A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems

The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.     

森林生态系统空心树研究进展

空心树是森林生态系统的一个重要结构,它在生物多样性保育方面发挥着重要作用,对于巢居动物显得更为关键。综合阐述了近年来空心树生态学研究进展,首先解释了空心树的界定和类型划分,分析了森林生态系统中生物因子、非生物因子和树木自生特性对空心树形成的作用,其次概述了空心树和树洞的丰富度与分配格局影响因素,最后分析了空心树对森林生态系统生物多样性保护的作用。参47     

Strong top-down control in southern California kelp forest ecosystems

Global-scale changes in anthropogenic nutrient input into marine ecosystems via terrestrial runoff, coupled with widespread predator removal via fishing, have created greater urgency for understanding the relative role of top-down versus bottom-up control of food web dynamics. Yet recent large-scale studies of community regulation in marine ecosystems have shown dramatically different results that leave this issue largely unresolved. We combined a multiyear, large-scale data set of species abundances for 46 species in kelp forests from the California Channel Islands with satellite-derived primary production and found that top-down control explains 7- to 10-fold more of the variance in abundance of bottom and mid-trophic levels than does bottom-up control. This top-down control was propagated via a variety of species-level direct and indirect responses to predator abundance. Management of top-down influences such as fishing may be more important in coastal marine ecosystems, particularly in kelp forest systems, than is commonly thought.     

小兴安岭五营林区森林生态系统经营研究

该文以黑龙江五营林区为主要对象 ,通过对阔叶红松林及其次生类型结构特征和动态变化的分析 ,研究退化生态系统的恢复途径和可持续经营措施 .阔叶红松林是小兴安岭地区最典型和最稳定的植被类型 ,但其面积和蓄积都在迅速减少 ,显著的特性是通过优势树种红松的世代更替及其与阔叶树种的相互更替 ,维持群落的周期性波动和稳定结构 ,经营上应采取保护措施 .硬阔叶林是阔叶红松林破坏后所形成的次生林 ,在一些地区成为杨桦林向阔叶红松林恢复的中间途径 ,具有广泛的代表性 .次生硬阔叶林稳定性小 ,尤其是那些由硬阔叶树形成的纯林更是生长速度慢 ,更新不良 ,结构不合理 ,必须采取有效的恢复途径 ,减缓退化 ,实现可持续经营 .杨桦林是最典型的次生软阔叶林 ,具有十分广泛的分布 .杨树和桦树都是生长速度快的强阳性树种 ,阔叶红松林一经破坏 ,它们首先占据采伐和火烧迹地 ,迅速成林 .然而 ,这些树种材质不良 ,群落结构单一 ,生产力低下 ,极易被其它树种所代替 ,所以要迅速调整杨桦林结构 ,采取恢复和重建措施 ,发展阔叶红松林 .至于非地带性植被云冷杉林和落叶松林等采取维持措施 ,保证生态系统的稳定与平衡     

Mechanisms of nitrogen retention in forest ecosystems: a field experiment

Intensive forest management led to elevated losses of nitrogen from a recently harvested loblolly pine plantation in North Carolina. Measurements of nitrogen-15 retention in the field demonstrated that microbial uptake of nitrogen during the decomposition of residual organic material was the most important process retaining nitrogen. Management practices that remove this material cause increased losses of nitrogen to aquatic ecosystems and the atmosphere.     

Carbon flow in four lake ecosystems: a structural approach

Direct and indirect carbon fluxes in lakes Marion (British Columbia), Findley (Washington), Wingra (Wisconsin), and Mirror (New Hampshire) are compared, using budgets and input-output analysis. Overall differences in carbon flow between the lakes are shown with cycling indices of .031, .108, .572, and .661, respectively. The results suggest that lake ecosystems may be considered unique aggregatins of similar components.     

全球气候变化对农业生态系统的影响及研究对策

全球气候变化在不同时间和空间尺度上对农业生态系统产生深刻的影响,并引起了世界各国科学家、政府的极大关注。本文从CO2浓度和气温升高、UV-B辐射增强等方面综述了全球气候变化对作物、土壤、畜牧业、病虫害以及气候灾害的影响,提出了全球气候变化下未来应加强研究的领域。     

The global morphology of wave Poynting flux: powering the aurora

Large-scale, electric currents flowing along magnetic field lines into the polar regions of Earth are thought to be the main contributors of the energy that powers the ionospheric aurora. However, we have found evidence for global contributions from electromagnetic waves (Alfvén waves). Data that were collected from the Polar spacecraft over the course of 1 year show that the flow of wave electromagnetic energy at altitudes of 25,000 to 38,000 kilometers delineates the statistical auroral oval. The Poynting flux of individual events distributed along the auroral oval was larger than 5 ergs per square centimeter per second, which is sufficient to power auroral acceleration processes. This evidence suggests that in addition to magnetic field-aligned currents, the dayside and nightside aurora is globally powered by the energy flow of these high-altitude Alfvén waves.     

Comment on "A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems"

Halpern et al. (Reports, 15 February 2008, p. 948) integrated spatial data on 17 drivers of change in the oceans to map the global distribution of human impact. Although fishery catches are a dominant driver, the data reflect activity while impacts occur at different space and time scales. Failure to account for this spatial disconnection could lead to potentially misleading conclusions.     

