桃树病毒病研究现状与防控对策

【导读】近年来,桃树病毒的侵染日益严重,严重影响了桃产业的正常发展。目前．桃树上已经报道的病毒和类病毒病原主要有苹果褪绿叶斑病毒、李属坏死环斑病毒、李痘病毒、李矮缩病毒、樱桃绿环斑驳病毒、杏假褪绿叶斑病毒和李树皮坏死茎纹孔伴随病毒、桃潜隐花叶类病毒和啤酒花矮化类病毒等。     

桑树病毒与病毒病的研究进展(Ⅰ)

桑树病毒病是危害桑树的一类重要病害。简要介绍已发现的10种桑树病毒病的病原分类、分布及部分病毒病危害桑树的典型病征,重点总结了桑坏死病毒病、桑潜隐病毒病、桑环斑病毒病、桑大斑块花叶病毒病等在病原物分离提取和病毒的基本性状、基因组等基础研究,以及病毒的寄主范围、侵染特征和病害诊断与防治方面的研究进展,为桑树病毒病的综合防治提供指导。     

印度猕猴桃感染苹果茎沟病毒的特征

据《Scientia Horticulturae》的一篇研究报道（http：／／dx．doi．org／10．1016／j．scienta．2014．07．008）。来自印度新德里科学创新学院的研究人员描述了印度猕猴桃感染苹果茎沟病毒的特征。在对印度喜马偕尔邦州康格拉区帕拉姆普尔的猕猴桃种植园的调查中,研究人员发现一些植株表现出感染病毒的症状：严重的脉间斑点状阴影、叶片扭曲、环斑病和叶边缘萎黄。     

中美科学家首次发现一种能感染蜜蜂的植物病毒

<正>由中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所李继莲副研究员和美国农业部蜜蜂研究室陈彦平博士等组成的科研团队,最新研究发现了一种感染蜜蜂的植物病毒——烟草环斑病毒(TRSV)。这是首次报道这种植物病毒传染到蜜蜂上,可能有助于解释蜂群衰竭失调(CCD)的原因。相关研究成果于2014年1月21日在线发表在美     

牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病的诊治

牛病毒性腹泻病毒可以感染的动物种类较多,牛、猪、羊、鹿等都可被感染。病牛主要以消化道黏膜发炎、糜烂、坏死和腹泻为特征。1病原体牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)为黄病毒科、瘟病毒属,是单股RNA、有囊膜的病毒。新鲜病料作超薄切片进行负染后,电镜下观察可见病毒颗粒呈球形,     

鸡传染性法氏囊病的病理学研究

人工接种２８日龄非免疫鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）后,对感染鸡的法氏囊、胸腺、脾、盲肠扁桃体、哈德氏腺、肝、肾进行病理组织学检查。感染后４８ｈ,法氏囊淋巴组织最早出现坏死且长久存在。其他淋巴器官的病变出现较迟,程度轻微且恢复较快。ＩＢＤＶ单抗免疫荧光检测,法氏囊及其他淋巴器官中均检测到病毒,接种后１２ｈ法氏囊中即检出病毒,持续时间也最长（攻毒后１２ｄ）,其次是盲肠扁桃体（攻毒后８ｄ）。攻毒１３ｄ以后,上述器官均未检测到病毒。法氏囊粘膜上皮的扫描电镜观察,攻毒后２ｄ,上皮细胞肿胀,微绒毛减少或消失。攻毒后３ｄ,局部上皮细胞坏死、脱落,并向整个粘膜层扩展,攻毒后１０ｄ,上皮层基本修复。     

利用Real-time PCR对外周血白细胞中EIAV前病毒及血浆中病毒RNA含量的测定

利用Real-time PCR和Real-time RT-PCR方法对马传染性贫血病(EIA)驴白细胞弱毒疫苗(DLA-EIAV)、DLA-EIAV感染性分子克隆衍生毒(vOK8226)、强弱毒嵌合病毒(vOKVltr)以及EIA强毒接种马后不同时期外周血白细胞中前病毒含量及血浆中病毒含量进行了监测,结果发现直接攻击强毒的2匹马及1匹接种vOK8226后再用强毒攻击的马血浆中病毒含量快速升高,伴随着明显的临床反应,最后均以死亡结束.其它免疫接种马在攻击强毒后均获得保护,没有发病,马血浆中有低水平病毒存在,攻毒后3个月血浆中检测不到病毒,说明感染马体内病毒的大量增殖与疾病的进程有着直接的关系.而外周血白细胞中前病毒的含量在各试验马各时期均能检测到,说明EIAV以前病毒的形式潜伏在感染马体内,疫苗的免疫只能控制发病,而不能清除感染的病毒.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒人工感染蛋鸡的组织病理学研究

