气象、农业干旱指标综述

介绍了以降水量统计特征作为指标和以降水量、气温统计特征作为指标的气象干旱指标,以土壤含水量、作物旱情、作物需水量、供需水比例、作物水分综合统计特征为指标的农业干旱指标.列出气象、农业干旱指标计算公式,介绍计算方法和干旱指标的详细等级标准,并对各指标计算所需统计资料观测、收集的难易程度,各指标的优缺点、适用性及其适用区域范围评述,为干旱的监测、评估、预警和研究提供依据.     

三种气象干旱指标在内蒙古地区的适用性分析

用近五年(2006～2010)内蒙古地区的气象观测资料,对降水距平百分率(pa)、相对湿润度干旱指数(M)和标准化降水指数(SPI)三种气象干旱等级指标的适用性进行了对比分析。发现在作物生长季,pa指标和SPI指数对旱情的评判结果高度一致,而冬春季节则是pa指标和M指数的评判结果比较一致。在多雨季节,可能蒸散量通常比同期降水量小,因此M指数对内蒙古夏季旱情评判等级偏低,不宜使用。同时指出应该将不同时间段干旱影响上的差异,以及干旱灾害的累积效应问题,加入到干旱等级指标的改进中。     

山西气象干旱指标的确定及干旱气候变化研究

应用山西省62个气象站1961～2008年逐季、年降水资料,在对3种常用气象干旱指标对比分析的基础上,对Z指数进行修正,确定山西单站季、年旱度指标,并在此基础上建立全省区域干旱指标.研究发现,近48年来,山西出现1年重旱、4年大旱、3年偏旱,重旱年出现在20世纪60年代中期,而大旱和偏旱年大部分出现在20世纪80年代中期以后.冬、春季重旱年分别出现在20世纪60年代初和90年代末到21世纪初,而夏、秋季重旱年均出现在90年代末期.山西各季、年干旱空间分布特征,最常见的是全省一致干旱型;年、各季干旱的出现不仅存在明显的年代际尺度变化,而且年际变化也显著.近48年来,山西区域年干旱指数下降趋势显著,1977年后,年干旱指数发生突变,山西进入持续干期.     

4种干旱指标在华北地区气象干旱监测中的适用性分析

采用华北地区1961—2016年69个气象站点常规观测资料,通过选取特殊气象代表站点,选用CI、SPEI、SPI及Z指数分别计算了1、3、12个月时间尺度气象干旱,并与气象干旱发生实况进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）CI计算的华北地区不同区域各时间尺度气象干旱发生频率均较实际明显偏高7%~14%,Z指数计算的发生频率均较实际明显偏低6%~12%,SPI计算的部分区域季时间尺度气象干旱发生频率也明显偏低6%左右;（2）根据华北地区9个代表气象站点计算出的4种干旱指标对比干旱发生实况统计数据,结果显示在4个研究分区中,SPEI指数表征的干旱发生状况与实际吻合率最高,分别为57.41%、60.78%、57.06%和66.99%,与实际干旱发生状况吻合程度最低的是Z指数,4个研究分区的吻合率分别为40.85%、34.94%、41.56%和38.24%。研究表明,SPEI表征各种时间尺度气象干旱发生效果最好,Z指数效果最差。因此,选用SPEI能较准确地表征华北地区气象干旱年际变化及突变检测、时间分布、空间分布、干旱发生强度、不同等级干旱分布等特征。     

农业干旱指标研究与进展

介绍了评价农业干旱的降水量指标,土壤含水量指标,作物旱情指标及综合性指标。讨论了各类指标的研究进展及其应用于农业生产中的适用性与实用性,最后对农业干旱预报及其评价指标的研究发展作了简要介绍。     

基于降水距平的内蒙古地区马铃薯干旱指标研究

为建立内蒙古地区马铃薯干旱灾害的监测与评估指标,以中西部和东部地区全生育期、苗期和花期的降水负距平百分率与相对气象产量二者建立回归方程,结合农业干旱等级和降水距平百分率气象干旱等级国家标准,得出了三个时段轻旱、中旱和重旱的等级指标。即全生育期中西部和东部降水距平等级指标分别为-5%~-25%、-25%~-40%、-40%和-10%~-30%、-30%~-45%、-45%;苗期中西部和东部等级指标为-10%~-35%、-35%~-50%、-50%和-20%~-45%、-45%~-60%、-60%;花期中西部和东部地区指标相同,即-5%~-30%、-30%~-50%、-50%。利用2014和2015年马铃薯主要种植区发生重旱的灾情进行指标验证,计算结果与实际发生基本吻合。     

1951-2014年辽宁省气象干旱时空特征分析

利用辽宁省56个国家气象观测站1951-2014年逐日降水量和气温资料,依据当前气象干旱监测业务中使用的气象干旱综合监测指数(MCI),使用国家标准《气象干旱等级》中对干旱事件的定义,分析讨论了1951-2014年辽宁省气象干旱事件的时空分布特征和变化规律。结果表明:1)辽宁省近64年来气象干旱事件出现的频率高、影响范围广,特别是2000年后气象干旱范围呈急剧上升趋势;春旱和秋旱影响范围增长速率最大,春旱的影响范围最广;2)辽宁省气象干旱的发生频率分布有很强的地域特征,辽西地区是气象干旱高发区;3)四个季节都有可能发生气象干旱,其中春旱发生频率最高,夏旱次之,秋旱发生频率相对较小;4)辽宁省出现的气象干旱事件强度(持续时间)呈现全省普遍偏大(偏长)或者普遍偏小(偏短)的一致特征,辽中地区是易发生强干旱并持续的敏感区。     

干旱指标在陕西省适用性研究

选取陕西地区1951~1999年间发生的442个典型干旱个例作为代表,根据全省96个气象台站的气象观测资料,计算降水距平百分率等6个气象干旱指标的干旱等级,并与实际干旱灾情进行对比分析,判断干旱指标适用与否。另外,在对每个干旱指标本地化适用性分析基础上,又对所有指标在陕西适用性进行了对比分析,统计每个指标在陕西不同区域、不同季节的适用频率,选取适用频率最高的1个(或多个)指标作为该区域、该季节最佳指标,从而建立一套适合陕西的分区域、分季节干旱指标体系;最后选用2000~2005年发生在陕西的48个干旱独立样本对干旱指标体系进行检验。结果表明:本研究所建立的干旱指标体系在陕西不同区域、不同季节具有较好的适用性,该指标体系将为陕西干旱监测预警评估业务平台的建立提供可靠的技术支撑。     

基于降水距平的黄淮平原夏玉米干旱评估指标研究

以降水和产量资料为基础,研究确定了夏玉米干旱评估指标。首先对历史产量序列进行处理,利用三次多项式拟合趋势产量,分离相对气象产量;分析不同生育阶段降水距平和相对气象产量的相关关系,结果表明,玉米出苗~抽雄期降水距平与相对气象产量呈显著的正相关;通过统计分析,建立了它们之间的回归方程,并结合农业干旱划分标准,确定了夏玉米生长季不同等级的农业气象干旱指标,即降水负距平<20%、20%~50%、50%~80%、>80%时,分别出现轻旱、中旱、重旱和严重干旱,产量分别减少<10%、10%~20%、20%~30%、>30%。     

气象干旱监测指标在青海高原的适用性分析

基于1986—2013年青海高原114个干旱个例和1981—2015年逐月、四季和年SPI指数、PA指数、K指数和MCI指数,通过对比逐年、四季不同等级干旱出现频率和实际干旱的吻合情况,评估不同干旱监测指数对典型干旱发展过程的刻画能力,主要得出以下结论：（1）SPI指数和K指数对总干旱发生频率的年代际变化具有很好的监测效果,但SPI对不同等级干旱的监测能力最强,K指数次之,PA指数、MCI指数对干旱年代际变化的监测能力较差。（2）SPI指数和K指数对春旱和夏旱的监测效果很好,对秋、冬季的干旱监测效果不理想,PA指数和MCI指数对四季干旱的监测结果有较大偏差。（3）SPI能很好地监测出干旱的发生区域和干旱的程度,K指数和PA指数监测的干旱程度有偏差,而MCI指数对干旱范围和程度均有很大的偏差。（4）SPI指数和K指数的监测结果符合干旱发生、发展过程,对干旱发生、发展过程的刻画较为合理,而PA指数和MCI指数基本不能反映干旱的发生发展过程。（5）综合来看,SPI指数对春旱和夏季监测效果最优,K指数次之,PA指数和MCI指数最差。     

