4个红椿地理种源生长差异分析

红椿是中国珍贵乡土速生用材树种。为了研究红椿不同种源在武汉地区的适应性和生长差异,对4个红椿地理种源苗期、6 a生幼林树叶片及其生长量性状进行了观测与分析。结果表明,同一种源红椿叶片的复叶长、复叶宽、小叶长、小叶宽、小叶数这5个指标性状,6 a生幼林树的观测值皆大于苗期的观测值。苗期时不同种源间复叶长、复叶宽、小叶长、小叶宽、小叶数、复叶长宽比、小叶长宽比这7个叶片性状皆存在极显著差异;除小叶长外,红椿6 a生幼林树不同种源其他性状指标之间存在显著或极显著差异;不同种源间不同林龄红椿生长量指标之间也均存在极显著差异,且随着林龄的增加红椿不同种源生长量之间差异也随之增大。4个种源6 a生红椿生长量排序为福建来舟（LZ）>福建武夷山（WY）>江西井冈山（GS）>江西官山（JG）。相关性分析结果表明,苗期的叶片性状间相关显著性较高,6 a生幼林树的叶片性状间除极个别性状表现出显著相关外,大部分性状间相关不显著。     

Morphological variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Balanites aegyptiaca</Emphasis> fruits and seeds within and among parkland agroforests in eastern Niger

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile. is one of the priority indigenous fruit trees for rural communities in the West African Sahel. As part of a participatory tree domestication program in Niger, phenotypic variation in fruit and seed morphology was assessed in four natural populations in eastern Niger. Measured variables were weight of the fruit, seed coat and kernel; length and width of the fruit and seed (25 trees per population, 30 fruits per tree). Derived variables were the tree’s coefficient of variation (CVs) for each measured variable, and two sets of factor scores from principal components analysis of tree means and CVs. ANOVA indicated significant variation in all measured variables due to trees nested in populations. ANOVA and simple linear regression indicated significant geographic variation in some variables: the drier parts of the sample region tended to have heavier fruits and kernels, longer/narrower seeds, and lower within-tree variability in fruit and seed width. Length and width were strongly correlated between fruits and seeds, fruit weight was moderately correlated with seed dimensions, and CVs of fruit weight and width were moderately correlated with the CV of seed width. Some hypotheses for the geographic variation are presented, and some practical implications of the correlations for tree domestication programs are discussed.     

Early growth differentiation among Prosopis flexuosa D.C. provenances from the Monte phytogeographic province,Argentina

Early-growth differentiation among seven provenances of Prosopis flexuosa (algarrobo dulce) from the Monte phytogeographic province, Argentina, was studied by comparing their height growth; whole-seedling dry mass gain; allocation to root, stem and leaves; leaf number and leaf area in a common garden. Differentiation among provenances was detected for all the seedling characters examined except leaf number. Family variation within provenances was significant for height growth and leaf number. Variation on the provenance level was related to the elevation, geographic location, and some abiotic conditions of the seed source such as mean annual temperature and frost free period. Latitudinal clines were evident for almost all the growth traits. They were more pronounced for height and aboveground mass, and moderate for total plant mass and leaf area per plant. In addition, a good correspondence in growth traits between young seedlings and older trees of this species (studied by others authors) was also assessed. This fact would permit an early selection and genetic advances in the short term in breeding programs.     

Correlations and clines in tree growth and wood density of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Balanites aegyptiaca</Emphasis> (L.) Delile provenances in Niger

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile provides wood and other essential products for farming and pastoralist communities in the West African Sahel. In this region, mean annual rainfall decreases in general from south to north and from west to east, so one might expect clinal variation in fitness-related traits in relation to the rainfall gradients. This paper presents results from a provenance/progeny test of 11 provenances sampled in Niger and established at one relatively dry site in Niger. The objectives were to evaluate phenotypic correlations (Pearson r) between tree growth (height, stem diameter) and basic density of the wood, and clines in growth and density at 13 years. Tree growth and wood density were positively correlated, and the correlations differed among provenances. Mean tree height and stem diameter of provenances increased, in general, from the more humid to the drier parts of the sample region. Results suggest that selection of faster-growing trees could lead to an increase in wood volume and density in the subsequent generation, especially in certain provenances; that provenances from drier areas are better adapted to drought; and that tree improvement and conservation programs should collect seeds from populations in the drier areas for planting and conservation.     

