Postfertilization autophagy of sperm organelles prevents paternal mitochondrial DNA transmission

In sexual reproduction of most animals, the spermatozoon provides DNA and centrioles, together with some cytoplasm and organelles, to the oocyte that is being fertilized. Paternal mitochondria and their genomes are generally eliminated in the embryo by an unknown degradation mechanism. We show that, upon fertilization, a Caenorhabditis elegans spermatozoon triggers the recruitment of autophagosomes within minutes and subsequent paternal mitochondria degradation. Whereas the nematode-specific sperm membranous organelles are ubiquitinated before autophagosome formation, the mitochondria are not. The degradation of both paternal structures and mitochondrial DNA requires an LC3-dependent autophagy. Analysis of fertilized mouse embryos shows the localization of autophagy markers, which suggests that this autophagy event is evolutionarily conserved to prevent both the transmission of paternal mitochondrial DNA to the offspring and the establishment of heteroplasmy.     

A direct repeat is a hotspot for large-scale deletion of human mitochondrial DNA

Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) and progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) are related neuromuscular disorders characterized by ocular myopathy and ophthalmoplegia. Almost all patients with KSS and about half with PEO harbor large deletions in their mitochondrial genomes. The deletions differ in both size and location, except for one, 5 kilobases long, that is found in more than one-third of all patients examined. This common deletion was found to be flanked by a perfect 13-base pair direct repeat in the normal mitochondrial genome. This result suggests that homologous recombination deleting large regions of intervening mitochondrial DNA, which previously had been observed only in lower eukaryotes and plants, operates in mammalian mitochondrial genomes as well, and is at least one cause of the deletions found in these two related mitochondrial myopathies.     

线粒体DNA12SrRNA、16SrRNA研究进展

动物线粒体DNA是共价闭合的环状双链DNA,在真核生物具有高保守性,使其成为了研究物种进化的一种常用的标记,并为线粒体起源提供了有价值的线索.通过动物线粒体DNA从分子水平上研究类群的系统关系,获得种群遗传多态性的资料及建立种群遗传标记,对类群系统关系研究有重要意义.     

Method for Isolating Mitochondrial DNA from Etiolated Tissue of Cabbage

Isolation of high-quality mitochondrial DNA（mtDNA） is an important premise for researching molecular mechanisms in cytoplasmic male sterility of cabbage（Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata）. An efficient protocol for separation and purification of mitochondria and extraction of mitochondrial DNA（mtDNA） from etiolated tissues of cabbage was developed. We took a method combined mannitol density gradient with differential centrifugation, selected appropriate rotational speed, extended DNase I treating time and changed mitochondria cracking condition. The results showed that the extracted mitochondria in this protocol had complete structure, appeared to ellipsoid and had not been contaminated with other impurities under the Jannus Green B staining. The isolated mitochondrial DNA had high purity and yield through detecting the optical density, nuclear specific primer PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that mitochondrial DNA extracted by this protocol had high quality and enabled to be used in futher genetic studies.     

Human cells lacking mtDNA: repopulation with exogenous mitochondria by complementation

Two human cell lines (termed rho 0), which had been completely depleted of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by long-term exposure to ethidium bromide, were found to be dependent on uridine and pyruvate for growth because of the absence of a functional respiratory chain. Loss of either of these two metabolic requirements was used as a selectable marker for the repopulation of rho 0 cells with exogenous mitochondria by complementation. Transformants obtained with various mitochondrial donors exhibited a respiratory phenotype that was in most cases distinct from that of the rho 0 parent or the donor, indicating that the genotypes of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes as well as their specific interactions play a role in the respiratory competence of a cell.     

白杨细胞质遗传的细胞学机理(Ⅰ):生殖细胞和精细胞中细胞质DNA的存在状况

应用DAPI、DiOC荧光法与激光共聚焦电镜技术,观察白杨派树种毛白杨、毛新杨、银腺杨、中国山杨花粉发育中生殖细胞的细胞质DNA及其在精细胞形成过程中的动态。结果表明:不同发育时期的生殖细胞、精细胞中不存在具有DNA的细胞器,为白杨派树种具有母系遗传的潜能提供了细胞学证据;其中,线粒体在花粉发育过程中一直存在,但其DNA发生了降解,从而使父系线粒体DNA的传递中断,导致了线粒体的母系遗传。细胞学观察发现,银腺杨少数质体及其DNA被排除和降解的时期相对迟缓。本文还对被子植物线粒体遗传的机理进行了讨论。     

mtDNA A3243G 点突变小鼠模型的建立及其致病机制探讨

    利用显微注射线粒体技术建立转人线粒体小鼠模型,研究外源突变mtDNA在不同组织的分布及遗传规律,探讨mtDNA A3243G点突变对线粒体功能的影响.从健康成人及2型糖尿病患者(携带mtDNA 3243A-G突变)血液标本中分离有活性的线粒体,将其显微注射至小鼠受精卵,胚胎移植,产出仔鼠后利用分子生物学方法检测人mtDNA及mtDNA A3243G点突变.获得嵌合体小鼠后,对其空腹血糖和全血乳酸进行测定,并使用荧光法和比色法分析A3243G点突变小鼠重要脏器组织细胞活性氧生成量(ROS)、线粒体复合酶Ⅰ和Ⅳ活力及线粒体ATP合成活力的变化.研究结果显示:在1只雌性(转健康人线粒体)和2只雄性小鼠(转患者线粒体)中检测到人mtDNA,其中2只雄性小鼠携带mtDNA 3243A-G突变;将嵌和体雌鼠与野生型C57BL/6J 雄鼠交配后,在1只后代仔鼠中检测到人mtDNA;人mtDNA仅在嵌合小鼠的部分组织中表达.在含有mtDNA A3243G突变的组织中发现,线粒体复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅳ活力降低,ATP合成速率下降,ROS水平升高,说明A3243G点突变能损伤线粒体正常功能从而导致疾病的发生.综上所述,本研究利用显微注射法成功建立了嵌和小鼠,引入了致病性的点突变,为线粒体疾病的研究提供了良好的思路.     

高粱CMS材料线粒体基因组DNA指纹研究

应用限制性核酸内切酶片段分析（REFA）和随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术，分析了6个Milo型细胞质来源的高粱细胞质雄性不育系的线粒体基因组（Mitochondrial genome)的指纹图谱。RAPD分析共使用10nt随机引物50个，其中22个得到扩增到多态性。各种试材的REFA指纹亦不相同。结果表明具有相同细胞质（Milo)来源的高粱雄性不育系的线粒体基因组已经产生了异质性。     

高等植物线粒体基因组测序和序列分析

线粒体是真核细胞内的重要细胞器,是一种遗传上半自主性的细胞器,编码与自身功能相关的部分基因,参与生命活动一些过程。植物的线粒体基因组较动物的更为复杂,且与植物细胞质雄性不育和物种进化密切相关。本文概述了植物线粒体基因组测序工作,并在此基础上,综述了植物线粒体基因组的大小、组成形式、基因组序列的结构特征、基因组成,分析表达特点、RNA编辑、序列重组,以及线粒体基因组进化、线粒体相关的雄性不育机理研究的研究进展。     

一种改良的水稻细胞质基因组制备方法

 水稻叶绿体和线粒体基因组较小,且均被测序清楚,可以作为研究细胞质遗传的良好材料,而如何快速有效地分离纯化获得高产量和高质量的细胞质基因组是从DNA水平上研究细胞质遗传变异的前提条件。本研究结合了蔗糖密度梯度离心法-全基因组DNA扩增法(whole genome amplification,WGA),对细胞质基因组的制备进行了改良。改良后的方法仅使用20g的水稻叶片,即可在2d时间内得到浓度达300ng/μL以上,总量达40μg以上的高纯度(OD260/280值为18~20)、完整的叶绿体DNA (chloroplast DNA,cpDNA)和线粒体DNA (mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)。该法制备的细胞质基因组可以满足多种细胞质基因组实验的要求,包括Solexa全基因组测序技术的要求。     

钱塘江三角鲂线粒体基因组测序及其结构特征分析

为了研究钱塘江流域三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis Richardson)线粒体基因组结构特征及鲌亚科鱼类的系统进化关系,通过PCR扩增、测序、软件拼接获得了钱塘江三角鲂线粒体基因组全序列,GenBank登录号为MN725725。结果表明,钱塘江三角鲂线粒体基因组序列全长为16 621 bp,碱基组成分别为A(31.23%)、G(16.17%)、C(27.87%)和T(24.73%);共有13个蛋白编码基因,22个tRNA基因,2个rRNA基因,NAD6、tRNA-Gln、tRNA-Ala、tRNA-Asn、tRNA-Cys、tRNA-Tyr、tRNA-Ser⁽(UCN))、tRNA-Glu和tRNA-Pro等基因编码在L链上,其余基因均在H链上编码。钱塘江三角鲂线粒体基因组全序列与蛋白编码基因的A+T含量分别为55.97%和55.86%,具有明显的AT偏好性。线粒体基因中存在2个散在重复序列,分别位于线粒体控制区中终止结合序列区的前端和控制区3′的末端。在22个tRNA基因中,除了tRNA-Ser⁽(AGY))外,均具有...     

线粒体研究现状及其在热带作物中的应用前景

线粒体普遍存在于高等动、植物和真菌等真核细胞中。其在人类遗传疾病的发生、发展、功能修复以及起源和进化中具有重要的功能。在植物中,与雄性不育、细胞程序死亡、果实成熟、衰老以及光合作用等多种生理功能有关。综述了线粒体基因组在人体疾病的发生、诊断、DNA突变等方面的最新研究进展,并展望了线粒体研究在热带作物生长发育和果实成熟、衰老、贮藏等方面的应用前景。     

植物水平基因转移研究进展

水平基因转移,一般分为细胞内部或者跨越物种边界的遗传物质交流。跨界直接介导方式,包括共生、内共生、寄生、嫁接等。细胞内的基因转移,主要包括细胞核与细胞器基因组间的相互渗透;跨越物种边界的遗传物质交流,主要涉及寄生与寄主植物的基因横向转移,寄主与寄生植物mRNA也会发生大规模的水平转移。基于基因组学研究进展,本研究综述了植物水平基因转移的迁移序列类型、迁移方向及迁移机制:首先,植物细胞的线粒体基因组能够整合细胞核转座元件以及叶绿体起源的tRNA基因,线粒体和叶绿体基因组的功能基因及间区序列能够迁移到核基因组;其次,植物种间,通过寄生、嫁接等方式转移大量的DNA(如线粒体基因、叶绿体基因和转座元件)和RNA(如mRNA)序列;迁移机制涉及到DNA介导和RNA介导方式,迁移方向包括单向和双向转移。迁移序列的基因功能活性研究是重要的后续研究方向。     

Structure and expression of a complementary DNA for the nuclear coded precursor of human mitochondrial ornithine transcarbamylase

Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus and are translated on free cytoplasmic ribosomes as larger precursors containing amino-terminal "leader" sequences, which are removed after the precursors are taken up by mitochondria. We have deduced the complete primary structure of the precursor of a human mitochondrial matrix enzyme, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), from the nucleotide sequence of cloned complementary DNA. The amino-terminal leader peptide of OTC is 32 amino acids in length and contains four arginines but no acidic residues. Cleavage of the leader peptide from the "mature" protein occurs between glutamine and asparagine residues. The sequence of mature human OTC resembles that of the subunits of both OTC and aspartate transcarbamylase from Escherichia coli. The biological activity of the cloned OTC complementary DNA was tested by joining it with SV40 (an animal virus) regulatory elements and transfecting cultured HeLa cells, which do not normally express OTC. Both the precursor and mature forms of the OTC subunit were identified; in stable transformants, enzymatic activity was also detected.     

9个地方绵羊品种mtDNA D-loop高变区序列分析

对中国9个绵羊品种的103个个体mtDNA D-loop高变区(763 bp)进行了研究,结果表明:获得的序列长度范围为522～683 bp,可归为21种分子类型,各分子类型在绵羊品种间分布趋于一致,不存在特异性,而在品种内却存在异质性;绵羊mtDNA D-loop区序列长度变异主要是由于75 bp基元重复序列重复次数的不同(2、3或4个)和少数碱基的插入或缺失造成的;103个个体mtDNA D-loop区序列中A T碱基组成比例(64.7%)明显高于G C碱基组成比例(35.3%),说明了绵羊mtDNA D-loop区是A、T碱基富集区,且为高突变区,碱基突变类型包括转换、颠换、插入和缺失,且碱基转换频率远高于碱基颠换频率.     

Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons reveal extreme rate variation in the molecular clock

The discovery that the rate of evolution of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA is rapid, compared to the rate for vertebrate nuclear DNA, has resulted in its widespread use in evolutionary studies. Comparison of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA divergences among echinoid and vertebrate taxa of similar ages indicates that the rapid rate of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA evolution is, in part, an artifact of a widely divergent rate of nuclear DNA evolution. This disparity in relative rates of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA divergence suggests that the controls and constraints under which the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes operate are evolving independently, and provides evidence that is independent of fossil dating for a robust rejection of a generalized molecular clock hypothesis of DNA evolution.     

Whole-genome shotgun sequencing of mitochondria from ancient hair shafts

Although the application of sequencing-by-synthesis techniques to DNA extracted from bones has revolutionized the study of ancient DNA, it has been plagued by large fractions of contaminating environmental DNA. The genetic analyses of hair shafts could be a solution: We present 10 previously unexamined Siberian mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) mitochondrial genomes, sequenced with up to 48-fold coverage. The observed levels of damage-derived sequencing errors were lower than those observed in previously published frozen bone samples, even though one of the specimens was >50,000 14C years old and another had been stored for 200 years at room temperature. The method therefore sets the stage for molecular-genetic analysis of museum collections.     

Hypoxic coordinate regulation of mitochondrial enzymes in mammalian cells

The effect of hypoxic exposure on various mitochondrial enzymes and on cell mitochondrial genomic content was studied in two types of mammalian cells. Hypoxia depressed the activity of six enzymes to the same degree. The kinetics of depression and of recovery during reexposure to normoxia were statistically similar for three marker enzymes. Despite the global and symmetrical decrease in enzyme activities, mitochondrial DNA remained constant. This suggests either symmetrical loss of mitochondrial enzymes from all mitochondria or complete loss of enzymes from a subpopulation of mitochondria with retention of an intact mitochondrial genome.     

灵芝属真菌线粒体基因组特征及进化

【目的】分析灵芝属（Ganoderma）真菌的线粒体基因组特征及进化,为灵芝属物种分类、分子进化和系统发育分析提供理论依据。【方法】基于灵芝属真菌15个线粒体基因组序列,利用MEGA X、MISA、mVISTA、MAFFT、DnaSP、PAML X和IQ-TREE等生物信息学软件对基因组特征、序列多态性、简单重复序列（SSR）、基因进化和系统发育进行分析。【结果】灵芝属真菌线粒体基因组全长为50603~124588 bp,GC含量为25.4%~27.3%,含有15个保守的蛋白编码基因（PCG）、2个rRNA基因和25~29个tRNA基因。SSR主要由AT构成,单核苷酸重复类型比例最高,其次为三核苷酸重复和四核苷酸重复。种间线粒体基因组序列差异较大,非编码区的变异水平高于编码区,nad6、nad3和cob基因编码序列的变异度较高,内含子长度与线粒体基因组大小呈显著正相关。15个保守的线粒体蛋白编码基因主要受纯化选择影响,其中cob、cox1和nad2基因含有正选择位点。基因编码偏好A/T含量高的密码子,27个高频密码子中,13个以A结尾,14个以T结尾。系统发育分析结果显示,灵芝属真菌主要分为2个聚类组,其中紫芝、狭长孢灵芝和G.wiiroense聚为一组;喜热灵芝、白肉灵芝和铁杉灵芝聚成一支,与树舌灵芝、梅氏灵芝、四川灵芝和亮盖灵芝构成姊妹类群,共同构成另一组。【结论】灵芝属真菌的线粒体基因组在进化过程中发生明显的遗传变异,基因组长度主要与内含子插入和删除有关,蛋白编码基因密码子使用偏性强。     

新型DNA碱基编辑器的研究进展

DNA碱基编辑技术是由CRISPR/Cas系统发展而来,能对基因组碱基进行精准编辑。目前已开发的DNA碱基编辑器包括介导C·G至T·A转换的胞嘧啶单碱基编辑器、介导A·T至G·C转换的腺嘌呤单碱基编辑器、介导C·G至G·C颠换的糖基化酶单碱基编辑器、介导C·G至T·A和A·T至G·C同时转换的双碱基编辑器、介导任意碱基之间转换的引导编辑器以及线粒体DNA编辑器。本文系统总结了上述6种DNA编辑器的原理、优化历程及最新研究进展,着重介绍了应用到植物研究中的碱基编辑器工具及其在作物遗传改良中的应用,并对碱基编辑技术今后的发展进行了展望。