低温处理对西番莲扦插苗生长及生理特性的影响

本试验以芭乐黄金果、紫香1号和台农1号西番莲品种扦插苗为试验材料,研究西番莲在低温条件下其植株生长及其体内保护酶活性变化情况,并通过恢复生长试验,测定植株存活率,进一步探明西番莲耐冷机理。试验结果表明,在低温处理下,各参试材料中丙二醛（MDA）和可溶性糖（SS）含量随温度降低而逐渐增加;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性测得值呈下降趋势、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和脯氨酸（Pro）含量测得值呈先增加后减少,在温度为10℃时,测得值均达到最大,在温度低于3℃时,测得值均低于对照;恢复生长试验中,3℃处理后的芭乐黄金果西番莲品种存活率为0,0℃处理后的三个参试品种,存活率均为0。综上所述,西番莲扦插苗受到低温伤害时,其叶片中MDA含量增加,诱导出POD、SOD和CAT保护酶活性,同时体内脯氨酸（Pro）和可溶性糖（SS）含量会逐渐积累增加,从而进一步提高植株抗寒性。     

镧对NaCl胁迫下黑麦草幼苗根系生理特性的影响

采用水培法研究NaCl胁迫下黑麦草幼苗根系活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质含量的变化及La(NO3)3对其变化的影响,结果表明:随着NaCl浓度的增加,黑麦草幼苗根中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧阴离子(O2.-)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量增大,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及抗坏血酸(ASA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量先升后降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和可溶性糖、Na+含量不断提高,K+含量和质膜H+-ATP酶活性持续下降。添加20 mg/L La(NO3)3处理提高了NaCl胁迫下幼苗根中SOD、CAT和H+-ATP酶的活性及ASA、GSH、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和K+的含量,降低了APX活性及O2.-、H2O2、MDA、脯氨酸和Na+的含量,POD活性在低浓度NaCl(50 mmol/L、100 mmol/L)时下降,高浓度(200 mmol/L、300 mmol/L)时升高。表明适宜浓度的La(NO3)3可通过提高盐胁迫下根系清除活性氧和渗透调节的能力,降低植株的膜脂过氧化,从而增强黑麦草的耐盐性。     

不同温度对马蹄金生理生化特性的影响

在不同温度处理下,马蹄金叶片中还原糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均发生明显的变化.结果表明,在温度胁迫下,马蹄金叶片中还原糖含量均增加;可溶性蛋白质含量在低温胁迫下呈下降趋势;MDA含量在-5℃时最大,在其他温度下均低于对照,随温度处理时间的延长MDA含量逐渐增加;SOD、POD和CAT活性在温度胁迫下均下降,但在0℃时SOD和POD活性上升.     

不同温度对马蹄金生理生化特征的影响

在不同温度处理下,马蹄金叶片中还原糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均发生明显的变化。结果表明,在温度胁迫下,马蹄金叶片中还原糖含量均增加;可溶性蛋白质含量在低温胁迫下呈下降趋势;MDA含量在-5℃时最大,在其他温度下均低于对照,随温度处理时间的延长MDA含量逐渐增加;SOD、POD和CAT活性在温度胁迫下均下降,但在0℃时SOD和POD活性上升。     

红三叶新品系生理生化指标对低温的响应机理

为研究红三叶（Trifolium pratense）新品系（R）的耐低温性,本试验以岷山红三叶（CK1）和甘红1号红三叶（CK2）品种为对照,采用人工模拟低温环境的方法对其进行4℃低温胁迫,测定了各参试材料的叶片含水量（Content of leaf water,LWC）,叶绿素含量（Chlorophyll,CHL）,可溶性糖含量（Soluble Sugar,SS）,丙二醛含量（Malondialdehyde,MDA）,以及叶片超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）,过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）活性。结果表明,随着低温胁迫时间延长,3个红三叶材料叶片的LWC和CHL含量逐渐降低,MDA含量和SS含量则逐渐升高,POD,SOD和CAT活性均呈先升高后下降的变化趋势;3个参试材料中,R的LWC和SS含量最低,CHL,MDA含量及叶片SOD,POD和CAT活性最高;从红三叶材料×低温胁迫天数交互作用而言,R的LWC下降幅度较大,CHL含量显著高于CK2（P<0.05）,叶片SOD,POD和CAT活性显著高于2对照材料（P<0.05）。采用隶属函数法对3个红三叶材料的耐低温性综合评价表明,3个红三叶材料耐低温性强弱依次为R > CK1 > CK2。     

