影响猪卵母细胞体外成熟的相关物理性因素

猪的研究是生物新技术中新的热点和经济增长点，猪的体外成熟是体外受精、性别控制、克隆及转基因等许多新技术成功与否的前提和关键，有许多物理方面的因素影响到猪的体外成熟。     

促卵泡素与促黄体素对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

促卵泡素(FSH)与促黄体素(LH)是参与卵母细胞成熟的最重要的蛋白质激素,在猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养中使用较多。大部分研究已经证实了促性腺激素(FSH、LH)在猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养中的重要作用。为进一步探讨FSH与LH对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响,确定其对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的作     

猪卵子体外受精方法研究

本试验分析研究了：（1）猪卵子体外成熟所需要的培养时间；（2）促性腺激素和猪卵泡液对猪卵子体外成熟的作用；（3）不同体外受精次数对猪卵子体受精率的影响；（4）不同精子获能辅助剂对猪精子体外获能的作用；（5）不同种类猪精液的体外受精能力。研究结果表明，猪卵子体外成熟所需培养时间是32－36小时，在体外成熟培养液中加入0.25IU/ml PMSG（或FSH）和10％猪卵泡液可以促进猪卵子体外成熟，在精子体外获能培养液中加入0.05mg/ml肝素，在体外受精培养液中加入2mg/ml咖啡因可以促进猪精子体外获能并可提高体外受精率，体外成熟后的猪卵子进行2次受精可以获得较高的体外受精率，本试验用新鲜射出精子，冷冻射出精子，新附睾精子，冷冻附睾精子对体外成熟猪卵子进行体外受精，受精后卵裂率（2－4细胞期）分别是24.26％、23.40%,22.65%和24.24%。     

猪卵巢卵母细胞体外成熟体系研究进展

猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养中存在的问题是如何进一步提高卵母细胞的采集效率、急待解决的问题是成熟率不高和成熟质量差的问题。综合论述了猪体外受精技术所包含的猪卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)培养和受精卵的体外培养两项密切相关的技术与方法，以及完善现有的成熟体系及成熟过程。     

猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养的研究进展

猪卵母细胞体外成熟作为一种很重要的胚胎生物技术,具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文综述了猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养的发展历程、体外培养影响因素以及优化策略,为猪卵母细胞成熟培养提供参考依据。     

BMP-6对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

为研究BMP-6在猪卵泡发育过程中的作用,采用免疫荧光和Western blot技术检测BMP-6在猪排卵前卵泡卵母细胞、颗粒细胞以及卵泡液中的表达;在猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养过程中分别添加5、25及50 ng/mL BMP-6蛋白,观察其对猪卵母细胞在体外成熟过程中的影响。结果表明,猪排卵前卵泡的卵母细胞和颗粒细胞以及卵泡液中均存在BMP-6蛋白,体外添加不同浓度的BMP-6蛋白均能明显促进猪卵母细胞体外成熟,说明BMP-6在猪卵泡发育及猪卵母细胞的成熟过程中发挥作用。     

共轭亚油酸的研究进展及对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的辅助作用

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是一种含有共轭双键的十八碳二烯酸(亚油酸)异构体混合物,具有天然活性,主要来源于反刍动物脂肪和奶制品,具有降低脂肪和胆固醇含量、防止动脉粥样硬化、抗癌以及改善免疫力等许多优点。CLA现已应用于畜禽疾病防治、生长发育以及提高畜产品品质等畜禽生产活动,而其调节脂质代谢的功能对于猪卵母细胞体外成熟亦有重要意义。本文从CLA的结构、功能及其对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的辅助作用进行综述。     

维生素C或维生素E对猪去卵丘卵体外成熟及发育能力的影响

裸卵的体外培养对于动物繁殖和人类辅助生殖具有重要的意义。实验研究成熟培养基中维生素C和维生素E的添加对猪裸卵(denuded oocytes,DOs)体外发育能力的影响。将维生素C以0、50、100、250、500μmol/L和750μmol/L的浓度,维生素E以0、10、20、50、100μmol/L和250μmol/L的浓度加入成熟液中,比较猪DOs的体外成熟率、孤雌激活后的卵裂率和囊胚发育率。结果表明:维生素C促进猪DOs的体外成熟和囊胚发育;维生素E对猪DOs的成熟率无影响,增加了囊胚率。综上所述,维生素C和维生素E可提高猪DOs的体外发育能力。     

显微注射转基因用猪胚胎获得研究

本文从猪胚胎的体外成熟和体内成熟两方面对显微注射用猪胚胎的获取进行了初步研究。实验结果表明 ;超数排卵母猪的手术冲胚是获取显微注射用猪胚胎的最佳方法 ,该方法获得的胚胎数量多 ,质量好 ,转基因效率高。体外成熟法获得可供显微注射用猪胚胎的效率低 ,基因转移的总效率也很低。     

影响猪卵母细胞体外成熟的因素

猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养为胚胎体外生产、体细胞克隆等研究领域提供了大量廉价实验材料。本文就影响猪卵母细胞体外成熟的 因素及其研究进展作简要综述。     

胰岛素和白血病抑制因子对猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌激活胚胎的影响

为探讨胰岛素(Insulin)和白血病抑制因子(Leukemia inhibit factor,LIF)对猪卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)和猪孤雌激活胚胎(PAEs)的影响,在卵母细胞体外成熟或者胚胎培养基中添加Insulin和LIF,研究卵裂率和囊胚率的变化。结果:添加了5μg/mL Insulin后猪卵母细胞体外成熟效果显著提高,但成熟后孤雌激活发育能力与非添加组相近;而胚胎培养基中添加Insulin对孤雌胚的卵裂和囊胚的形成也没有明显促进作用;添加1 000 U/mL的LIF后,卵母细胞核成熟率没有明显提高,反而孤雌激活后囊胚率急剧下降,但对卵裂率以及囊胚总细胞数影响不大;在胚胎培养基中添加LIF后,孤雌胚的卵裂和囊胚形成并没有明显的提高。表明:Insulin对卵母细胞体外成熟有益,但是对孤雌胚胎的最佳处理程序还需要摸索;本文所采用的LIF处理对猪卵体外成熟以及孤雌胚胎体外发育没有帮助,还需要进一步研究其他浓度和处理程序对猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌激活胚胎发育能力的影响。     

不同浓度雌二醇对猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌激活胚胎的影响

为了探讨雌二醇（17β-estrodiol,E2）对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌激活后胚胎早期发育的影响,在卵母细胞体外成熟培养基中添加不同浓度雌二醇,研究卵裂率和囊胚率的变化。以未添加雌二醇的基础液为对照组,比较分析各组卵母细胞核成熟效率、孤雌激活后胚胎的卵裂率、囊胚发育率。结果表明,成熟液中添加1μg／mL雌二醇（E2）对猪卵母细胞的体外成熟具有明显的促进作用,而添加100μg／mL雌二醇（E2）对猪卵母细胞体外成熟具有明显的抑制作用。     

不同成熟时间的猪卵母细胞对体外受精的影响及孤雌发育

采用NCSU-37为体外成熟、受精、培养体系,比较不同成熟时间46h、58h和70h的猪卵母细胞对体外受精的影响和孤雌发育。结果显示,猪卵母细胞在体外成熟培养46h、58h和70h后,46h培养组的卵母细胞体外受精后的卵裂率明显低于58h和70h培养组(P<0.05),但囊胚发育率明显高于其他两组(P<0.05)。46h组的孤雌发育率明显高于其他两组(P<0.05),囊胚发育率三组之间无显著差异。表明猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养时间延长,体外受精后的囊胚发育率降低,孤雌发育率相应增加。     

Effect of Oocytes in vivo and in vitro on the Developmental Potential of Porcine Somatic Cell Cloned Embryos

To investigate the impact of porcine oocytes in vivo and in vitro maturation (IVM) on the development of porcine somatic cell cloned embryos,the somatic cell cloned embryos cultured in vitro and the sows were treated with hormones to collect mature oocytes in vivo,and the cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and embryo implantation were compared. The results showed that the average number of ovulation in PGC+PMSG+HCG group was significantly higher than that of PGC+HCG,PMSG+HCG and the natural estrus groups (P<0.05). The oocytes collected in vivo could be used for the construction, and the available oocytes rate reached more than 90%,and there was no significant difference among the four groups (P>0.05),which indicated that groups treated by hormone could obtain more available oocytes and the quality of oocytes was not significant different. In vivo and in vitro matured oocytes were used as nuclear transfer embryos of recombinant receptor,the fusion efficiency (80.31% and 79.29%) and cleavage rate (90.40% and 86.51%) were not significant different (P>0.05), but the proportion of in vivo matured oocytes cloned embryos developed into the blastocyst stage was significantly higher (P<0.05). The reconstructed embryos made from in vivo and in vitro matured oocytes were transplanted into surrogate sows (transferred 30 or 60 embryos),10 piglets were born in in vivo maturation of cloned embryo transfer group,while there was no implantation in in vitro maturation of cloned embryo transfer group. The results showed that high quality oocytes obtained by superovulation could significantly increase the blastocyst rate of embryos,reduce the number of embryos transferred and improve the pregnancy rate of surrogate sows.     

