鹅源高活力纤维素分解菌的分离鉴定

利用纤维素刚果红培养基初筛,滤纸失重和酶活测定试验复筛,从鹅盲肠筛选到1株纤维素分解能力较强的真菌F67。经中国科学院微生物研究所鉴定,F67为草酸青霉,微生物保藏号为CGMCC NO.2260。该菌在以纤维素为唯一碳源的培养液中,28℃振荡培养8 d,滤纸纤维素失重率达28.53%,滤纸酶活力(FPA)可达449.79 U/g。试验结果还表明,真菌分解纤维素的能力最强,放线菌次之,细菌最差。     

玉米秸秆高效分解菌株的筛选、鉴定及产酶条件优化

为了从瘤胃液中筛选出一株对玉米秸秆分解能力较强的纤维菌,试验采用稀释平板法分离奶牛瘤胃菌,通过刚果红平板法对产纤维素酶的菌株进行初筛,选取透明圈大的菌株进行玉米秸秆摇瓶复筛,得到一株对玉米秸秆分解率最高的菌株。根据菌株形态、生理生化特征对菌株进行初步鉴定,并对该菌株的产酶条件进行了优化。结果表明,该菌株为芽孢杆菌属,接种量为8%、氮源为NH3NO3、吐温80含量1%为该菌最适产酶条件。     

东祁连山高寒草地纤维素分解菌的分离和筛选

从东祁连山高寒草地土壤中分离真菌菌株,以CMC-Na培养基,刚果红染色法和滤纸平板培养基为指标对分离的菌株进行纤维素分解菌的初步筛选,然后,通过测定滤纸减重率和CMC酶活力进行复选,获得了3株纤维素分解能力较强的菌株F-3,F-25和F-22,表明高寒草地土壤中具有较强分解能力的纤维素分解菌。     

变异黄芪中产苦马豆素内生真菌的分离与鉴定

从变异黄芪种子中分离并纯化内生真菌,应用ɑ-甘露糖苷酶抑制法检测能产生苦马豆素的内生真菌。提取真菌DNA,扩增和测定真菌ITS和GPD序列,进行序列同源性比较,构建系统发育树。结果:从变异黄芪种子中共分离到3株产苦马豆素内生真菌,其形态特征均与波状芽管蠕孢属相近;ITS和GPD序列与棘豆波状芽管蠕孢一致性高达99%;遗传分析显示,3株菌与棘豆波状芽管蠕孢真菌遗传距离最近。根据形态特点和遗传进化分析结果,将该3株菌鉴定为棘豆波状芽管蠕孢。     

油菜秸秆分解菌的筛选与产酶特性初探

以刚果红-羧甲基纤维素钠培养基进行初筛,通过油菜秸秆粉液体培养测定菌株所产CMC酶及木质素酶含量进行复筛,最终得到3株分解能力较好的菌株,分别编号为BF14、AD28和AD38。还对3株菌株发酵过程中CMC酶、滤纸酶、木质素酶及淀粉酶的产量进行了测定,为油菜秸秆饲用化处理奠定基础。     

直立黄芪中产苦马豆素真菌的分离与鉴定

为了确定直立黄芪中是否存在能产生苦马豆素的真菌及该类真菌与链格孢属波状芽管孢组疯草内生真菌的遗传进化关系,对直立黄芪植物组织中的真菌进行了分离,应用ɑ-甘露糖苷酶抑制法和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对分离菌株菌丝中的苦马豆素进行分析,筛选能够产生苦马豆素的菌株。PCR法扩增产苦马豆素真菌的内部转录间隔区(ITS)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GPD)和β-酮脂酰合酶(β-ketoacyl synthase,KS)基因,测定其序列,进行序列一致性比对。基于ITS和GPD序列构建系统发育树,根据遗传进化分析结果和形态特征,对直立黄芪中的产苦马豆素真菌进行种属分类和命名。结果显示:从直立黄芪中共分离到43株真菌,其中有13株菌丝中含有苦马豆素,序列一致性和系统发育分析结果表明,该类真菌与已报道的直立黄芪病原真菌甘肃链格孢(Alternaria gansuense)和产苦马豆素疯草内生真菌(Alternaria Section Undifilum sp.)的亲缘关系最近。直立黄芪中存在能产生苦马豆素的真菌,根据形态特点和遗传进化分析结果,本研究将从直立黄芪中分离的产苦马豆素真菌划分到链格孢属波状芽管孢组中,并命名为甘肃波状芽管孢(Alternaria Section Undifilum gansuense)。     

