利用小RNA深度测序技术对混合样品进行检测,经RT-PCR和测序验证,鉴定出样品中存在10种病毒,包括6种RNA病毒和4种DNA病毒.分别是马铃薯Y病毒科马铃薯Y病毒属的甘薯羽状斑驳病毒Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV...