Baseline map of carbon emissions from deforestation in tropical regions

Policies to reduce emissions from deforestation would benefit from clearly derived, spatially explicit, statistically bounded estimates of carbon emissions. Existing efforts derive carbon impacts of land-use change using broad assumptions, unreliable data, or both. We improve on this approach using satellite observations of gross forest cover loss and a map of forest carbon stocks to estimate gross carbon emissions across tropical regions between 2000 and 2005 as 0.81 petagram of carbon per year, with a 90% prediction interval of 0.57 to 1.22 petagrams of carbon per year. This estimate is 25 to 50% of recently published estimates. By systematically matching areas of forest loss with their carbon stocks before clearing, these results serve as a more accurate benchmark for monitoring global progress on reducing emissions from deforestation.     

Global deforestation: contribution to atmospheric carbon dioxide

A study of effects of terrestrial biota on the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere suggests that the global net release of carbon due to forest clearing between 1860 and 1980 was between 135 x 10(15) and 228 x 10(15) grams. Between 1.8 x 10(15) and 4.7 x 10(15) grams of carbon were released in 1980, of which nearly 80 percent was due to deforestation, principally in the tropics. The annual release of carbon from the biota and soils exceeded the release from fossil fuels until about 1960. Because the biotic release has been and remains much larger than is commonly assumed, the airborne fraction, usually considered to be about 50 percent of the release from fossil fuels, was probably between 22 and 43 percent of the total carbon released in 1980. The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is thought by some to be increasing the storage of carbon in the earth's remaining forests sufficiently to offset the release from deforestation. The interpretation of the evidence presented here suggests no such effect; deforestation appears to be the dominant biotic effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide. If deforestation increases in proportion to population, the biotic release of carbon will reach 9 x 10(15) grams per year before forests are exhausted early in the next century. The possibilities for limiting the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through reduction in use of fossil fuels and through management of forests may be greater than is commonly assumed.     

Anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set

We estimated the oceanic inventory of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) from 1980 to 1999 using a technique based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set. Our analysis suggests that the ocean stored 14.8 petagrams of anthropogenic carbon from mid-1980 to mid-1989 and 17.9 petagrams of carbon from mid-1990 to mid-1999, indicating an oceanwide net uptake of 1.6 and 2.0 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year, respectively. Our results provide an upper limit on the solubility-driven anthropogenic CO2 flux into the ocean, and they suggest that most ocean general circulation models are overestimating oceanic anthropogenic CO2 uptake over the past two decades.     

Weak northern and strong tropical land carbon uptake from vertical profiles of atmospheric CO2

Measurements of midday vertical atmospheric CO2 distributions reveal annual-mean vertical CO2 gradients that are inconsistent with atmospheric models that estimate a large transfer of terrestrial carbon from tropical to northern latitudes. The three models that most closely reproduce the observed annual-mean vertical CO2 gradients estimate weaker northern uptake of -1.5 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year(-1)) and weaker tropical emission of +0.1 Pg C year(-1) compared with previous consensus estimates of -2.4 and +1.8 Pg C year(-1), respectively. This suggests that northern terrestrial uptake of industrial CO2 emissions plays a smaller role than previously thought and that, after subtracting land-use emissions, tropical ecosystems may currently be strong sinks for CO2.     

Deforestation history of the eastern rain forests of madagascar from satellite images

Madagascar is biologically one of the richest areas on Earth, and its plants and animals are among the most endangered. Satellite images and vegetation maps based on earlier aerial photographs were used to determine the extent of eastern rain forests in Madagascar and to monitor the rate of deforestation over a 35-year period. In 1985, 3.8 million hectares of rain forest remained, representing only 50 percent of the 7.6 million hectares existing in 1950 and 34 percent of the estimated orignal extent (11.2 million hectares). Between 1950 and 1985, the rate of deforestation averaged 111,000 hectares per year. Deforestation was most rapid in areas with low topographic relief and high population density. If cutting of forests continues at the same pace, only forests on the steepest slopes will survive the next 35 years.     

