Sub-Lethal Effects of Fenvalerate on the Development,Fecundity, and Juvenile Hormone Esterase Activity of Diamondback Moth,Plutella xylostella (L.)

The toxicities of fenvalerate (20% EC) to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn’t any significant difference among them (P 0.05). Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase (JHE, EC 3.1.1.1) in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC80, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.     

Effect of three insect-resistant maizes expressing Cry1Ie,Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj and Cry1Ab on the growth and development of armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker)

Three transgenic maize events(IE09 S034, Shuangkang 12–5 and C0030.3.5) produced Cry1 Ie, Cry1 Ab/Cry2 Aj and G10-EPSPS, Cry1 Ab and EPSPS, respectively, all of which target the Asian corn borer. The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker) is the secondary target. In this study, the effects of the three Bt maizes on the development and survival of armyworm were studied. The results showed that IE09 S034 had insecticidal activity against 1 st instar larvae, and the survival rate of armyworm fed with Bt maize for 10 days was 46.2%, significantly lower than that of the control. The larvae at 3 rd–6 th instar were more tolerant of the Bt toxin than the early instar larvae. However, Shuangkang 12-5 had good insecticidal activity against 1 st–5 th instar larvae. The mortality was nearly 100% when the larvae were fed with Shuangkang 12-5 before 3 rd instar, and the toxin had quick-acting efficacy. This event significantly inhibited the development of armyworm; that is, the larval duration of the 3 rd and 4 th instar larvae fed with Shuangkang 12-5 was prolonged by 4.5 and 3.0 days, respectively. The pupal weight and egg number were also significantly lower than those of the control. For C0030.3.5, it could control 1 st–5 th instar larvae effectively. The mortality rates were all over 50% if 1 st–3 rd larvae were fed with this event. The pupal weight of 4 th–6 th instar larvae fed with Bt maize were only 53.9, 56.8 and 54.6%, respectively, compared to that of the control. The number of eggs laid was significantly less than the control. The results indicate that all three transgenic maize events exhibit the potential to provide effective control of early instar larvae of armyworm, which can be commercialized in future to control lepidoptera pests such as Asian corn borer and armyworm.     

Effects of Tebufenozide on the Biological Characteristics of Beet Armyworm （Spodoptera exigua Hǖbner） and Its Resistance Selection

In this article, the selection of tebufenozide to beet armyworm （Spodoptera exigua Htibner） was studied by the treatments to alternative generations＇ 3rd-instar larvae with LC50 dose and to continuous generations＇ larvae with LC10 dose; the effects of tebufenozide on the biological characteristics of current and subsequent generations were examined by the treatments to 3rd-instar larvae and egg pods in different concentrations. After treatments with LC50 dose till F11, the toxicity of tebufenozide to beet armyworm had no significant change, whereas the pupation rate, pupal weight, and fecundity were reduced markedly. After treatments with LC10 dose till Fl9, the beet armyworm only developed 3.52-fold resistance, and the main biological characteristics were nearly accordant in each generation. The livability was reduced 72 h later after treatments to 3rd-instar larvae, respectively in 2.5-40 μg mL^-1, and larval duration, pupation rate, and pupal weight changed considerably with the increase in concentrations. The fecundity, larval livability, larval weight and pupal weight of subsequent generations were reduced as the dose increased over 10 μg mL^-1. The hatching rate of egg pods did not differ with that of the controls obviously after treatment in 10-300 μg mL^-1. But the larval livability, larval weight and pupal weight were reduced when eggs were exposed to 50 μg mL^-1 dose or more. The results indicated that tebufenozide had low resistance risk to the current and subsequent generations of beet armyworm even if tebufenozide had significant effects on the biological characteristics of this insect.     

Effects of High-Quality Aromatic Rice Varieties on the Fitness of the Striped Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis （Walker） in Central China

The striped stem borer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major pest of rice in China. Variation in host-plant quality may affect the body size of herbivorous insects, which in turn, can determine their life-history parameters such as survival, fecundity and fitness. In this study, we tested the effects of high-quality aromatic rice varieties on the fitness of SSB in China. Results showed that 1st instar larvae had higher penetrating rates and survival rates on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties (EX-1 and WX-988) than that on the non-aromatic rice varieties (EZ-5 and LYP-9). In addition, shorter developmental periods, greater female pupal weights and higher of other life-history parameters (hatching rate, pupation rate, eclosion rate and increase index) were found on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties, although only female pupal weight showed a significant difference between the two varieties. The highest dead heart rate was found on the aromatic rice variety of EX-1. These results indicate that SSB sustains a lower fitness cost when consuming the high-quality aromatic rice varieties (EX-1 and WX-988) than on the non-aromatic rice varieties (EZ-5 and LYP-9) in Central China.     

The Sublethal Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae were evaluated through exposure of third instar larvae to the insecticide incorporated into an artificial diet. When larvae were fed on the insecticide-containing diet for 7d, the LC10 , LC20 , LC40 , and LC50 values were 3.790, 7.977, 21.577, and 33.121 μg active ingredient L-1, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole at sublethal concentrations significantly reduced the larval body mass, emergence ratio, adult longevity and egg hatching rate in both the parental and offspring generations. The pupation and copulation rate in the parental generation and the pupal mass in the offspring also strongly decreased. Reproduction was seriously disturbed in both the parental and offspring groups even when only one of the partners was exposed to chlorantraniliprole at larval stages. However, at the lowest concentration of exposure (LC10 ), offspring fecundity was strongly reduced only when both partners were exposed. The net reproductive rate (R0 ), intrinsic rate of increase (rm ), and gross reproduction rate (GRR) at LC20 , LC40 concentrations were significantly lower than that of the control. Post-exposure effects also included an extended larval developmental time and increased male proportion in both generations. The doubling time (Dt) at LC20 , LC40 concentrations as well as gross reproduction rate (GRR) at LC10 concentration were also significantly increased. Chlorantraniliprole might have significant effects on H. armigera population dynamics even at sublethal concentrations on both parental and offspring generations.     

Evaluation of Impact of Pollen Grains from Bt, Bt/CpTI Transgenic Cotton and Bt Corn Plants on the Growth and Development of the Mulberry Silkworm, Bombyx mori Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

The δ-endotoxin genes of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and proteinase inhibitor (PI) genes aretwo kinds of genes popularly used for developing transgenic plants resistant to insect pests. To clarify whetherthere is any risk concerning the effects of pollens from these transgenic crops on non-target insects with eco-nomic importance, such as the effects on the growth and development as well as cocoon quality of the silk-worm, Bombyx mori Linnaeus, a series of feeding experiments were conducted, using pollens from transgeniccotton or corn containing crylAc, cry1A+-CpTI or crylAb genes, compared with pollens from non-transgenicnormal cotton and corn as well as the non-pollen treatment. In contrast to the latter ones, pollens from trans-genic plants showed no significant adverse effects on larval mortality, cocoon weight, pupa weight, cocoonshell weight, pupation rate, emergence rate and fecundity of the silkworm after neonates were fed with thepollens for 72 h. In addition, no dosage effects of pollens were found. Though the duration of 1st instar larvaewas prolonged in the case of feeding with transgenic pollens as compared with those of the non-pollen treat-ment, but they were not significantly different from those fed with pollens from non-transgenic cotton or corn.Meanwhile, the body weight of the 3rd instar molters fed with transgenic pollens was obviously different fromthose for non-pollen treatment, and was all significantly heavier than that of the controls. Consequently, it isconsidered that the adverse effect of pollens from transgenic insect-resistant cotton and corn on the growth anddevelopment of the silkworm is negligible.     

Population life tables for the invasive fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda fed on major oil crops planted in China

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a newly invasive, widespread agricultural pest in China. Understanding the suitability of the main field crops in Chinese agricultural system as host for this polyphagous herbivore is especially important for making control strategy. Here, after FAWs were fed three important oil-bearing crops(oilseed rape, soybean and sunflower) planted in China and resultant population parameters were compared using the age-stage, two-sex life table method, survival of larvae on soybean was significantly lower than that on oilseed rape and sunflower. Developmental duration of larvae on soybean was also the longest(23.3 days). The highest pupation rate was recorded on sunflower. The highest pupal mass(0.19 g) was attained on oilseed rape, significantly higher than on the other host plants; the lowest mass was on soybean(0.15 g). On soybean, oilseed rape and sunflower, respectively, the average generation period was 42.21, 39.10 and 40.44 d; the intrinsic rate of increase(r) was 0.0844, 0.1041 and 0.1134; the finite rate of increase(λ) was 1.0881, 1.1098 and 1.1202. While the most suitable host plant overall was sunflower, S. frugiperda completed development and increased its population on all three host plants. Thus, soybean, oilseed rape and sunflower were all suitable for FAW, and population monitoring and management of FAW in these crops should be increased.     