Genetic variation in seed and seedling traits in 12 African provenances of Faidherbia albida (del.) A. Chev. at Lodwar, Kenya

The extent of genetic variation in seed length, width, thickness, weight and germination percentage and seedling traits among and within 12 African provenances of Faidherbia albida was examined. The regional provenances showed a consistent variation in seed length, seed width and seed weight: the southern African provenances had the largest seeds and west African provenances the smallest. Seedling height, stem collar diameter and true leaf number differed (P = 0.05) among the provenances 90 days after germination. The seedlings from west Africa were shorter, had smaller stem collar diameter and fewer leaves. In contrast, the southern and east African provenances had taller seedlings with bigger seedling diameter and more leaves per seedling. Seedling traits did not show clear-cut divisions between southern and east African provenances, but the west African provenances formed a distinct group. Positive correlations were found in some of the seed characteristics and seedling height among provenances, which could be an important criterion for early provenance selection. Greater variation was observed for seed and seedling traits among than within provenances suggesting that selection among provenances might result in rapid genetic gain for the traits studied. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Relationships between climate at origin and seedling traits in eight Panafrican provenances of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitellaria paradoxa</Emphasis> C.F. Gaertn. under imposed drought stress

The morphological responses of seedlings of eight African provenances of Vitellaria paradoxa (Shea tree or Karité) to imposed draught stress were compared under nursery experimental conditions. The potted seedlings were subjected to three different watering regimes (87 days after sowing): no water stress (100% of the field capacity, C), moderate water stress (75% of C) and severe water stress (50% of C). Before the application of the stress, we observed genotypical differences in the morphological variables at the scale of leaves and of above-ground parts. The six-month water stress affected aerial growth: all provenances responded to drought by down-regulating growth (in height and in diameter), leaf number and area. Katawki provenance of Uganda performed relatively poorly, possibly of it being a nilotica subspecies, contrary to the others (paradoxa subspecies). There was a lack of correlation between climate of seeds origin, seed characteristics, seeds germination and survival rate of seedlings. The study confirmed the importance of leaf area in the vigor of the initial growth in this species. Thus, Tamale and Karaba provenances performed better than other West African provenances due to their larger leaf area, which was found to be a determining factor of relative growth in height at the seedling stage.     

不同种源火炬松和湿地松木材基本密度和管胞长度的变异

对1984年种植在广西和浙江的22个种源的火炬松及在浙江的8个种源的湿地松的木材密度和管胞长度进行了测定和分析。结果表明,两个树种的木材密度和管胞长度在种源间和种源内单株间均表现出显著差异,但株间差异较种源间差异显著得多。不同地区火炬松的差异较之同一地区不同种源间的差异更为显著。种源、地区的交互作用对火炬松的木材密度和管胞长度都表现出显著影响,种源和单株的交互作用对两个树种的木材密度也有显著影响。两个树种的木材材性与年轮宽度之间没有显著的相关关系。与马尾松和早期引种的火炬松、湿地松比较表明,用新引进的材料可选育出木材材质更为优良的品种。     

Phenotypic variation in thirteen native provenances of Lespedeza bicolor Turcz

Lespedeza bicolor Turcz is a native shrub in the temperate region of China. Thirteen provenances of L. bicolor were inves-tigated in our study. Morphological diversity among and within provenances were analyzed based on 19 phenotypic traits, including seven vegetative growth characteristics, nine floral traits and three pod characteristics. The coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 6.4% to 65.4% and the phenotypic differentiation coefficient from 43.3% to 97.3%. Analyses of variance showed that there were extremely significant variations among and within provenances in pod length. Differences in plant height, inter-nodal length, number of branches, leaf width, leaf length and leaf area were not remarkable among provenance, but distinct within provenances. Other traits showed evidence of contrasts. Variation among provenances was the main part of phenotypic variation. Correlation analysis indicated that there were highly significant positive correlations between plant height and other vegetative growth characteristics. Floral traits were not associated with vegetative growth characteristics. The 13 provenances of L. bicolor investigated can be classi-fied into three groups according to a UPGMA cluster analysis.     