Land-use allocation protects the Peruvian Amazon

Disturbance and deforestation have profound ecological and socioeconomic effects on tropical forests, but their diffuse patterns are difficult to detect and quantify at regional scales. We expanded the Carnegie forest damage detection system to show that, between 1999 and 2005, disturbance and deforestation rates throughout the Peruvian Amazon averaged 632 square kilometers per year and 645 square kilometers per year, respectively. However, only 1 to 2% occurred within natural protected areas, indigenous territories contained only 11% of the forest disturbances and 9% of the deforestation, and recent forest concessions effectively protected against clear-cutting. Although the region shows recent increases in disturbance and deforestation rates and leakage into forests surrounding concession areas, land-use policy and remoteness are serving to protect the Peruvian Amazon.     

Net Exchange of CO2 in a Mid-Latitude Forest

The eddy correlation method was used to measure the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide continuously from April 1990 to December 1991 in a deciduous forest in central Massachusetts. The annual net uptake was 3.7 +/- 0.7 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year. Ecosystem respiration, calculated from the relation between nighttime exchange and soil temperature, was 7.4 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year, implying gross ecosystem production of 11.1 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year. The observed rate of accumulation of carbon reflects recovery from agricultural development in the 1800s. Carbon uptake rates were notably larger than those assumed for temperate forests in global carbon studies. Carbon storage in temperate forests can play an important role in determining future concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide.     

Interannual variability in the North Atlantic Ocean carbon sink

The North Atlantic is believed to represent the largest ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere, yet little is known about its temporal variability. We report an 18-year time series of upper-ocean inorganic carbon observations from the northwestern subtropical North Atlantic near Bermuda that indicates substantial variability in this sink. We deduce that the carbon variability at this site is largely driven by variations in winter mixed-layer depths and by sea surface temperature anomalies. Because these variations tend to occur in a basinwide coordinated pattern associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, it is plausible that the entire North Atlantic Ocean may vary in concert, resulting in a variability of the strength of the North Atlantic carbon sink of about +/-0.3 petagrams of carbon per year (1 petagram = 10(15) grams) or nearly +/-50%. This extrapolation is supported by basin-wide estimates from atmospheric carbon dioxide inversions.     

基于NbS的北京市乔木林固碳能力分析

[目的]乔木林生物质碳汇是影响森林碳汇的重要组成部分,是一种自然的气候解决方案,在全球气候变化大背景下,森林的固碳潜力一直被广泛关注,本文以北京市为例,分析不同的林业活动对乔木碳储量的影响.[方法]采用北京市森林资源设计调查数据,利用IPCC材积源-生物量法估算北京市乔木林碳储量,分析了2009-2014年北京市在森林...     

基于交易视角的天然林资源保护工程区林业碳汇项目开发潜力——以黑龙江森工天保工程区为例

对天然林资源保护工程(天保工程)区不同类型林业碳汇项目开发的可行性进行学理分析与现实阐述,提出天保工程区适合开发的林业碳汇项目类型.依据已颁布的碳汇造林项目方法学、森林经营碳汇方法学,以及国际上已经推行的减少毁林碳汇项目要求,推导构建了不同类型林业碳汇项目开发潜力的估算模型,并以黑龙江森工天保工程区为例,对不同类型林业...     

Carbon budget of the southeastern u.s. Biota: analysis of historical change in trend from source to sink

Documentation of settlement patterns and deforestation in the southeastern United States allows evaluation of regional carbon dynamics since A.D. 1750. From 1750 to 1950, the Southeast was a net source for carbon at an average rate of 0.13 gigaton per year. Only in the past 20 to 30 years has increased productivity of commercial forests resulted in a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide of 0.07 gigaton per year.     

