化学反应速率新概念

 化学动力学远不及化学热力学完美,作者认为基本原因之一就是长期局限于以浓度随时间的变化率来定义反应速率,因此提出了新的速率关系式：dξ/dt=-（dG)_T·p/ Adt。根据新的速率关系式可以得到新的速率方程,例如r=EG/nF。新的速率方程几乎包括了影响溶液中化学反应速率的主要因素,如物质的本性、浓度、压力、温度、电解质的电导甚至催化作用。并对几个反应的速率现象和几个反应的机理作了解释。     

Chemical microsensors

Rmecent developments in the field of chemical microsensors are leading to new applications for which these devices have the potential to supplement or replace traditional analytical chemical instrumentation. The fundamentals of current microelectronic, acoustic wave, optical fiber, and electrochemical microsensors are presented, and a few recent, exciting results in these areas are described. Although future opportunities in the microsensor field are numerous, many significant problems, the majority of them related to the materials utilized for the chemically sensitive layers that are the "front end" of these devices, remain to be explored and solved.     

Chemical waves

Spatial structures may occur in nonlinear systems far from equilibrium. Chemical waves, which are concentration variations of chemical species propagating in a system, are an example of such structures. A survey is given of some experiments on chemical waves by spectroscopic and microphotographic techniques, arranged according to different types of waves, different geometries, and various properties.