木荷苗木性状的种源变异和地理模式

利用来自7省区36个木荷种源在浙江淳安和福建建瓯两试验点的苗期测定材料,研究其苗木生长、根系特征和叶片形态等12个性状的种源差异及其地理变异模式。方差分析结果显示,除主根长、侧根长和叶片颜色在种源间无显著差异外,其它性状的种源效应都达到显著或极显著水平。种源苗木性状与产地地理气候因子的相关分析发现,苗高、叶片特征(叶片数、叶片宽、叶片厚)及秋末嫩叶颜色等呈典型的纬向变异模式,产地温度则是造成这种纬向变异模式的主要环境作用因子。与北部种源比较,南部种源生长快,叶片数量多,但叶片较薄较窄,其秋末嫩叶颜色变化对寒冷信号反应敏感。影响木荷种子性状表型差异的主导因素是产地的年降水量。以苗高为标准,分别在两地点初选出优良种源10个,它们多来自25°N左右的木荷自然分布区。     

Evidence for important genetic differentiation between provenances of Parkia biglobosa from the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa

Parkia biglobosa is a traditional economic tree legume of considerable multipurpose importance in the sudano-sahelian region in Africa. The species grows in multiple climatic zones with precipitation ranging from 600 to 2,500?mm a year and its natural distribution extends from Senegal and Guinea in West Africa to Uganda in Central Africa. In the present paper, a range wide sample of 25 provenances of P. biglobosa was tested in Burkina Faso, West Africa at two sites; Gonse (latitude 12°25′N; longitude 1°20′W; altitude 280?m) in the north-sudanian zone and at Dinderesso (latitude 11°18′N; longitude 4°35′W; altitude 425?m) in the south-sudanian zone. Based on analysis of survival and growth traits, we provide evidence of substantial genetic differentiation between P. biglobosa populations within West Africa. Height growth was best at Gonse, while the survival rate was higher at Dinderesso (61%) compared to Gonse (35%). Links between geographical parameters and the provenances performance were significant, and interesting geographic patterns were observed. Our results point towards superior fitness of the local Burkina Faso populations, and we speculate that presence of a continuum of locally adapted populations can be a part of the explanation for the species’ ability to thrive under quite different climatic conditions across West Africa. Based on the findings, we suggest recommendations for seed deployment and conservation strategies of the species in the West African Sahel. This is particularly important when considering the on-going climate change.     

Pigeon pea for fallow improvement in slash-and-burn systems in the hills of Laos?

Calliandra calothyrsus has been reported to have potential for agroforestry in the humid lowlands of West and Central Africa. Provenance evaluation of the species was initiated in Yaounde, Cameroon with the objective of identifying adapted provenances with desirable traits for inclusion in evaluation of the management of various agroforestry technologies being developed for the humid lowlands of the region. Fifteen provenance seed collections from Central America and southeast Asian sources were included in the trial. Results indicate that enormous genetic variation exists between these provenances. The highest yielding provenance produced 1.8 and 2.5 times, respectively, wood and leaf biomass compared to the lowest yielding provenance. Most of the provenances evaluated flowered during the first six months after establishment while all the provenances (15) flowered by the end of the first year. However, this initial flowering did not result in productive pod development and seed setting. Two years after planting, the trees were cut at a height of 0.05 m above ground level, and more than 80% of the stumps of all the provenances re-sprouted. Leaf nitrogen content ranged between 2.25% and 2.78% of dry weight. Six provenances had above average values in at least five of the six desirable traits considered i.e.: height, growth, stem development, leaf biomass, wood biomass, leaf litter productivity and total nitrogen content of leaves; these are recommended for further testing for inclusion in appropriate technologies for soil fertility improvement. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

24个种源文冠果在新疆的生长结实性状分析

为了给文冠果优良单株选择和品种选育提供参考,以引进的24个文冠果种源为材料,在新疆石河子地区对文冠果生长结实性状进行变异分析、相关分析、主成分分析及聚类分析。结果表明:在参试种源中,生长指标地径变异系数最大(21.9%),叶长变异系数最小(13.1%),结实性状中总果数变异最大(74.3%),种子纵径变异最小(14.3%)。单株产量与总果数、干果质量、种子横径、种子纵径呈极显著正相关(P <0.01),与鲜果质量、果实横径、果实纵径、小叶数呈显著正相关(P <0.05)。在主成分分析中,共提取3个主成分,累计贡献率达到86.053%。聚类分析结果显示,可将参试的24个种源分为5类。第1类为G-9种源,属于产量最高等级;第2类为坤156种源,处于较高产量水平;第3类为Q-2等种源,处于中等产量等级;第4类为G-23和建2种源,位于较低产量水平;第5类为BD-7等种源,位于最低产量水平。24个文冠果种源中以产量水平最低的第5类居多,产量水平差异较大。     

美洲黑杨与不同种源青杨杂种苗叶片和生长性状多水平变异研究

利用美洲黑杨50号为母本和青杨5个种源(各10个单株)为父本杂交,获得杂种F1代无性系,对此多水平杂交育种体系叶片和生长遗传变异进行了研究.结果表明,父本青杨种源间及种源内单株间均达到极显著差异,F1代无性系的种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间存在不同差异.杂种F1代无性系扦插苗父本种源不同的杂交组合间和组合内家系间成活率差异不显著,1、2、3年生苗的生长性状在不同层次变异水平上差异显著或极显著,表明父本青杨种源间和种源内变异对F1代生长有显著影响,F1代无性系存在丰富的遗传变异,具有选择潜力.杂种F1代叶片形态与苗期生长性状间未发现有较大相关性.     

美洲黑杨与不同种源青杨杂种苗叶片和生长性状多水平变异研究

利用美洲黑杨 5 0号为母本和青杨 5个种源 (各 10个单株 )为父本杂交 ,获得杂种F1代无性系 ,对此多水平杂交育种体系叶片和生长遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明 ,父本青杨种源间及种源内单株间均达到极显著差异 ,F1代无性系的种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间存在不同差异。杂种F1代无性系扦插苗父本种源不同的杂交组合间和组合内家系间成活率差异不显著 ,1、2、3年生苗的生长性状在不同层次变异水平上差异显著或极显著 ,表明父本青杨种源间和种源内变异对F1代生长有显著影响 ,F1代无性系存在丰富的遗传变异 ,具有选择潜力。杂种F1代叶片形态与苗期生长性状间未发现有较大相关性     

Variation in tree growth characteristics, stress-wave velocity, and Pilodyn penetration of 24-year-old teak (Tectona grandis) trees originating in 21 seed provenances planted in Indonesia

Growth characteristics [stem diameter (D), tree height (H), and bole volume (V)], stress-wave velocity (SWV), and Pilodyn penetration (P) were measured for 21 seed provenances of 24-year-old teak trees planted in Indonesia to characterize variation in tree growth characteristics, SWV, and P among seed provenances. Broad-sense heritability and correlations between the measured characteristics were also determined. Significant differences for all measured characteristics were observed among provenances, indicating that these characteristics are genetically controlled. Broad-sense heritabilities of growth characteristics, SWV, and P are moderate values. These results indicate potential for improving growth characteristics and wood properties of teak trees with the help of breeding programs. Highly significant positive correlations were observed among the growth characteristics, suggesting that they are closely related. In contrast, no significant correlations were observed between the growth characteristics and SWV, indicating that they are independent. We conclude that mechanical properties are also important criteria for selecting plus trees in tree breeding programs. Principal component analysis revealed that seed provenances from Indonesia (Bangilan, Deling, and Randublatung) and India (Malabar and Central Province) have high scores of growth characteristics and SWV.     

岭南槭不同种源家系种子形态和幼苗生长变异

[目的]探讨不同种源家系岭南槭种子形态、种子萌发与幼苗生长的特性,分析它们与种源地地理气候因子之间的关系。[方法]对广东省岭南槭天然分布区的3个种源18个家系的种子表型性状、发芽特征、幼苗生长性状和叶色表现进行方差分析和相关性分析。[结果]表明:肇庆黑石顶(HSD)种源的种子最厚、最宽,深圳七娘山(QNS)种源的种子最薄、最窄,惠州南昆山(NKS)种源的种子最长,种子千粒质量最高;翅长与翅宽呈极显著正相关(P0.01),种子千粒质量与发芽率显著正相关(P0.05);岭南槭1年生幼苗地径与苗高成正比,幼苗生长受种源地的地理气候因子影响;在色彩表现方面,QNS3、QNS13家系的明度L*值较大,QNS13色相b*值显著高于其他家系,NKS14家系幼苗的色相a*值最大。[结论]种子千粒质量越高,发芽率越高;幼苗的地径苗高生长受种源地的地理气候因子影响。NKS14家系幼苗红叶特征最明显,色彩表现较好。     

不同种源白栎果实形态特征和营养成分含量变异分析

[目的]研究不同种源白栎果实形态特征和营养成分变异规律,为白栎品种选育和种质资源开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]收集白栎自然分布区14个天然种源368个单株果实,分别测定4个形态特征指标和6个营养成分含量指标,并进行统计学分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。[结果](1)白栎4个形态特征在种源间和种源内均差异极显著,6个营养成分含量在种源间均差异极显著。白栎果实形态特征的Shannon-Wiener指数(H)均值为1.839,其中,果实宽度(1.886)>果实长度(1.837)>长宽比(1.832)>百粒质量(1.801);(2)白栎果实10个特征参数间大多存在显著或极显著相关性,其与地理气候因子间仅个别存在显著相关性;(3)对10个特征参数进行Q型聚类分析,可将14个白栎种源划分为3大类群:湖北利川、四川邻水、四川阆中、贵州黄平、湖南新晃、江西宜黄和广西全州种源为第一类;重庆万州、重庆江津、湖南龙山、福建武夷山、浙江武义、浙江西湖种源为第二类;浙江遂昌种源单独归为一类。[结论]白栎果实形态特征在种源内和种源间均差异极显著,种源内的变异高于种源间的变异,营养成分含量在种源间均差异极显著,说明其存在着丰富的遗传变异;果实特征参数与地理气候因子间存在一定的相关性。综合聚类分析和营养成分含量分析结果,可以看出浙江遂昌种源果实综合品质最好。     

Selection in a provenance trial of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) produced a land race with desirable properties

Selections were made within East European Norway spruce provenances in a provenance trial in northern Sweden and the selected clones were grafted in a Norwegian seed orchard mixed with plus trees of local origin. Full-sib families were generated by controlled crosses, producing sets of both inter- and intraprovenance families, which were planted in two short-term and in long-term trials. Measurements were made of frost damage, tree height, annual shoot growth rhythm and lammas shoots, and genetic parameters were estimated. The intraprovenance families from selected trees of East European origin showed the least variation in all traits and had the lowest heritability values. The variation among the intraprovenance families of local origin was large and with the highest estimates of heritability. The means of the provenance hybrid families were intermediate between those of the intraprovenance families. Strong genetic correlations were present between the growth rhythm traits measured, and in the family group of local origin also between these traits and frost damage, as well as for lammas shoots and height. The progenies of the selected parents of East European origin seem to be a desirable land race with less damage, lower percentage of lammas shoots and less variability in growth capacity.     

湿地松在江苏地理变异及优良种源的研究

在江苏3个试验点连续9年(1981～1989)对美国39个湿地松种源(包括2个不同树种)研究表明:不同种原、树种间生长、形态性状变异显著.但变异与种源产地地理、气候因子相关不显著而与造林地的土壤条件密切相关.变异主要来源于林分和单株.7年生时优良种源高、径生长量遗传增益为19.14～85.38%.初选优良种源4个(S_(14)、S_(11)、S_(17)、S_1).分布于佛罗里达州北部、德克萨斯州东部和北卡州南部.