渭河流域气象及水文旱涝演变规律分析

降水是径流的基本来源,分析极端旱涝条件下降水与径流之间演变规律的异步性,可有效表征径流丰枯变化对人类活动的响应。基于渭河流域降水、径流资料,采用泰森多边形法计算渭河流域面降水量及12个月标准化降水指数(SPI12),对比典型频率下SPI12的空间分布特征及其对径流系数的影响;采用经验正交函数和时间序列分析法挖掘SPI12和年径流量的演变规律,对比演变规律的同步及异步变化特征。结果表明:在25%、50%、75%频率下,流域面降水量分别为582.5 mm、518.6 mm、467.5 mm。SPI12第一主成分减少趋势显著,自1991年7月开始突变,于1962-09(1962年9月,下同)—1969-07—1983-02—1985-08—1991-07—1999-12呈现湿润~正常~湿润~正常~干旱状态。渭河年径流量呈显著减少趋势,自1989年开始突变,且分别于1950—1968和1982—1993年经历湿润和正常阶段,于1970—1974、1976—1980、1994—2007年经历干旱阶段。以流域内大规模水利、水土保持措施及城市化等为代表的人类活动使流域年径流量较SPI12第一主成分突变年份提前,使二者于1970—1996年间旱涝类型不匹配,年径流量相对SPI12第一主成分呈现旱化趋势。     

Performance of different drought indices for agriculture drought in the North China Plain

The Palmer drought severity index(PDSI), standardized precipitation index(SPI), and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) are used worldwide for drought assessment and monitoring. However, substantial differences exist in the performance for agricultural drought among these indices and among regions. Here, we performed statistical assessments to compare the strengths of different drought indices for agricultural drought in the North China Plain. Small differences were detected in the comparative performances of SPI and SPEI that were smaller at the long-term scale than those at the short-term scale. The correlation between SPI/SPEI and PDSI considerably increased from 1-to 12-month lags, and a slight decreasing trend was exhibited during 12-and 24-month lags, indicating a 12-month scale in the PDSI, whereas the SPI was strongly correlated with the SPEI at 1-to 24-month lags. Interestingly, the correlation between the trend of temperature and the mean absolute error and its correlation coefficient both suggested stronger relationships between SPI and the SPEI in areas of rapid climate warming. In addition, the yield–drought correlations tended to be higher for the SPI and SPEI than that for the PDSI at the station scale, whereas small differences were detected between the SPI and SPEI in the performance on agricultural systems. However, large differences in the influence of drought conditions on the yields of winter wheat and summer maize were evident among various indices during the crop-growing season. Our findings suggested that multi-indices in drought monitoring are needed in order to acquire robust conclusions.     

Response of hydrological drought to meteorological drought in the eastern Mediterranean Basin of Turkey

The hydrographic eastern Mediterranean Basin of Turkey is a drought sensitive area. The basin is an important agricultural area and it is necessary to determine the extent of extreme regional climatic changes as they occur in this basin. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to show the correlation between standardized precipitation index(SPI) and standardized streamflow index(SSI) values on different time scales. Data from five meteorological stations and seven stream gauging stations in four sub-basins of the eastern Mediterranean Basin were analyzed over the period from 1967 to 2017. The correlation between SSI and SPI indicated that in response to meteorological drought, hydrological drought experiences a one-year delay then occurs in the following year. This is more evident at all stations from the mid-1990 s. The main factor causing hydrological drought is prolonged low precipitation or the presence of a particularly dry year. Results showed that over a long period(12 months), hydrological drought is longer and more severe in the upper part than the lower part of the sub-basins. According to SPI-12 values, an uninterrupted drought period is observed from 2002–2003 to 2008–2009. Results indicated that among the drought events, moderate drought is the most common on all timescales in all sub-basins during the past 51 years. Long-term dry periods with moderate and severe droughts are observed for up to 10 years or more since the late 1990 s, especially in the upper part of the sub-basins. As precipitation increases in late autumn and early winter, the stream flow also increases and thus the highest and most positive correlation values(0.26–0.54) are found in January. Correlation values(ranging between –0.11 and –0.01) are weaker and negative in summer and autumn due to low rainfall. This is more evident at all stations in September. The relation between hydrological and meteorological droughts is more evident, with the correlation values above 0.50 on longer timescales(12-and 24-months). The results presented in this study allow an understanding of the characteristics of drought events and are instructive for overcoming drought. This will facilitate the development of strategies for the appropriate management of water resources in the eastern Mediterranean Basin, which has a high agricultural potential.     