产纤维素酶菌株的筛选与产酶测定

为了分离筛选获得高产纤维素酶菌株,试验收集堆肥和林场腐殖层土壤样品,经富集培养后接种于不同的鉴别培养基用于分离细菌、放线菌、真菌,利用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)琼脂平板结合革兰氏碘液染色法,通过测定水解圈直径与菌落直径比值(H/C值)初筛纤维素降解菌,通过测定滤纸酶(FPA)和羧甲基纤维素酶(CMC)活性复筛出产纤维素酶能力相对较强的菌株,并测定其酶活性,最后从形态学和分子生物学角度对产酶最高的菌株进行鉴定。结果表明:共筛选出产纤维素酶能力相对较强的细菌6株、放线菌9株、真菌2株;FPA和CMC活性测定显示,分离菌株的FPA活性在5.36~25.86 IU/m L之间,CMC活性在11.56~58.75 IU/m L之间,其中1株真菌的酶活性较高,FPA和CMC活性分别达到25.86 IU/m L、58.75 IU/m L,产酶能力高于在生产中应用的绿色木霉菌,这株真菌鉴定为黑曲霉,该菌可以作为潜在的开发菌种。     

产β-葡萄糖苷酶芽孢杆菌Z-1的筛选、鉴定及其酶学特性研究

试验筛选得到了一株产β-葡萄糖苷酶的枯草芽孢杆菌Z-1。利用七叶苷和柠檬酸高铁铵为底物,通过显色反应,在土壤中初筛得到15株产β-葡萄糖苷酶的菌株,复筛得到5株产酶活性较高的菌株,其中Z-1活性相对最高。对菌株进行生理生化和16S r DNA序列同源性比较分析,鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌。采用DNS法对粗酶液的酶学特性进行了测定。     

堆肥中高温纤维素降解菌的筛选和应用

选用PCS培养基和定期改变传代的方法,从高温堆肥样品中筛选出4组具有较强纤维素分解能力的混合菌群,从菌群的生长特性、纤维素酶活力和滤纸、水稻秸秆的降解能力等方面复筛出一组纤维素分解能力较强而稳定的混合菌群MixF-3。该混合菌群经72h能将滤纸完全崩解,崩解滤纸后的培养液pH值基本稳定在8.5左右。培养温度为55℃或65℃时有利于MixF-3复合菌群产生的纤维素酶活较快地达到最大值;55℃培养96h左右,培养液中最高酶活为91.05U/mL,培养7d对水稻秸秆的降解率为46.5%。将复合菌群MixF-3接种到猪粪和牛粪自然堆肥中,发现其能促进肥料快速升温,48h内超过65℃,加速了原料的快速腐熟,为进一步研究开发堆肥快速腐熟菌剂奠定了基础。     

玉米秸秆降解真菌的筛选及鉴定

为了筛选到高效玉米秸秆降解真菌。实验以树林、稻田、玉米田等地土层下5 cm取得的腐殖质土壤为样品进行富集培养,通过刚果红染色法进行初步筛选,滤纸崩解法复筛,分别以羧甲基纤维素钠和玉米秸秆粉为唯一碳源,经30℃、120 r/min摇床培养72 h测定纤维素酶活性,液态发酵方法考察实际降解能力,通过分子学方法鉴定菌株。获得2株具有较高纤维素酶活和玉米秸秆降解能力的真菌菌株Z_(2-6)和Z_(3-5),液体发酵15 d后,秸秆降解率分别是59.43%和59.13%,通过分子学鉴定都为尖孢镰刀菌。真菌菌株Z_(2-6)和Z_(3-5)是具有较好研究价值的玉米秸秆纤维素降解真菌。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.