泽泻和慈姑叶片对低温胁迫的响应

以泽泻和慈姑叶片为试验材料,研究其在0、-10、-15、-20℃低温胁迫下叶片中可溶性糖(WSC)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及相对电导率等5个生理生化指标的变化。结果表明,在0℃时2个植物的POD和CAT活性显著增加,之后随温度的降低而下降,在-20℃无活性。随着温度的降低,叶片相对电导率、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均有所增加,但增加幅度不同,综合5项指标分析得出,慈姑的抗寒性强于泽泻。     

不同温度对马蹄金草坪生理生化特性的影响

在不同温度处理下，马蹄金叶片中还原糖含量，可溶性蛋白质含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均发生明显的变化。结果表明，在温度胁迫下，马蹄金叶片中还原糖含量均增加；可溶性蛋白质含量在低温胁迫下呈下降趋势；MDA含量在-5℃时最大，在其他温度下均低于对照，随温度处理时间的延长MDA含量逐渐增加；SOD、POD和CAT活性在温度胁迫下均下降，但在0℃时SOD和POD活性上升。     

根瘤菌共生对低温胁迫下紫花苜蓿抗寒生理变化的影响

为研究根瘤菌共生对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)在低温胁迫下抗寒生理指标变化的影响,对低温胁迫下接种和不接种根瘤菌的紫花苜蓿的地上部分及地下部分的相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖等指标进行测定。结果显示:低温胁迫下,根瘤菌共生紫花苜蓿的相对电导率(-6℃,4~6 h)显著低于不接种紫花苜蓿(P < 0.05),且其MDA含量低于不接种紫花苜蓿;根瘤菌共生紫花苜蓿的SOD比活力、CAT活性、POD活性以及脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量均高于不接种根瘤菌紫花苜蓿。根瘤菌共生紫花苜蓿在低温胁迫下具有更强的膜稳定性、活性氧防御以及渗透调节能力,具有更强的抗寒能力。     

羊草苗期抗旱生理研究

在不同强度的干旱胁迫下,对羊草幼苗中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、可溶性蛋白含量和游离脯氨酸含量指标进行测定。结果表明,羊草在干旱胁迫下能够通过增加保护酶活性抵御不良环境,同时羊草在干旱胁迫下具有较强渗透调节能力,抗旱性较强。     

不同根颈直径苜蓿生理生化特性对低温胁迫的响应

为了探究不同颈粗苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）的抗寒性与其根颈中生理生化特性的关系。以‘公农1号’紫花苜蓿为试验材料,对不同颈粗（3.50 mm,5.25 mm,7.00 mm）苜蓿根系进行低温胁迫（4℃,-10℃,-15℃,-20℃）处理,测定了苜蓿根颈活力、非结构碳氮含量和抗氧化酶活性。结果表明：低温胁迫对苜蓿根颈活力、非结构碳氮含量、非结构碳氮比（Cnstructured carbon nitrogen ratio,C/N）及过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）活性均有极显著影响（P<0.01）;随低温胁迫的增加不同颈粗的苜蓿根颈活力均降低,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均呈增加-降低-增加的变化,淀粉含量、C/N和CAT活性均呈先增加后降低的趋势;苜蓿根颈活力大小与根颈中可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、CAT活性及C/N显著相关（P<0.05）。研究认为,根颈直径大的苜蓿抗寒性较强,其通过调控根颈中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量和CAT活性及C/N以适应低温胁迫。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein