Apollo 14 active seismic experiment

Explosion seismic refraction data indicate that the lunar near-surface rocks at the Apollo 14 site consist of a regolith 8.5 meters thick and characterized by a compressional wave velocity of 104 meters per second. The regolith is underlain by a layer with a compressional wave velocity of 299 meters per second. The thickness of this layer, which we interpret to be the Fra Mauro Formation, is between 16 and 76 meters. The layer immediately beneath this has a velocity greater than 370 meters per second. We found no evidence of permafrost.     

Radium-226 and radon-222: concentration in atlantic and pacific oceans

Measurements of radon-222 in seawater suggest the following. The radium-226 content of surface water in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans is uniformly close to about 4 x 10(-14) gram per liter. The deep Pacific has a concentration of radium-226 that is four times higher and the deep Atlantic a concentration twice as high as that of the surface. These distribution profiles can be explained by the same particle-settling rate for radium-226 from surface to depth for the two oceans and by a threefold longer residence time of water in the deep Pacific than in the deep Atlantic. The vertical distribution of the deficiency of radon-222 in the surface water of the northwest Pacific Ocean suggests a coefficient of vertical eddy diffusion as high as 120 square centimeters per second and a gas-exchange rate for carbon dioxide in surface water between 14 and 60 moles per square meter per year. Vertical profiles of the excess of radon-222 in near-bottom water of the South Atlantic give coefficients of vertical eddy diffusion ranging from 1.5 to more than 50 square centimeters per second.     

Sea floor spreading, topography, and the second layer

Local sea floor topography and also the thickness of the second layer of the oceanic rise-ridge system appear related to the spreading rate in the region. Slow spreading, away from the ridge center at 1 to 2 centimeters per year, is associated with a thick second layer, a central rift, and adjacent rift mountains. Fast spreading, 3 to 4.5 centimeters per year, is associated with a thin second layer and subdued topography lacking any central rift. The volume of lava discharged in this layer per unit time and per unit length along the crest of the whole active system is relatively constant regardless of the spreading rate. Total second layer discharge of the system has been about 5 to 6 cubic kilometers per year during the last several million years.     

Body Temperature of Dermochelys coriacea: Warm Turtle from Cold Water

The deep body temperature of a leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, taken out of cold water, was 18 degrees C above the water temperature. A large size favoring heat retention from muscular activity is probably responsible for this differential. Cooling rates (k) in water, measured on a second animal, were in the order of 0.001 degrees C per minute per degree of difference between body and ambient temperature.     

Martian ionosphere: a component due to solar protons

The small magnetic field strength observed near Mars by Mariner IV suggests that protons from the solar wind may enter the Martian atmosphere and produce ionization in addition to that produced by ultraviolet light and x-rays. It is found that solar protons produce a thin ionized layer at a rate of the order of 3 x 10(3) per cubic centimeter per second at a depth corresponding to the F(1) region in the terrestrial atmosphere. Unless the effective recombinative coefficient is very large (greater than 10(-5) centimeter cubed per second) or unless unusual diffusion effects are present, this layer should have been detected by Mariner IV, and therefore must be present in one of the observed ionized regions. Because of its very compact shape, the subsidiary maximum near 95 kilometers discovered in the Mariner-IV occultation experiment may be the proton ionization peak. If so, the major 120-kilometer maximum is an F(2) layer. Distinction between photon and proton ionization regions can be made by microwave occultation experiments aboard planetary orbiters.     

Seismic trapped modes in the oroville and san andreas fault zones

Three-component borehole seismic profiling of the recently active Oroville, California, normal fault and microearthquake event recording with a near-fault three-component borehole seismometer on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California, have shown numerous instances of pronounced dispersive wave trains following the shear wave arrivals. These wave trains are interpreted as fault zone-trapped seismic modes. Parkfield earthquakes exciting trapped modes have been located as deep as 10 kilometers, as shallow as 4 kilometers, and extend 12 kilometers along the fault on either side of the recording station. Selected Oroville and Parkfield wave forms are modeled as the fundamental and first higher trapped SH modes of a narrow low-velocity layer at the fault. Modeling results suggest that the Oroville fault zone is 18 meters wide at depth and has a shear wave velocity of 1 kilometer per second, whereas at Parkfield, the fault gouge is 100 to 150 meters wide and has a shear wave velocity of 1.1 to 1.8 kilometers per second. These low-velocity layers are probably the rupture planes on which earthquakes occur.     

Turbulent mixing under drifting pack ice in the weddell sea

By providing cold, dense water that sinks and mixes to fill the abyssal world ocean, high-latitude air-sea-ice interaction is the main conduit through which the deep ocean communicates with the rest of the climate system. A key element in modeling and predicting oceanic impact on climate is understanding the processes that control the near surface exchange of heat, salt, and momentum. In 1992, the United States-Russian Ice Station Weddell-1 traversed the western Weddell Sea during the onset of winter, providing a platform for direct measurement of turbulent heat flux and Reynolds stress in the upper ocean. Data from a storm early in the drift indicated (i) well-formed Ekman spirals (in both velocity and turbulent stress); (ii) high correlation between mixed layer heat flux and temperature gradients; (iii) that eddy viscosity and eddy thermal diffusivity were similar, about 0.02 square meters per second; and (iv) that the significant turbulent length scale (2 to 3 meters through most of the boundary layer) was proportional to the wavelength at the peak in the weighted vertical velocity spectrum. The measurements were consistent with a simple model in which the bulk eddy viscosity in the neutrally buoyant mixed layer is proportional to kinematic boundary stress divided by the Coriolis parameter.     

Excepftonally strong near-bottom flows on the continental rise of nova scotia

Recent current velocity measurements across the lower continental rise of Nova Scotia show a deep equatorwardflow with speeds (maximum, 73 centimeters per second) among the highest recorded for the deep sea. Silicate measurements indicate that this flow usually consists of southern-source (Antarctic) bottom water. These measurements confirm the existence of a second and deeper western boundary flow that was earlier inferredfrom geological observations.     

豫西浅山区不同世代刺槐林土壤养分与结构特征

目的探究林木对立地质量的影响是人工林可持续经营研究的重要方向,研究刺槐人工林多代更替经营过程中土壤结构与养分的变化情况,可以为刺槐人工林多代经营目标下土壤地力调控措施的制定提供理论依据。方法本研究以豫西浅山丘陵区相同龄级的一代、二代、三代刺槐林及对照无林地为研究对象,对其土壤养分与结构特征进行了比较研究。结果（1）本研究中刺槐一代林到二代林土壤养分显著增加（P < 0.05）。在表土层（0 ~ 5 cm）中,有机质、全氮、硝态氮含量分别增加了94.0%、91.0%、169.4%,在10 ~ 20 cm层分别增加了82.77%、61.14%、343.35%,在40 ~ 60 cm层分别增加了53.25%、21.60%、556.20%,一代林地全氮含量在各土层由浅到深分别为0.63、0.39、0.29、0.28 g/kg。刺槐二代林和三代林土壤养分含量整体差异不显著。与对照地相比,刺槐一代林地的有机质、全氮、全磷含量均显著低于对照（P < 0.05）,但对照地的硝态氮含量显著低于一代林地（P < 0.05）。土壤表层养分含量高于深层,且随世代的增加养分含量在上层土壤的增量大于深层土壤。从化学计量学角度分析,各土层中一代林地的C/P、N/P都表现出高于二、三代林地。相比于有机质和全氮含量,随世代增加过程中C/N值较为稳定,深土层的C/P与N/P较稳定。从一代林到三代林,表土层和10 ~ 20 cm层的C/P的增幅大于N/P的增幅。（2）从土壤密度、孔隙度、团聚体反映的土壤结构性看,非毛管孔隙度在10 ~ 20 cm处,二代林地、三代林地相比于一代林地分别增加了11.4%,21.4%,在40 ~ 60 cm层也随世代增加呈上升趋势。土层越深各代际林地间土壤密度变化幅度越大,除表土层外,土壤密度在其他各土层随世代总体呈下降趋势。各样地土壤表层水稳性团聚体数量及稳定性表现为对照地 > 二、三代林地 > 一代林地。从整体上看,土壤结构表层优于深层,二、三代林地优于一代林地。（3）基于土壤养分与结构性质的主成分分析表明,林木对深层土壤的作用明显,二、三代林地土壤状况显著优于一代林,二代林地的表层土壤性质优于三代,深层土壤三代优于二代。结论在豫西浅山区,刺槐林经营世代更替对土壤养分和结构有明显的影响,一代林到二代林经营过程中土壤养分含量显著增加,表层养分增量大于深层,土壤结构得到改善,经营到三代林维持相对稳定。在世代增加过程中碳素比氮素积累的速度快,且碳氮的供应能力小于磷,代际更替过程中存在着养分失衡加重的问题。      

Bottom Velocity Observations Directly under the Gulf Stream

Speeds as high as 44 centimeters per second were observed 200 meters above the ocean bottom under the Gulf Stream at 70 degrees W longitude and were associated with time-dependent motion that had a speed range of 40 centimeters per second and a time scale of about 30 days. These deep current fluctuations appear to be coupled with fluctuations in the surface position of the Stream and with surface and bottom current fluctuations 200 kilometers to the north.     

小麦氮磷肥长期配施对土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响

 【目的】利用长期肥料定位试验,监测旱地农田土壤硝态氮的淋溶动向,研究施肥量与硝态氮累积量之间的关系,为科学施肥提供参考。【方法】在试验小区0～300 cm土壤剖面中,每20 cm深度取一个土样,1 mol?L-1 KCl浸提后以AA3连续流动分析仪测定硝态氮含量。【结果】单施氮肥土壤硝态氮累积峰出现在80～100 cm土层和300 cm以下土层,当施氮量达到180 kg?hm-2?a-1时,0～300 cm土层硝态氮累积总量相当于8年的施氮量。单施磷肥对土壤硝态氮分布无影响;氮、磷肥配施时,施氮量增加硝态氮累积量显著增加,配施磷肥后可以减少硝态氮累积量,且施氮量越大减少的越多。过量施用氮肥,即使配施磷肥,硝态氮也能发生淋溶并在100～120 cm和240～260 cm土层附近累积;二次多项式回归能够较好地反映氮、磷施用量与土壤硝态氮累积量之间的关系。【结论】长期过量施用氮肥,导致硝态氮大量淋溶并形成两个累积峰,科学合理地配施磷肥可以减少硝态氮淋失;旱地麦田长期施用最大产量施肥量,可能导致硝态氮大量累积在土壤深层。     

Venus winds are zonal and retrograde below the clouds

Winds in the lower atmosphere of Venus, inferred from three-dimensional radio interferometric tracking of the descents of the Pioneer day and north probes, are predominantly easterly with speeds of about 1 meter per second near the surface, 50 meters per second at the bottom of the clouds, and more than 200 meters per second within the densest, middle cloud layer. Between about 25 and 55 kilometers altitude the average flow was slanted equatorward, with superimposed wavelike motions and alternating layers of high and low shear.     

土壤深松对玉米产量及其构成因素的影响

全方位土壤深松打破传统翻地留下坚实的犁底层 ,使 2 0～ 4 0cm土层松散 ,增加深层土壤透水能力。玉米田深松试验 ,可改善深层土壤水分状况 ,提高玉米产量 ,对其产量构成因素及生物指标 ,如根系分布和根活力、地上和地下干物质积累、叶绿素含量、养分吸收量、穗粒数和千粒重等有一定的促进作用     

河北平原区农田硝态氮分布规律研究

通过在冉庄实验站进行耕作与非耕作对比田间试验,获得河北平原区土壤中硝态氮的空间分布规律。结果表明:土壤中硝态氮主要来自施肥,硝态氮的分布受降水、灌溉影响很大,氮肥深层淋溶现象明显。玉米生育期土壤中硝态氮含量随深度变化较大,呈现双峰现象。根层土壤(0～100cm)硝态氮含量随深度增加,在80～100cm呈现第1个峰值,在200cm左右出现第2个峰值,且较前1个峰值更大。第1个峰值主要是玉米苗期施肥所致,第2峰值是小麦生育期施肥随雨季降水下移所至。350cm土层以下土壤含氮量随深度减少并稳定在20mg/kg左右。不同耕作条件下土壤硝态氮的分布情况差别明显,耕作区的土壤中硝态氮的含量远高于非耕作区,并且在深层土壤中仍有分布。为此,提高氮肥利用效率并减少氮素对水体的污染需从施肥灌溉管理方面采取措施。     

晋南丘陵旱地小麦氮素利用规律的研究

本研究表明晋南生产水平较高的丘陵旱地麦田，由于多年稳定的投氮投磷技术，硝态氮在土壤中垂直分布较深，最深可达２５０ｃｍ，大量集中在１５０ｃｍ以上土层，因此一般调节施氮量的增产效果不显著，亩施１５—２０公斤尿素即为适宜值，但随降水的增加氮素利用效率提高，施肥量可增加，表现了明显的水肥互促效应。     

玉米整秆深埋还田试验

辽西旱地土壤存在"旱、薄、瘦"三大问题,为了探索开深沟、秸秆还田、地膜覆盖技术对提高土壤含水量和增加玉米产量的作用,在辽宁省凌源市进行了整秆深埋还田起垄覆膜玉米种植试验。试验设整秆深埋还田起垄覆膜和开深沟不埋秸秆起垄覆膜2种模式,通过测定不同时期土壤含水量、收获期玉米生育指标和产量指标,采用方差分析对数据进行了对比分析。结果表明,整秆深埋还田起垄覆膜技术可以显著提高玉米生长期间的土壤含水量,玉米生长指标显著改善,增产显著。     

土壤不同介质界面对苹果根系构型和土壤特性的影响

【目的】探讨玻璃、杨木、砖面3种界面影响苹果根系构型和深层土壤理化性质的规律。【方法】以两年生苹果幼树（红富士/平邑甜茶）为试材,采用盆栽方式,研究玻璃、杨木和砖3种介质界面对苹果根系及土壤理化性质的影响。【结果】在根系长度、表面积和体积上,砖面最大,木面次之,根重和平均直径上木面最大,砖面次之,所有指标玻璃面均表现最差;不同界面表现出不同的根系集中分布层,砖面和木面的根系集中分布层在第二层（10-20 cm）,玻璃面在第四层（30-40 cm）;根系活力的高低与根系呼吸没有表现出正相关关系,是受到生长根和吸收根的比例影响;砖面界面对于不同层面土壤的温度具有稳定性,玻璃界面有利于水分的下渗,木面界面对盐分有较强的吸附作用。【结论】木面和砖面具有明显改善苹果根系构型和土壤理化性质的作用,但改善方式略有差异,砖面主要促进根系加长和数目的增多,木面则有明显促进根系次生结构发育的作用,同时界面调节改变了苹果根系集中分布层的位置。     

Radon-222 from the island of hawaii: deep soils are more important than lava fields or volcanoes

The mean flux of radon-222 atoms from the island of Hawaii is 0.45 atom per square centimeter per second. Lava fields occupy 50 percent of the land area, but their radon flux is only 1 percent of that from deep volcanic soils. The island yields approximately 10 curies of radon-222 per hour to the air surrounding it. The radon-222 contribuition of volcanoes is negligible.     

Desynchronized electroencephalogram in the deeply sleeping cat

Electroencephalographic patterns of the different stages of sleep in the cat are shown, with special reference to a desynchronized deep sleep. This sleep stage is characterized by an increase in reticular stimulation arousal threshold and by the reappearance of 5 to 6 spikes per second on the electroencephalogram immediately after threshold behavioral arousal.     

Three-dimensional flow in the upper ocean

Measurements made from the Research Platform FLIP provide some of the first direct observations of three-dimensional flow within the surface mixed layer of the ocean. Relatively narrow regions of downwelling flow were found within the mixed layer, in coincidence with bands of convergent surface flow. At mid-depth in the mixed layer, the downwelling flow had magnitudes of up to 0.2 meter per second and was accompanied by a downwind, horizontal jet of comparable magnitude. There is some evidence that these motions transport heat and phytoplankton within the mixed layer.