体内、外卵母细胞对猪体细胞克隆胚胎发育潜力的影响

为探讨猪体内、外成熟卵母细胞对核移植重组胚胎发育能力的影响,试验通过激素促排获得体内成熟卵母细胞和收集废弃卵巢获取体外成熟的卵母细胞,分别构建核移植重组胚,比较其卵裂率、囊胚率及胚胎移植受孕情况。结果显示,PGC+PMSG+HCG组的平均排卵数（27.8枚/头）显著高于PGC+HCG （12.5枚/头）、PMSG+HCG （13.7枚/头）及自然发情组（11.5枚/头）（P<0.05）,体内收集到的卵母细胞,可用于构建核移植重组胚的可用卵率均达到90%以上,与其他处理组差异不显著（P>0.05）,说明通过激素处理可获得更多的可用卵母细胞,而且卵母细胞的质量没有显著差异;以体内和体外成熟卵母细胞作为核移植受体构建的克隆胚胎,二者的胚胎融合率（80.31%和79.29%）和卵裂率（90.40%和86.51%）差异均不显著（P>0.05）,但来自体内成熟卵母细胞克隆的胚胎发育至囊胚期的比例显著升高（P<0.05）;将体内、外成熟卵母细胞构建的核移植重组胚分别移植代孕母猪,头平均移植30或60枚时,体内成熟卵母构建的克隆胚胎移植出生仔猪10头,而体外培养卵母细胞构建的克隆胚胎均未着床受孕,表明通过激素促排获得的卵母细胞质量更好,能显著提高克隆胚胎的囊胚率,减少胚胎移植数量,提高代孕母猪的怀孕率。     

不同促性腺激素添加方式对猪卵母细胞生发泡染色质构型和卵母细胞成熟能力的影响

在卵母细胞体外成熟培养过程中,培养基中添加激素与否及其激素添加的先后顺序是影响猪卵母细胞核成熟和质成熟的一个重要因素.本试验将猪卵母细胞分别在FSH→不含激素、FSH→LH、FSH LH不含激素中培养48 h(培养第20～22 h后换液),并于成熟培养的第24 h(未换液)、48 h将卵母细胞进行荧光染色,观察其生发泡内染色质构型及卵母细胞核成熟情况.实验表明:(1)在IVM的前24 h,添加FSH LH组的GVIV期卵母细胞比例低于只添加FSH组,但差异不显著(8.99%比17.19%,P＞0.05);(2)在FSH存在的情况下,IVM的前期和后期添加LH能促进卵母细胞发生GVBD;(3)FSH LH培养24 h后转入不含激素培养基组,卵母细胞的核成熟比率显著高于添加FSH组和先添加FSH培养24 h后转入添加LH组(P＜0.05).     

小檗碱和川芎嗪对猪卵母细胞体外成熟中一氧化氮生成量的影响

试验以mTCM-199添加抗生素为对照组,以分别添加0.1μg/mL小檗碱(berberine,BR)和0.5μg/mL川芎嗪(ligustrazine,Lig)为试验组,比较各组卵母细胞体外成熟中一氧化氮(NO)生成量和卵母细胞的成熟效果,从而探讨中药单体成分对猪卵母细胞体外成熟过程中NO生成量的影响。结果表明:体外成熟前22 hNO生成量,对照组与Lig组差异极显著(P<0.01)、与BR组差异显著(P<0.05),Lig组与BR组差异显著(P<0.05);体外成熟后22 h NO生成量,对照、Lig及BR三组间均无显著差异(P>0.05),但Lig组的NO生成量少于BR组和对照组;体外成熟培养0～44 h不同组别NO生成量整体呈下降趋势,Lig组与BR组卵母细胞成熟率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明卵母细胞体外成熟培养过程中,NO生成量随体外培养时间增加呈递减趋势,中药单体成分BR和Lig对卵母细胞成熟均起到一定的促进作用。低浓度NO代谢量可能对卵母细胞成熟有一定促进作用。     

Effects of l-Ascorbic Acid, α-Tocopherol and Co-culture on In Vitro Developmental Potential of Porcine Cumulus Cells Free Oocytes

The maturation and developmental potential on cumulus-cell-free oocytes is of great importance theoretically and practically. The present study was to investigate the effects of l -ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and co-culture on in vitro developmental potential of porcine denuded oocytes (DOs). Porcine DOs were cultured in maturation medium supplemented with vitamin C (0, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 μM) and vitamin E (0, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250 μ m ), respectively. And they were also co-cultured with dispersed cumulus cells (group CCscoculture), intact cumulus cells oocyte complexes (COCs) (group COCscoculture), and COCs whose oocytes were removed (group OOXcoculture), respectively. After 44 h incubation, the maturation rates, cleavage rates and blastocyst rates after parthenogenetic activation in three experiments mentioned above were collected and analysed, respectively. L -Ascorbic acid promoted porcine DOs in vitro maturation and blastocyt development after parthenogenetic activation while α-tocopherol did not increase the in vitro maturation rates, but improved the blastocyst rate. None of the three co-culture manner promoted the in vitro maturation and the cleavage of porcine DOs after parthenogenetic activation, but all the co-culture manners improved the blastocyst rates. Both Vitamin C and E enhance the in vitro developmental potential of porcine DOs. Co-culture increases the developmental potential of porcine DOs.     

Chlorogenic acid supplementation during in vitro maturation improves maturation,fertilization and developmental competence of porcine oocytes

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a quinic acid conjugate of caffeic acid, and a phytochemical found in many fruits and beverages that acts as an antioxidant. The present study investigated the effects of CGA supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM), on in vitro development of porcine oocytes, to improve the porcine in vitro production (IVP) system. Oocytes were matured either without (control) or with CGA (10, 50, 100 and 200 μM). Subsequently, the matured oocytes were fertilized and cultured in vitro for 7 day. The rates of maturation, fertilization and blastocyst formation of oocytes matured with 50 μM CGA were significantly (p < .05) higher than those of the control oocytes. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is one of the reactive oxygen species and induces DNA damage in porcine oocytes. When oocytes were matured with 1 mM H₂O₂ to assess the protective effect of CGA, 50 μM CGA supplementation improved the maturation rate and the proportion of DNA‐fragmented nuclei in oocytes compared with control oocytes matured without CGA. Moreover, when oocytes were matured with either 50 μM CGA (control) or caffeic acid (10, 50 and 100 μM), the rates of maturation, fertilization and the blastocyst formation of oocytes matured with 50 μM CGA were similar to those of oocytes matured with 10 and 50 μM caffeic acid. Our results suggest that CGA has comparable effects to caffeic acid, and IVM with 50 μM CGA is particularly beneficial to IVP of porcine embryos and protects oocytes from DNA damage induced by oxidative stress. Supplementation of CGA to the maturation medium has a potential to improve porcine IVP system.     

卵泡FSH受体mRNA的表达及其对卵母细胞体外培养成熟率的影响

本研究采用RT-PCR技术检测了猪大、中、小卵泡颗粒细胞中FSH受体(FSHR)mRNA的表达差异,比较和分析了受体表达差异及其对卵母细胞体外成熟培养的影响。结果表明大、中、小卵泡中颗粒细胞都有FSHR mRNA表达,大卵泡的颗粒细胞与小、中卵泡的颗粒细胞FSHR mRNA相对表达量有显著差异(P<0.05),中、小卵泡的颗粒细胞FSHR mRNA相对表达量之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同大小卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟培养结果表明,小卵泡与大、中卵泡比较,卵丘细胞扩展率和第一极体排出率差异显著(P<0.05)。这表明猪不同大小卵泡颗粒细胞FSHR mRNA的表达量与其卵母细胞体外培养成熟率呈相关性,进一步证实FSHR在猪卵泡及卵母细胞发育中起着重要作用。