The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states

Theoretically, fire-tree cover feedbacks can maintain savanna and forest as alternative stable states. However, the global extent of fire-driven discontinuities in tree cover is unknown, especially accounting for seasonality and soils. We use tree cover, climate, fire, and soils data sets to show that tree cover is globally discontinuous. Climate influences tree cover globally but, at intermediate rainfall (1000 to 2500 millimeters) with mild seasonality (less than 7 months), tree cover is bimodal, and only fire differentiates between savanna and forest. These may be alternative states over large areas, including parts of Amazonia and the Congo. Changes in biome distributions, whether at the cost of savanna (due to fragmentation) or forest (due to climate), will be neither smooth nor easily reversible.     

Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean

Here we provide global estimates of the seasonal flux of sediment, on a river-by-river basis, under modern and prehuman conditions. Humans have simultaneously increased the sediment transport by global rivers through soil erosion (by 2.3 +/- 0.6 billion metric tons per year), yet reduced the flux of sediment reaching the world's coasts (by 1.4 +/- 0.3 billion metric tons per year) because of retention within reservoirs. Over 100 billion metric tons of sediment and 1 to 3 billion metric tons of carbon are now sequestered in reservoirs constructed largely within the past 50 years. African and Asian rivers carry a greatly reduced sediment load; Indonesian rivers deliver much more sediment to coastal areas.     

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation: global land-use implications

Recent climate talks in Bali have made progress toward action on deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, within the anticipated post-Kyoto emissions reduction agreements. As a result of such action, many forests will be better protected, but some land-use change will be displaced to other locations. The demonstration phase launched at Bali offers an opportunity to examine potential outcomes for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Research will be needed into selection of priority areas for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation to deliver multiple benefits, on-the-ground methods to best ensure these benefits, and minimization of displaced land-use change into nontarget countries and ecosystems, including through revised conservation investments.     

亚热带毛竹林生态系统碳通量与土壤呼吸研究

以浙江省安吉县毛竹林(Phyllostachys edulis)生态系统为研究对象,利用开路涡度相关系统和LI-Cor8150自动观测系统,分析2014年毛竹林生态系统碳通量和土壤呼吸速率变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明,毛竹林土壤呼吸速率日变化为单峰曲线,最高值出现在14:00~16:00,最低值出现在06:00;净生态系统交换量(NEE)存在明显日变化特征,变化趋势为"双峰曲线",峰值分别出现在10:00和12:00;而生态系统呼吸(RE)和土壤呼吸速率呈相同的年变化趋势,为"单峰型",夏季高、冬季低,且均对温度变化较敏感。毛竹林土壤呼吸速率和生态系统呼吸量(RE)主要受高于20℃大气温度和5 cm土壤温度影响,与水分相关关系不显著。     

天目山常绿、落叶阔叶混交林生长季能量通量及平衡分析

为探讨森林生态系统的能量平衡关系,利用开路涡度相关系统和常规气象仪器的观测结果,分析了2014年天目山常绿、落叶阔叶混交林生长季的能量通量变化特征,并计算了波文比及其能量闭合度.结果表明:生长季净辐射总量为1 810.2MJ·m~(-2),潜热通量、显热通量和土壤热通量分别为1 033.0、727.7和53.8 MJ·m~(-2),潜热通量占净辐射的57%,显热通量占净辐射的40%,土壤热通量占净辐射的3%;生长季能量闭合度为1.002,月平均能量闭合度为0.99.     

豫南18a生杉木林生态系统碳库及其分配特征

对豫南18 a生杉木林生态系统的生物量、碳贮量及其空间分布特征进行了研究.采用分层切割法和相对生长方程计算乔木层生物量和林下植被生物量,C,N元素分析仪测定碳含量.结果表明,18 a杉木林生态系统的总生物量平均为139.5 t·hm-2.其中乔木层生物量占91.1%;杉木林生态系统总碳库为135.14 t·hm-2,其中植被总碳贮量为69.84 t·hm-2,土壤有机碳库为65.30 t·hm-2.乔木层碳库占生态系统碳库的47.03%, 灌木层占1.97%,草本层占0.36%,现存凋落物层占2.32%,矿质土壤层碳库占生态系统碳库的48.32%.     

Regularities of heavy metal distribution in soils of forest ecosystems (Exemplified by the Central Part of the Ryazan region)

The content of heavy metals in soils of natural and anthropogenic ecosystems in the Ryazan region is analyzed. Natural factors, agriculture, and technogenic pollution are compared according to the degree of their effect on heavy metal accumulation in soil.     

碳含量不同对ZrO_2-C复合材料抗保护渣侵蚀性能的影响

用静态埋碳坩埚法研究了不同碳含量(10%、15%、20%、25%)的ZrO2-C复合材料在不同温度(1450℃、1500℃、1550℃)下的抗保护渣侵蚀性能,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDAX)、线扫描等分析方法分析渣蚀后试样的显微结构变化。其结果表明渣蚀后的试样其渣带、渗透带和未变带存在比较明显的界线,复合材料受保护渣侵蚀以渗透为主,作为原料的ZrO2自身不断聚集形成鱼骨状结构阻止了渣的渗透和石墨的氧化,提高了ZrO2-C复合材料的抗渣侵蚀性能。