利用方式对砂质土壤有机碳、氮和磷的形态及其在不同大小团聚体中分布的影响

 【目的】为了解林地转化为农地对砂质土壤有机碳、氮和磷的形态及其在不同大小团聚体中分布的影响。【方法】本文采用物理与化学相结合的方法比较研究了自然林地、桔园和蔬菜地等3种利用方式下砂质土壤不同粒径团聚体中有机碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)的分布和化学形态。【结果】林地开垦种植柑桔和蔬菜，表土有机碳平均分别减少了79%和67%，全氮平均分别下降了64%和31%，而土壤磷却成倍的增加。农业土壤（桔园和蔬菜地土壤）的C/N比（11～19）低于林地土壤（25～37）。土壤颗粒态有机质对土地利用变化极为敏感，在林地开垦为桔园和蔬菜地后，颗粒态有机质形式的碳（POM-C）的下降幅度明显高于非颗粒态有机碳，林地、桔园和蔬菜地土壤POM-C占土壤总有机碳的平均比例分别为69.1%、41.0%和12.5%。林地土壤有机碳和氮素主要分布在> 0.5 mm 和0.25～0.5 mm 的团聚体中；而桔园和蔬菜地土壤的有机碳和氮素主要分布在0.25～0.5 mm 和0.053～0.125 mm团聚体中。磷素主要分布在＞0.5 mm 和＜0.053 mm等2个粒级中。农业土壤磷素主要以HCl-P形态存在，而林业土壤的磷主要以NaOH-OP (有机磷) 和H2O-P形态存在。【结论】研究证实了由原始林地开垦转变为农业用地不利于砂质土壤有机碳和氮的积累;利用方式改变可极大地影响砂质土壤中有机碳、氮和磷的形态及其在不同大小团聚体中的分布。     

黔中地区马尾松次生林定向经营技术

为提高马尾松Pinus massoniana次生林的经营水平,采用各类临时样地调查和设置试验林固定样地进行长期观测相结合,以及调查分析马尾松次生林现有经营管理措施等方法,在根据森林分类经营原则划分生态公益林和商品用材林的基础上,针对防护林、建筑用材林和纤维刨花板原料林等不同经营目标,初步提出贵州省都匀地区马尾松次生林定向经营的配套技术措施。这些技术措施主要包括：经营马尾松次生林要坚持严格封山,加强护林防火．保留母树15～30株·hm^-2,更新后第2年及时间苗,保留密度为3000—5000株·hm^-2。如经营生态公益林,在林下或林窗补植阔叶树苗木,可不进行幼林抚育、幼林及中龄林间伐和林地施肥。如经营商品用材林,林中空地补植马尾松苗木,连续2～3a每年进行1次幼林抚育,林龄7a时进行强度为30％～50％的幼林间伐,林龄13—14a时进行强度为20％-40％的中龄林间伐,同时进行中龄林施肥,施过磷酸钙1000—1500g·株^-1,尿素150—300g·株^-1。表4参12     

A large terrestrial carbon sink in north america implied by atmospheric and oceanic carbon dioxide data and models

Atmospheric carbon dioxide increased at a rate of 2.8 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year-1) during 1988 to 1992 (1 Pg = 10(15) grams). Given estimates of fossil carbon dioxide emissions, and net oceanic uptake, this implies a global terrestrial uptake of 1.0 to 2. 2 Pg C year-1. The spatial distribution of the terrestrial carbon dioxide uptake is estimated by means of the observed spatial patterns of the greatly increased atmospheric carbon dioxide data set available from 1988 onward, together with two atmospheric transport models, two estimates of the sea-air flux, and an estimate of the spatial distribution of fossil carbon dioxide emissions. North America is the best constrained continent, with a mean uptake of 1.7 +/- 0.5 Pg C year-1, mostly south of 51 degrees north. Eurasia-North Africa is relatively weakly constrained, with a mean uptake of 0.1 +/- 0.6 Pg C year-1. The rest of the world's land surface is poorly constrained, with a mean source of 0.2 +/- 0.9 Pg C year-1.     

Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations over the past two centuries have led to greater CO2 uptake by the oceans. This acidification process has changed the saturation state of the oceans with respect to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles. Here we estimate the in situ CaCO3 dissolution rates for the global oceans from total alkalinity and chlorofluorocarbon data, and we also discuss the future impacts of anthropogenic CO2 on CaCO3 shell-forming species. CaCO3 dissolution rates, ranging from 0.003 to 1.2 micromoles per kilogram per year, are observed beginning near the aragonite saturation horizon. The total water column CaCO3 dissolution rate for the global oceans is approximately 0.5 +/- 0.2 petagrams of CaCO3-C per year, which is approximately 45 to 65% of the export production of CaCO3.     

The impact of agricultural soil erosion on the global carbon cycle

Agricultural soil erosion is thought to perturb the global carbon cycle, but estimates of its effect range from a source of 1 petagram per year(-1) to a sink of the same magnitude. By using caesium-137 and carbon inventory measurements from a large-scale survey, we found consistent evidence for an erosion-induced sink of atmospheric carbon equivalent to approximately 26% of the carbon transported by erosion. Based on this relationship, we estimated a global carbon sink of 0.12 (range 0.06 to 0.27) petagrams of carbon per year(-1) resulting from erosion in the world's agricultural landscapes. Our analysis directly challenges the view that agricultural erosion represents an important source or sink for atmospheric CO2.     

