怎样提高核桃的坐果率

兼答山西读者王大鸣1合理配置授粉树核桃雌、雄花期不同,建园时必须合理配置授粉树。应将雌、雄花同时开放的品种进行混栽。核桃花是风媒花,但其花粉飞翔力弱,定植时应考虑授粉树的距离,授粉品种与主栽品种的距离宜近不宜远。2人工辅助授粉核桃花粉寿命短,一般只有2～3d(天),另外花粉发芽率也很低,萌芽率不足5%,对核桃受精很不利,因此核桃最好进行人工辅助授粉。人工授粉应于盛花初期晴朗无风的天气进行,授粉时应注意柱头的发育程度,从柱头露出至尚未完全向后弯曲时为授粉最佳期。授粉时间应选择上午9时至下午4时,人工辅助授粉可使核桃的坐…     

人工制取花粉及液体喷粉在梨树上的应用

梨多数品种白花授粉结实率极低，有的甚至不结实，必须配置授粉树或进行人工授粉才能提高坐果率。近年来人工点花授粉得到较多应用，但人工制取花粉存在一些问题，人工点花授粉费工、费时，易疏漏，易碰掉花朵。针对这些问题，现将人工制取花粉和液体喷雾授粉技术介绍如下。     

梨授粉管理技术

1　对梨实施人工辅助授粉的必要性( 1 )梨的绝大多数品种自花不实 ,或自花结实率极低。这就是建园时配植授粉品种的根本原因。( 2 )由于花粉是借助微风和蜂虫作媒介传授的 ,当花期遇大风、干热风沙、阴雨、高温、低温、霜冻等不良天气时 ,影响蜜蜂等昆虫的活动 ,或高温使柱头干褐 ,或低温冻死花器 ,都会使授粉不良 ,降低着果率 ,或造成有花不实的局面。( 3 )梨的花粉细胞是当年初春才开始形成的 ,若上一年是大年的或秋季管理差的梨园 ,由于贮存养分不足 ,致使花粉发育不良或败育。即使栽有授粉品种 ,也会出现自然授粉差 ,着果率低的现象。( …     

核桃雌花状态和不同授粉方式对花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响

【目的】从核桃生殖生物学角度出发,研究雌花状态和不同授粉方式对新疆早实核桃花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响,旨在了解核桃授粉受精过程的基本规律,以期为提高核桃坐果率及果实品质提供科学依据,对于核桃品种选育、品种改良以及生殖隔离研究等均具有重要意义。【方法】以乌什县主栽核桃品种‘新新2号’(Juglans regia‘Xinxin 2’)为试材,运用荧光显微技术研究核桃雌花状态附着花粉的能力和不同授粉方式(自然授粉、人工辅助自花授粉、人工辅助异花授粉)下花粉粒在柱头上的萌发及花柱中花粉管的生长状况。【结果】(1)各时期雌花柱头附着花粉数量之间存在极显著差异(P<0.01),显花期和始花期柱头不具备附着花粉的能力,V字期柱头附着花粉的数量明显低于小八字期、大八期字和翻卷期。小八字期和翻卷期的花粉附着力之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但花粉萌发率之间存在较大差异。(2)核桃不同授粉方式下,花粉在柱头上的萌发时间格局、花粉管生长延伸完成受精的时间格局存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。花粉在柱头上8~36 h完成萌发,其中人工辅助异花授粉所需时间最短(8 h),自然授粉所需时间最长(36h)。授粉后36 h,各授粉方式之间花粉萌发率差异不显著(P>0.05)。核桃花粉从萌发到完成受精至少需要10 d,其中人工辅助异花授粉所需时间最短。在授粉受精过程中,花粉管从柱头穿过引导组织所需时间最长,为76~108 h。授粉后240 h,人工辅助异花授粉花粉管长度占花柱长度的比例极显著高于人工辅助自花授粉(P<0.01),与自然授粉之间差异显著(P<0.05)。【结论】核桃大八字期柱头的花粉附着力最强,且可授性最强,为核桃最佳授粉期。人工辅助异花授粉比自然授粉、人工辅助自花授粉先形成受精核。     

不同授粉方式提高“金煌1号”芒着果率的试验

以"紫花芒"花粉为材料,应用人工点授粉、人工喷雾授粉和人工花对花自花对"金煌1号"芒辅助授粉,着果率分别比自花授粉增加了11.1、13.3、9.9个百分点。因此,生产上建议采用"紫花芒"花粉人工喷雾这一经济便捷的授粉方式。     