Study on Active Oxygen Quantum Yield, Insecticidal Activities and Stability of Diphenylthiophene

Active oxygen quantum yield, insecticidal activities and stability of diphenylthiophene were studied for the first time. The results showed that maximum diphenylthiophene absorbency variety was 0.438 after irradiation for 280 min and that of α-terthienyl (α-T) was 0.480 after irradiation for 200 min with UV. LC50 values ofdiphenylthiophene and α-T against 3rd instar larvae of Aedes albopictus were 9.18 × 10-3 and 9.69 × 10-4 μg mL-1 when treated for 24 h, respectively. LC50 values of the two chemicals against the 3rd instar larvae of Plutella xylostella were 267.87 and 222.22 μg mL-1 when treated for 24 h, respectively. The half lives of diphenylthiophene and α-T in methanol were 113.62 and 10.65 h. Difference between quantum yield of diphenylthiophene and α-T was not significant and they all possessed high toxicity to Aedes albopictus and Plutella xylostella, but diphenylthiophene was more stable than α-T. It could be concluded that diphenylthiophene has overcome the deficiency of photoactivated insecticides which degraded quickly in the environment and could not be applied on the field. Diphenylthiophene could kill the insects and accelerate the degradation rate of triazophos. The benefits of diphenylthiophene can be further exploited and applied on the field.     

Fitness of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda to three solanaceous vegetables

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important agricultural pest that invaded China in the middle of December 2018. As a polyphagous pest, FAW is identified as a serious threat to agricultural production and food security in China. Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.), tomato(Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) and eggplant(Solanum melongena L.) are three of dominant solanaceous vegetables of this country. To our knowledge, the effects of these plants on the performances of FAW have not been well studied. In this study we assessed the fitness of this pest to these three plants. Results showed that FAW can complete its life cycle when fed with tomato and pepper, but not on eggplant. The population parameters of FAW fed with maize(Zea mays L.) and the three solanaceous vegetables were compared using the age-stage, two-sex life table method. Developmental duration was significantly different in the larval stage, but not in the pupae stage. FAW fed with pepper had the longest pre-adult period(41.73 d) and the lightest pupal weight(0.1134 g); the survival rate was lower than FAW fed with tomato. Significant differences were observed in the mean fecundity of female, with the highest(943.95 eggs) laid by FAW fed with tomato. FAW had the shortest mean generation time(T), the highest intrinsic rate of increase(r) and finite rate of increase(λ) on maize, and the highest net reproductive rate(R_0) on tomato. Overall, FAW fitness on the three solanaceous vegetables was: tomatopeppereggplant. This study provides the foundation for further assessment of FAW risk to solanaceous vegetables and for establishing corresponding control strategies in China.     

Effect of Exogenous MJA Treatment of Tea Plants on the Growth of Geometrid Larvae

The effect of tea plant Camellia sinensis induced by exogenous methyl jasmonate （MJA） on lipoxygenase （LOX）, polyphenol oxidase （PPO） and proteinase inhibitor （PI） activity in the leaves of tea plants, as well as the growth and midgut proteinase activity of the geometrid Ectropis obliqua larvae were studied. MJA significantly induced LOX, PPO and PI activity in leaves of tea plants. When geometrid larvae have fed on leaves of tea plants treated with MJA, the activities of the high alkaline trypsin-like enzyme and chymotrypsin-like enzyme in their midgut were significantly inhibited, but the activities of the low alkaline trypsin-like enzyme in their midgut were unaffected, leading to imbalance between different types of proteinase activity in the midgut of the larvae and in turn, the growth were inhibited. These chains of response may be an important mechanism of the direct resistance induced by MJA-treatment of tea plant on geometrid larvae.     

印楝素制剂对小菜蛾毒杀和生长发育抑制作用的研究

印楝素制剂对小菜蛾３龄幼虫具有较好的毒杀和生长发育抑制作用。小菜蛾３龄思虫连续４ｄ饲喂经１５ｍｇ／Ｌ印楝素制剂处理的叶片时，幼虫和蛹死亡率达８４．１２％，化蛹率，羽化率和正常羽化的雌虫生殖力随处理浓度升高而迅速下降；对多种杀虫剂产生抗性的小菜蛾田间品系和敏感品系的毒力无显著差异。其ＬＣ５０值分别为３６．９０ｍｇ／Ｌ和２８．７７ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

亚致死浓度氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

室内实验结果表明:氰氟虫腙对南昌和九江地区小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)田间种群3龄幼虫的LC50分别为21.95和17.03 mg/L;用亚致死剂量(LC50)的氰氟虫腙处理小菜蛾种群后,处理代种群表现为化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率和繁殖力显著降低,蛹期明显延长,成虫寿命显著缩短,子代种群表现为卵孵化率和平均单雌产卵量显著下降,幼虫和蛹的历期显著延长。     

氟虫腈对小菜蛾3龄幼虫取食、化蛹、羽化的影响

在研究了氟虫腈对小菜蛾3龄幼虫室内毒力的基础上,观察了氟虫腈对试虫取食、化蛹、羽化的影响。在所研究浓度下,氟虫腈对试虫存活个体、死亡个体的平均取食量都无明显影响,但0.20 mg/L氟虫腈处理过的试虫总取食量增加了22%,其余处理的总取食量都有所下降,12.50 mg/L氟虫腈处理过的试虫总取食量下降了70%。氟虫腈处理还会导致蛹重略有下降,推迟试虫平均化蛹时间,CK的平均化蛹时间为110 h,12.50 mg/L氟虫腈处理过的试虫平均化蛹时间为177.6 h,显著延长（P〈0.05）。     

溴虫腈对小菜蛾3龄幼虫存活、化蛹和羽化的影响

在用浸叶法测定溴虫腈对小菜蛾3龄幼虫毒力的同时,观察了溴虫腈对小菜蛾存活、化蛹和羽化等的影响。结果表明,溴虫腈对小菜蛾没有后效性,随着时间的推移,不同浓度的死亡率没有明显变化;在所有测定浓度下,溴虫腈对小菜蛾幼虫体重、蛹重、幼虫至蛹历期和蛹期与对照相比没有明显影响;尽管不同浓度处理化蛹率和羽化率都低于对照,但只有高浓度(10mg·L-1和20mg·L-1)和2.5mg·L-1处理与对照相比差异显著,低浓度(0.625mg·L-1和1.25mg·L-1)和5mg·L-1处理与对照相比差异不显著。     

寄主龄期对菜蛾绒茧蜂生物学特性的影响

观察了小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)被寄生时的龄期对菜蛾绒茧蜂(Cotesia plutellae)发育历期、结茧率及羽化雌蜂寄生能力的影响.结果发现：寄生于3龄小菜蛾幼虫的菜蛾绒茧蜂其卵—幼虫期的发育较寄生于2龄或4龄个体的要快，结茧率及羽化后雌蜂寄生能力要高，但寄生不同龄期寄主个体间的成蜂羽化率没有差异，表明小菜蛾3龄幼虫较2、4龄幼虫对菜蛾绒茧蜂的适合性要高.不同龄期被寄生的小菜蛾幼虫均有部分个体在寄生蜂幼虫成熟啮出前死亡，这种死亡在2龄、3龄时被寄生的个体中主要发生在幼虫期，而4龄幼虫被寄生的个体死亡发生期则逐渐向蛹期转移，4龄第三天被寄生的小菜蛾蛹期死亡率达62.5%，表明小菜蛾4龄幼虫对菜蛾绒茧蜂的适合性随年龄增加迅速下降.文中还讨论了寄主龄期适合性与该蜂产卵选择性的关系.     

不同靶标害虫对普通草蛉生长发育和繁殖力的影响

【目的】研究取食不同靶标害虫对普通草蛉生长发育和繁殖力的影响。【方法】通过对普通草蛉饲喂棉蚜、土耳其斯坦叶螨和麦蛾卵3种食物,研究各龄期幼虫发育历期、死亡率、羽化率和单雌产卵量等指标。【结果】通过室内生物测定,普通草蛉幼虫饲喂土耳其斯坦叶螨后,只能发育至2龄末,并不能完成其整个生活史。普通草蛉幼虫饲喂棉蚜后,其幼虫发育时间和蛹期均少于饲喂麦蛾卵的处理,其中1和2龄幼虫的发育时间差异显著,其成虫羽化率、产卵前期天数、单雌产卵量和雌虫寿命等参数均较饲喂麦蛾卵的处理高,但差异不显著。【结论】饲喂不同靶标害虫对于普通草蛉各龄期幼虫发育历期、死亡率、羽化率和单雌产卵量等反映生长发育和繁殖力指标的影响显著,验证了草蛉幼虫虽能捕食某种害虫(螨),但某种单一被捕食者体内的营养物质并不能满足其正常生长发育所需要全部营养。     

热浪式连续高温胁迫对小菜蛾幼虫和蛹的影响

模拟高温热浪的温度模式,研究了热浪式连续高温胁迫对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫和蛹的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫时的初始虫态、胁迫温度、胁迫模式及各因子之间的交互作用都可能对小菜蛾3龄幼虫和蛹的羽化率及生殖力有显著影响。小菜蛾3龄幼虫比蛹耐热,蛹更易受到高温危害。虽然小菜蛾较耐高温,但40℃,持续3 d每天8 h(3 d×8 h/d)的高温胁迫下,相比30℃1 d 8 h(1 d×8 h/d),小菜蛾羽化率降低了55.48%。从生殖角度看,蛹经高温胁迫后生殖力显著低于3龄幼虫,3 d持续高温胁迫与1 d高温相比,生殖力降低了48.84%,40℃胁迫相比30℃,生殖力降低了64.32%。持续长时间的高温热浪天气可能会导致小菜蛾种群数量的大幅度减少。     

转cry1Ab基因水稻对二化螟幼虫的致死和亚致死效应

测定了转cry1Ab基因水稻"克螟稻1号"对二化螟幼虫的致死和亚致死作用.结果表明,1龄、3龄、5龄幼虫持续取食"克螟稻1号"时,死亡率极高,5龄虽存活了较长时间,但不能正常化蛹.而当取食"克螟稻1号"一段时间后,改以亲本对照"秀水11"为食时,除在初期死亡较多外,死亡率不随时间而显著上升,能存活至下一龄期,部分还可化蛹,且幼虫总的历期与对照组差异不显著.幼虫取食一定时间的"克螟稻1号"后改食对照时,除1龄外,3龄和5龄幼虫经处理后所得的蛹均能羽化,其中3龄幼虫经处理后所得的成虫体重和体长与对照组差异不显著,而5龄幼虫经处理后所得的成虫体重和体长均显著低于对照组,但羽化率和产卵量并不显著低于对照组.     

虱螨脲亚致死剂量对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖力的影响

用虱螨脲亚致死剂量处理棉铃虫1龄幼虫和3龄幼虫,结果表明:虱螨脲具有较强后效性,能降低棉铃虫化蛹率、羽化率、产卵量,提高畸形蛹、畸形蛾比例.1龄幼虫按0.1和0.2 mg/kg一次饲毒后,化蛹率分别为20.00%和15.50%,与对照相比显著降低;处理代雌、雄成虫羽化率分别下降6.50%、9.91%和18.48%、21.76%,雌、雄畸形蛾率分别上升15.61%、12.71%和27.55%、19.50%,产卵量下降34.06%和36.50%.第2、3代与第1代相比,化蛹率、羽化率、产卵量、卵孵化率逐渐有所提高,畸形蛹率、畸形蛾率降低,但与对照仍存在差异,表明虱螨脲对试虫的影响随世代延续而减弱,但至少可持续到第3代,且随用药剂量提高,其影响加大.与1龄幼虫饲毒结果相比,对3龄幼虫的影响程度相对较小,但趋势一致.