三种干旱指标在泾惠渠灌区的适用性分析

为了正确评价灌区的干旱状况,利用泾惠渠灌溉试验站1953—2011年的降水资料,分析了降水距平百分率、标准化降水指数SPI、降水Z指数三种干旱指标在灌区的适用性。结果表明,三种指标均能较好地体现降水的年际变化趋势,但SPI对于降水变化的反映比降水Z指数和降水距平百分率更准确。在干旱出现年份的判定方面,三种指标得到的结果一致;在干旱程度的判定上,在发生中旱及以上干旱的1969、1986、1993、2000年,SPI和降水Z指数比降水距平百分率判定准确,在发生重旱的1977、2000年,SPI的判定比Z指数更符合实际。分析泾惠渠灌区SPI变化趋势发现,灌区在1990年后干旱发生次数占研究期内总干旱次数的55.6%,干旱程度也有增加的趋势,采取合理措施抗旱将成为灌区未来发展的关键。     

CI指数的改进及其在陕西省的适用性分析

利用陕西4个站点2002—2012年逐日降水、气温资料和气象干旱指数,结合测墒站建站至2012年墒情数据,通过增加变量和调整权重系数对CI进行改进,统计分析改进前后的综合气象干旱指数在陕西干旱过程描述、频率及强度等方面的应用情况和改进效果,并比较了与同期土壤相对湿度的相关性差异。结果表明:改进的综合气象干旱指数(CInew)监测的干旱日数较CI偏少,春夏季尤为明显。各等级干旱发生频率CInew较CI偏低0.1%~8%,年干旱强度较CI平均偏低64.2,但改进前后的综合气象干旱指数在年干旱日数、频率、强度的总体变化特征方面并没有显著差异,均能反映出陕西干旱频率及强度的变化特征。CInew在具体干旱过程监测中的不合理跳跃次数明显减少,克服了CI对弱降水的骤然反应,保留了对强降水的敏感性,CInew与土壤相对湿度的相关性达0.9,较CI明显偏好,监测过程更符合实际干旱的演变规律,程度更贴近实际。因此,CInew可以作为陕西干旱监测与评估指标之一在业务中推广应用。     

Estimation of meteorological drought indices based on AgMERRA precipitation data and station-observed precipitation data

Meteorological drought is a natural hazard that can occur under all climatic regimes. Monitoring the drought is a vital and important part of predicting and analyzing drought impacts. Because no single index can represent all facets of meteorological drought, we took a multi-index approach for drought monitoring in this study. We assessed the ability of eight precipitation-based drought indices(SPI(Standardized Precipitation Index), PNI(Percent of Normal Index), DI(Deciles index), EDI(Effective drought index), CZI(China-Z index), MCZI(Modified CZI), RAI(Rainfall Anomaly Index), and ZSI(Z-score Index)) calculated from the station-observed precipitation data and the Ag MERRA gridded precipitation data to assess historical drought events during the period 1987–2010 for the Kashafrood Basin of Iran. We also presented the Degree of Dryness Index(DDI) for comparing the intensities of different drought categories in each year of the study period(1987–2010). In general, the correlations among drought indices calculated from the Ag MERRA precipitation data were higher than those derived from the station-observed precipitation data. All indices indicated the most severe droughts for the study period occurred in 2001 and 2008. Regardless of data input source, SPI, PNI, and DI were highly inter-correlated(R~2=0.99). Furthermore, the higher correlations(R~2=0.99) were also found between CZI and MCZI, and between ZSI and RAI. All indices were able to track drought intensity, but EDI and RAI showed higher DDI values compared with the other indices. Based on the strong correlation among drought indices derived from the Ag MERRA precipitation data and from the station-observed precipitation data, we suggest that the Ag MERRA precipitation data can be accepted to fill the gaps existed in the station-observed precipitation data in future studies in Iran. In addition, if tested by station-observed precipitation data, the Ag MERRA precipitation data may be used for the data-lacking areas.