猕猴桃人工辅助授粉技术

<正>猕猴桃为雌雄异株植物,人工辅助授粉对提高坐果率和优果率效果非常明显。1)花粉采集。选择比雌树品种花期略早、花粉量大、与雌树品种亲合力强、花粉萌芽率高、花期长的雄株,授粉前2~3天采摘含苞待放的铃铛状雄花。将采摘的雄花去掉花瓣,用牙刷、镊子、剪刀等取出花药,平摊于光滑的纸上,在25~28℃下放20~24小时,使花     

梨树不结果或结果少的原因及对策

经调查 ,我区部分梨园产量低 ,效益欠佳 ,产生的原因较复杂 ,从技术角度看 ,主要有以下几点 :1　品种搭配不当 ,授粉受精不良梨为异花授粉品种 ,大多数品种自花不育 ,为使其正常受精结实 ,必须对主栽品种配植授粉树 ,借助昆虫传粉 ,促进受精结实。如果授粉品种配置不当或数量不足时 ,也不能正常受精结实。花期遇低温、阴雨、大风天气影响传粉昆虫活动时 ,也会因受精困难而造成低产。选择授粉品种原则 :能适应当地条件的优质丰产品种 ;与主栽品种花期一致且不是同一父本 ;花量及花粉量大 ,花粉发芽率高 ,结实率好。一般配置数量以 3∶1或 2∶…     

提高桔梗自花授粉结实率方法的研究

采用人工保存的花粉进行自、异花授粉,调查和测定结实粒数和种子千粒质量,探讨提高桔梗自花授粉结实率的方法.结果表明:自然干燥1 d后密封、4℃冰箱中保存5 d的花粉53.2%仍有活力;用人工保存的花粉进行自花授粉,结实率和种子千粒质量可以达到异花授粉及天然授粉的水平.     

提高甜樱桃坐果率的技术

<正>绝大多数甜樱桃品种都有花粉,但自花不实或自花结实率极低,必须配置相应的授粉树。据观察,甜樱桃不同品种组合花粉亲和率一般为30%左右,最高的70%。提高甜樱桃坐果率的技术措施如下。(1)合理配置授粉树主栽品种与授粉品种花期相遇并能互相授粉等。一般主栽品种与授粉品种的比例为3∶2,授粉品种3～4个,行株距4 m×3 m。目     

肥城桃授粉特异性调查研究初报

以红里肥城桃、白里肥城桃为受粉母本,用与肥城桃混栽的6个品种作为授粉父本进行授粉试验,连续3年调查其坐果率,研究肥城桃与不同品种花粉授粉的特异性(亲和性)。结果表明:红里肥城桃可自花授粉结实,授白里肥城桃花粉亦可结实;白里肥城桃可自花授粉结实,授红里肥城桃花粉亦可结实;红里肥城桃、白里肥城桃用其他品种授粉均不结实。研究表明肥城桃群体存在授粉特异性,人工辅助授粉可有效提高坐果率。     

Effective pollination period in durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) and the factors regulating it

The effective pollination period (EPP) of durian was determined by both delayed and bud pollination, during which reproductive factors affecting the EPP, e.g., stigma receptivity, pollen tube growth in the style, and ovule longevity were studied histologically. This study was conducted in three distinct locations in Thailand, namely, the Chantaburi Horticultural Research Center and two private orchards in Chantaburi and Trat provinces. Results from artificial pollination revealed that at anthesis, the durian flower is receptive and has a high fruit set ratio. A mean fruit set of 50% was obtained at anthesis in the private orchard in Chantaburi province. However, the EPP of durian was found to be very short, lasting for only one night; the fruit set from pollination on the morning after anthesis ranged from 0% to 3.4%. No fruit set occurred following pollination 24 or more hours after anthesis. When compared with the flowers of other fruit species, the durian flower has a unique feature in that it blooms overnight; the following morning, there is abscission of all parts of the flower, except the gynoecium. Thus, EPP appears to be synchronized with flower longevity. On the other hand, the durian flower was receptive several hours before anthesis. The results of chemical tests, including the hydrogen peroxide test and Perex-Test^®, for the evaluation of stigma receptivity appeared to be in agreement with the EPP. However, fluorescent microscopy revealed that pollen could germinate even in the stigmas pollinated 48 h after anthesis, but the number of pollen tubes at the top of the style rapidly decreased from 34.6 (at anthesis) to 0.5 (48 h after anthesis). A correlation test demonstrated a higher correlation coefficient between the fruit set and the number of pollen than that between the fruit set and the result of Perex-Test^®. This indicated that pollen tube penetration or elongation in the style was inhibited, probably due to the deterioration of nutritional support from the pistil to the pollen tubes; this can be a limiting factor of the EPP in durian.     