基于森林资源二类调查数据的森林碳储量和固碳潜力评估——以西藏自治区扎囊县为例

基于森林资源二类调查数据,运用生物量转换因子法和单位面积平均生物量法,估算西藏自治区扎囊县森林生物量,再乘以含碳系数估算森林碳储量。根据生物群落演替的顶级理论和空间代替时间法,以成熟林碳储量作为森林生物量碳容量参照,应用森林生物量碳容量与当前( 或某一年) 森林碳储量的差值估算森林固碳潜力。结果表明,扎囊县森林植被碳储量为768 751.91 t。灌木林是青藏高原的原生植被,碳储量占森林碳储量的84%,发挥着重要的固碳作用。扎囊县森林资源以发挥生态防护功能为主要目的,有利于森林自然生长积累碳储量,防护林面积和碳储量占森林面积和碳储量比例均高达99%。乔木林碳储量按起源以人工林为主,占91%;按树种以柳树和杨树为主,占90%;在龄组方面,中龄林、近熟林和成熟林碳储量较大,占88%。随着龄组增大,从幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林到过熟林,碳密度依次增大,从1.17 t/hm²到55.67 t/hm²。乔木幼龄林、中龄林和近熟林在乔木林面积中占88%,但是碳密度远低于乔木成熟林的平均碳密度40.28 t/hm²。随着乔木林从幼龄林逐步成长为成熟林,碳储量将显著增大。乔木林固碳潜力为251 782.90 t,是乔木林碳储量的2.21倍。宜林地、无立木林地、未成林造林地和苗圃地固碳潜力与面积大小正相关,固碳潜力为365 947.81 t。相应的措施可以进一步提高森林碳汇:封山（沙）育林等措施促进灌木林资源发展,稳定并提高灌木林面积和覆盖度;全面提升森林经营管理水平,提高森林资源质量;继续推进重点林业工程建设,因地制宜开展人工造林和封山育林,提升森林资源培育水平,确保人工造林成效。     

Recent changes in atmospheric carbon monoxide

Measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) in air samples collected from 27 locations between 71 degrees N and 41 degrees S show that atmospheric levels of this gas have decreased worldwide over the past 2 to 5 years. During this period, CO decreased at nearly a constant rate in the high northern latitudes. In contrast, in the tropics an abrupt decrease occurred beginning at the end of 1991. In the Northern Hemisphere, CO decreased at a spatially and temporally averaged rate of 7.3 (+/-0.9) parts per billion per year (6.1 percent per year) from June 1990 to June 1993, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere, CO decreased 4.2 (+/-0.5) parts per billion per year (7.0 percent per year). This recent change is opposite a long-term trend of a 1 to 2 percent per year increase inferred from measurements made in the Northern Hemisphere during the past 30 years.     

The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2

Using inorganic carbon measurements from an international survey effort in the 1990s and a tracer-based separation technique, we estimate a global oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) sink for the period from 1800 to 1994 of 118 +/- 19 petagrams of carbon. The oceanic sink accounts for approximately 48% of the total fossil-fuel and cement-manufacturing emissions, implying that the terrestrial biosphere was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere of about 39 +/- 28 petagrams of carbon for this period. The current fraction of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions stored in the ocean appears to be about one-third of the long-term potential.     

广东省森林碳汇潜力分析

森林碳汇作为解决气候变化问题的途径之一已得到国际社会的承认,以广东省第七次森林资源连续清 查资料为基础,利用CO2 FIX V3.2 软件,研究无林地最优固碳经营方案,模拟广东省2008要2057 年的森林碳汇总量 以及年增碳汇量的变化情况,新造林和现有有林地森林所固定的碳汇量等,结果表明,当无林地造林全采用商品林 时,碳汇效应最大,在所有优势树种中桉树的固碳能力最突出,广东省森林碳汇的潜力巨大,森林碳汇总量由2008 年的172.9 Mt C增加至2057 年的692.1 Mt C累积森林碳汇量为519.2 Mt C年均增加10.38 Mt C,2008要2057 年 广东省新造林累积的碳汇量为176.6 Mt C现有有林地的碳汇量为342.8 Mt C.