本研究用H9N2亚型禽流感病毒人工感染蛋鸡,对感染蛋鸡的组织病理学进行了观察,结果发现接毒后第3d,主要病理变化为全身各组织的广泛性充血、出血以及肝脏、肾脏的变性、坏死;肝、肾组织的Mann亚甲蓝伊红染色发现肝细胞、肾小管上皮细胞胞浆内有嗜酸性包涵体;红细胞凝集抑制试验(HI试验)检查结果表明鸡接毒3 d后,HI抗体开始呈上升趋势.     

猪圆环病毒2型ORF3蛋白的表达及抗原性鉴定

为研究猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)ORF3蛋白的免疫活性,对其进行了表达及初步鉴定。根据NCBI上PCV-2ORF3的基因序列(FR823451)设计特异性引物,扩增后将其插入pET28a表达载体构建了重组表达质粒pET-PCV-2-ORF3,转化E.coli BL21(DE3)诱导表达后用SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹进行了鉴定。随后又用圆环病毒野毒感染猪和重组ORF2免疫小鼠的阳性血清对表达蛋白的免疫原性进行了检测。结果表明,构建成功的pET-PCV-2-ORF3表达菌被诱导后能大量表达PCV-2 ORF3蛋白。ORF3表达蛋白能与圆环病毒野毒感染猪的阳性血清发生特异性反应,与重组疫苗免疫鼠的阳性血清不能发生反应,表明ORF3蛋白具有很好的免疫原性和反应原性,有望作为圆环病毒野毒感染检测的靶抗原。     

番鸭呼肠孤病毒强弱毒株对番鸭免疫器官形态学的影响

本文探讨番鸭呼肠孤病毒强弱毒株对番鸭免疫器官超微结构的影响。强毒株感染番鸭显微结构变化表现为:各器官不同程度变性、细胞溶解坏死及血管扩张充血,病灶区及血管周围淋巴单核细胞明显浸润;免疫器官脾、胸腺和法氏囊淋巴细胞变性坏死,数量明显减少。脾脏淋巴细胞坏死,数量减少,网状结缔组织显露。而弱毒疫苗株接种后番鸭胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏组织学形态与健康对照鸭一致,均未发现在显微结构上的损伤。表明番鸭呼肠孤病毒强毒严重损伤免疫器官,而弱毒不仅失去对雏番鸭的致病性,而且也失去了损伤免疫器官和免疫抑制能力。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒对樱桃谷肉鸭的致病性

为了研究H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）对樱桃谷肉鸭的致病性。本试验利用1株鸭源H9N2亚型AIV分别通过静脉注射和鼻内接种途径感染2周龄健康樱桃谷肉鸭,观察感染鸭的症状、排毒规律及组织学变化,流式细胞术分析外周血CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞变化规律,实时荧光定量（RT-qPCR）检测脾脏中细胞因子的表达水平,并测定血清HI抗体效价。结果显示,攻毒后,静脉注射组鸭出现体质量增长显著缓慢、呼吸道症状以及全身性感染,而鼻内接种组鸭无明显临床症状,仅发生局部感染;两攻毒组鸭泄殖腔较气管排毒量高且排毒时间长;外周血CD8^＋T细胞显著升高,并且脾脏IFNA、IFNB、IFNG和IL2表达水平上调,IL1B和IL6表达水平仅在静脉注射组上调;血清HI抗体水平低且维持时间短。结果表明,在实验室条件下,H9N2亚型AIV对樱桃谷肉鸭致病力较弱,仅静脉接种组引起鸭体质量增长缓慢及呼吸系统出血、淋巴细胞浸润。     

J亚群禽白血病病毒与禽网状内皮增生症病毒共感染对肉鸡生长和免疫功能的抑制作用

1日龄网鸡感染J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)以及共感染禽网状内皮增生症病毒(REV)后,肉鸡生长发育明显受阻,体重增重明显下降(P＜0.05),法氏囊、胸腺明显萎缩(P＜0.05),在用新城疫疫苗免疫后,感染组血清中新城疫抗体效价显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);在ALV-J和REV共感染后,这种抑制作用更为明显(P＜0.01).ALV J单独感染后,鸡对传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)弱毒疫苗免疫后的抗体反应与对照组没有明显差别,但ALV-J与REV的共感染可明显延缓鸡对IBDV弱毒疫苗免疫的抗体反应.     

鸭源流感病毒感染对鸡和家鸭红细胞免疫功能的影响

采用商品来航鸡、樱桃谷鸭分别接种鸭源流感病毒株Ａ／ｄｕｃｋ／Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ／２１／９５（Ｈ９Ｈ？），研究了禽流感病毒（ＡＩＶ）感染对红细胞免疫功能的影响。结果发现，流感发生与红细胞ＣＲ１花环率之间存在着反向关系；正常鸭的红细胞ＣＲ１花环率极显高于正常鸡的红细胞ＣＲ１花环率，即使接种ＡＩＶ后，鸭红细胞ＣＲ１花环率有所下降，但也显著高于正常鸡的红细胞ＣＲ１花环率，这些结果表明，鸭的红细胞免疫功能在一定     

Detection of African malignant catarrhal fever virus antigens in cell cultures by immunofluorescence

A fluorescent antibody (FA) test for antigens of African bovine wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever virus was developed. Serum from one of the few survivors of the experimental disease in steers was used to prepare the conjugate. Both a virulent and an attenuated strain of malignant catarrhal fever virus were used to infect bovine thyroid cell cultures. Cells infected with both strains were readily detected by FA staining as early as 24 h post infection, whereas cytopathic effect could be observed by bright-field microscopy only after days 5 or 6 post infection. Controls consisting of normal bovine thyroid cells or infected cells treated with conjugated normal globulins did not show autofluorescence. The reaction was blocked by treatment of infected cells with homologous positive antisera but not by treatment with normal bovine serum or antisera to foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, bovine virus diarrhea, Ibaraki, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, or bovine herpes mammilitis viruses. Treated with African malgnant catarrhal fever virus conjugate did not react.     

Transmission of Aleutian disease from mink with inapparent infections.

In apparent or nonprogressive Aleutian disease virus infection was considered a subclinical but persistent viral infection in which infected mink did not develop tissue lesions, hypergammaglobulinemia, or high antibody titers. Transmission of Aleutian disease virus from mink with this type of infection was measured. Mink with inapparent Aleutian disease appeared healthy and had normal gamma-globulin values, but were capable of transmitting the disease by direct and indirect horizontal contact. The risk of direct or indirect horizontal transmission from mink with inapparent infection was less than from mink with progressive Aleutian disease. Infection also was directly transmitted from the dam to the kits, but again the risk of infection from dams with inapparent infection was less than from dams with progressive Aleutian disease. Mink infected from their dams before weaning developed the disease more slowly than mink which became infected after weaning.     

鸭坦布苏病毒江苏XZ株的分离和鉴定

从江苏徐州地区分离到的以引起樱桃谷鸭产蛋下降和死亡为特征的1株病毒,命名为XZ株。对该病毒进行电镜观察、血凝试验、ELD₅₀测定、RT-PCR扩增特异性目的基因、序列比对分析和动物回归试验。结果显示,分离毒株能致死鸭胚和鸡胚,电镜下观察到球形病毒粒子,不具有血凝性,对病料和接毒鸭胚尿囊液进行RT-PCR,均可扩增出基因片段,其核苷酸序列与坦布苏病毒奉贤株的相似性最高,为98.7%,与其他坦布苏病毒的毒株也具较高同源性,为86%~98%。用鸭胚分离毒株接种健康产蛋鸭,能复制出同样的疾病。结果表明分离病毒为鸭黄病毒属的坦布苏病毒。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒潜伏感染检测方法研究进展

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂犬病病毒引起的 ,是以仔猪的发病死亡和怀孕母猪繁殖障碍为特征的猪病 ,是危害养猪业的重要疫病之一。该病在世界上分布广泛 ,并有不断蔓延扩大的趋势。任何年龄的猪在耐过伪狂犬病病毒急性感染后均能形成潜伏感染 ,并可在体内终生潜伏 ,且不表现临床症状 ,在一定条件下 ,潜伏状态的病毒能被激活 ,引起复发性感染并向外散毒。这种伪狂犬病病毒潜伏 -激活循环机制决定了伪狂犬病病毒在猪群中的永远存在。猪一旦感染必须视为伪狂犬病病毒散播的潜在来源。因而对潜伏感染猪的剔除对于根除伪狂犬病病毒感染具有重要意义。国内外对潜伏感染的检测方法主要有鉴别血清学诊断、潜伏病毒的激活与检测、组织块培养技术、核酸探针技术以及PCR技术。本文主要综述了这几种方法的研究情况 ,并比较了其优缺点     

Sites of release of airborne foot-and-mouth disease virus from infected pigs

Pigs infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus by different routes of exposure were air-sampled individually, first as 'intact' (I-) pigs and then as 'intubated' (T-) pigs, using an endotracheal tube. Irrespective of the route of infection it was found that during the early stages of disease more virus was recovered from I-pigs than from T-pigs. Most of the virus from I-pigs during incubation and early disease was associated with large and medium sized particles. T-pigs infected by direct or indirect contact excreted a range of particle sizes at this time but T-pigs infected by inoculation only excreted small particles. During advanced disease all sizes of particle were excreted by I- and T-pigs. Greater amount of airborne virus were recovered at this time from I-pigs than T-pigs infected by indirect contact but I-pigs infected by intravenous or intradermal inoculation excreted less infectivity than T-pigs. The results show that the respiratory tract is involved during the early stages of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs infected by either natural or experimental routes of exposure and suggest that upper respiratory infection precedes lower.     

Immunopathology of Marek's disease in quails: presence of antinuclear antibody and immune complex.

Antinuclear antibody (ANA), a marker for autoimmune reactions, was detected in the sera of quails with Marek's disease (MD). The autoantibody was detected 3 weeks after infection in quails infected with chicken Marek's disease virus and 4 weeks after infection in quails infected with quail Marek's disease virus. The ANA titers were low and ranged from 10 to 40. A speckled type of nuclear fluorescence was the characteristic staining feature. In addition to the presence of ANA, immune complexes (IC) were also detected in the kidney glomeruli of quail infected with Marek's disease virus. Initially about 25-30% of the glomeruli in the kidneys of infected quails had IC deposits. In subsequent periods, the amount of IC deposit and the number of glomeruli showing IC also increased considerably. The findings of the present study suggested autoimmunity may play a pathogenic role in MD.     

苜蓿不同品种AMV和WCMV带毒检测及生理生化特性研究

为明确甘肃省大面积种植的苜蓿品种苜蓿花叶病毒（AMV）和白三叶草花叶病毒（WCMV）带毒情况及这两种病毒侵染后对苜蓿生理生化特性的影响。利用双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附分析法（DAS-ELISA）和生理生化方法分别对种植于实验室30 d苗龄的12个苜蓿品种进行了带病毒检测及携带不同病毒的苜蓿叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量、防御酶活性的测定。结果表明12个苜蓿品种可分为不携带病毒、携带病毒AMV、携带病毒WCMV、携带病毒AMV和WCMV，病毒检出率为66.7%，其中AMV检出率为50.0%、WCMV检出率为41.7%、AMV和WCMV复合侵染率为25.0%。方差分析表明，两种病毒复合侵染、AMV、WCMV单独侵染与不带病毒（CK）相比，苜蓿叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量均显著降低，而3种防御酶过氧化物酶 （POD）、多酚氧化酶 （PPO）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶 （PAL）的活性均显著升高，且两种病毒复合侵染的苜蓿叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量均低于两种病毒单独侵染；而POD、PPO、PAL均高于两种病毒单独侵染。结果表明AMV、WCMV侵染不同品种苜蓿对其生理生化活性有较大的影响。