不同花粉配比对‘金艳’猕猴桃坐果率和果实品质的影响

以‘金艳’猕猴桃为试材,在其盛花期将花粉与石松子粉以1∶2、1∶3、1∶4、1∶5、1∶6的不同质量配比对其进行授粉,同时于采收后对果实的横纵径、果形指数、单果质量、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、抗坏血酸含量以及叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量等生理指标进行测定,探讨不同质量配比的花粉对猕猴桃坐果率和果实品质的影响,以期为猕猴桃生产中的授粉应用提供参考依据。结果表明:花粉与石松子粉以1∶2、1∶3、1∶4质量配比授粉时,‘金艳’猕猴桃均有较高的坐果率,可达90%及以上,且果实品质较好。综合各方面指标,并在节约生产成本的条件下,花粉与石松子粉的质量配比1∶4最佳。     

Pollinator selection in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)

SUMMARY

Pollinator performance was evaluated in kiwifruit to select pollinators for cv. Hayward adapted to the cultural conditions of southern Europe. Flowering time was determined in forty male seedlings. From, these, nine were selected for having a flowering period overlapping with ‘Hayward’. In these nine males, as well as in the commercial pollinators‘Matua’ and Tomuri’, the production of pollen was studied over two years, investigating pollen quantity through flower density and pollen production per flower. Likewise, in vitro pollen viability and its in vitro germination were recorded to study pollen quality. Finally, in vivo pollen performance was studied through fruit set and fruit characteristics in controlled hand pollinations. Two males have been selected with a flowering period coincident with ‘Hayward’, which produce more than twice as much germinable pollen than commercial pollinators. Whilst there were no significant differences in pollen quality or in fruit production, clear differences existed for pollen quantity in terms of both flower density and pollen production per flower. As pollen quantity, together with flowering time, can be easily evaluated at an early stage, this is encouraging for future selection ofkiwifruit pollinators.     

Hand and Machine Pollination of Kiwifruit

ABSTRACT

Two artificial pollination field trials were carried out in Central Chile (32°S. Lat.) during the 1999-2000 season with ‘Hay-ward’ kiwifruit plants (Actinidia deliciosa (Chev.) Liang et Ferguson). The treatments for both trials used pollen collected from ‘Matua’ and included: flower to flower hand pollination; hand pollination using a velvet pad attached to a handle; and mechanical pollination using a portable pollen (1:1, pollen: licopodium) dusting machine; and a control treatment without artificial pollination. Trial 1 did not include bee hives as did Trial 2. In Trial 2, half of the selected shoots in each plant were isolated from bee pollination by means of a light fabric bag. A block design with 5 replications of one plant each was used in Trial 1, while in Trial 2 a fully random split plot (with and without isolation) with 5 replications was used. In both trials, flower to flower and pad pollination increased fruit set, fruit size, seeds and fertilized locules per fruit. Mechanical pollination also increased these variables but to a lesser degree. In the split plot design carried out in the Trial 2, even though there was an interaction between isolation and pollination treatment, the supplementary bee pollination tended to increase fruit size, seeds and fertilized locules per fruit.     

Flower emasculation accelerates ovule degeneration and reduces fruit set in sweet cherry

Flower emasculation is commonly used to make flowers unattractive to pollinating insects and to carry out controlled pollinations. In sweet cherry, we have observed recurrent low fruit set after flower emasculation and compatible pollination without apparent causes. This led us to evaluate its effect on the progress of the reproductive phase and on fruit set in this species. Flower emasculation reduced by more than a half the fruit set obtained in crosses made during two consecutive years. This effect could be traced back to the first week after anthesis where weight increase of pistils from emasculated flowers was smaller and ovule degeneration was accelerated compared to pistils from non-emasculated flowers. Pollen tubes, which behaved similarly at the stigma-style level in emasculated and non-emasculated flowers, lost their directionality in the area close to the degenerated ovule in the ovary. While flower emasculation is valid to evaluate pollen tube performance in the style and to determine incompatibility relationships, the lower fruit set registered after emasculation alerts on its use in fruit set experiments and breeding programs.     

不同气候条件下授粉方式对甜瓜果实形态及品质的影响

比较了蜜蜂授粉、人工授粉、蜜蜂授粉+CPPU(氯吡脲)喷花、CPPU喷花对秋冬茬、冬春茬甜瓜果实形态及品质的影响。试验结果表明,在秋冬茬,CPPU喷花对甜瓜果实形态影响最好,提高了果实纵径、横径、内腔宽、肉厚、硬度和单果质量;在冬春茬,蜜蜂授粉+CPPU喷花对甜瓜果实形态影响最好;无论在秋冬茬还是在冬春茬,蜜蜂授粉对甜瓜果实的品质影响最好,提高了可滴定酸和边糖含量,且果实风味最好。     

彩椒保花保果剂配方及其应用效果

为了提高彩椒坐果率和降低畸形果率,以彩椒品种世季红为试材,研究3种配方保花保果剂对彩椒产量、坐果数和商品果率的影响,并在低温弱光照、亚适温弱光照和高温条件下比较最优配方在朝天椒、线椒和牛角椒上的应用效果。结果表明,喷施配方P_2(A液:复硝酚钠0.03 g·m L~(-1),B液:赤霉素0.10 g·m L~(-1)、2,4-D钠盐0.01 g·m L~(-1)、萘乙酸钠盐0.10g·m L~(-1))对彩椒保花保果效果最佳,小区产量、坐果数均显著高于对照,且商品果率和单果质量与对照无显著差异。在逆境条件下不同类型辣椒喷施配方P_2后,小区产量和坐果数均显著提高,商品果率和单果质量与对照无显著差异。综上,配方P_2能解决甜(辣)椒畸形果率与坐果率的矛盾且稳定性好,不同类型辣椒品种在不同逆境下均可应用配方P_2进行保花保果。     

高温对黄瓜生殖生长及产量形成的影响

黄瓜不同品系的耐热方式存在多样性。与不耐热品系新泰密刺相比 ,高温下品系EP 6通过较高的雌花节率和较强的单性结果能力耐热 ;品系XC 1通过较多的总生长节位和较高的雄蕊及花粉活力耐热 ;品系NY 1则在上述产量形成的诸因子中均有一定优势。在播种后 10～ 50d内 ,黄瓜遭遇高温的苗龄越小 ,产量下降就越多。高温减少黄瓜雌花的效应具有后作效果。     

Physiological Breakdown in Stored Monarch Plums

Summary

Several pollination studies carried out on different, self-incompatible almond cultivars and seedlings have shown the presence of variable levels of fruit set following self-pollination that could be attributed to partial self-incompatibility (PSI). PSI is an intermediate reproductive behaviour, described in some angiosperm species, which indicates that self-incompatibility is a quantitative and plastic trait. The present study was performed to substantiate the occurrence of PSI in almond by studying ten cultivars that are traditionally considered to be self-incompatible (four of which had previously shown fruit set after self-pollination). These cultivars were analysed by microscopic observations of the progression of pollen tubes through the pistil following controlled self-pollination, determinations of fruit set after bagging flower buds, and molecular identification of the parentage of the fruits obtained using consensus PCR-primers for Prunus S-RNase alleles. The results showed that, in nearly all cases, the pollen tubes did not enter the ovary and, from a total of 5,349 bagged flower buds, only 17 fruits were obtained. In all cases, PCR analysis of the plants obtained after germination of these seeds showed a band corresponding to an S-RNase allele not present in the maternal progenitor, clearly indicating that they could only have arisen from cross-pollination.Therefore, the low fruit set values observed in some of the cultivars studied were not due to a breakdown in the self-incompatibility response that confers PSI, but to very low rates of contamination with foreign pollen. These results corroborate the self-incompatibility phenotype of the cultivars studied here, and highlight the importance of ascertaining the identity of the parentage in any progeny obtained after bagging.     

苦瓜的开花习性及影响其花粉萌发率的因素

对苦瓜的开花习性、花粉萌发及贮藏适宜条件进行了研究。结果表明,苦瓜雌花开放时间从２∶００至６∶００,雄花开放时间从２∶００至７∶００;１０％蔗糖添加０．０１％硼酸的液体培养基对苦瓜成熟花粉的萌发最适宜;在０℃温度下,苦瓜花粉可贮藏３６小时;但在４０℃温度下,贮藏４小时后,苦瓜花粉萌发率就降至１８．４％;一天中（从５∶００至１７∶００）植株上已开放的苦瓜花的花粉萌发率均高于８０％,９∶００为最高。