中国南海西沙群岛海域鸢乌贼角质颚生长特性

角质颚是头足类重要的硬组织之一,被广泛用于研究类头足类渔业生物、生态学。根据我国灯光罩网渔船2016年1—3月和2017年1—3月在中国南海西沙群岛海域采集的818尾鸢乌贼样本,研究了鸢乌贼角质颚的外部形态生长特性。主成分分析表明,鸢乌贼的上头盖长(UHL)、上脊突长(UCL)、上翼长(UWL)、上侧壁长(ULWL)、下头盖长(LHL)、下脊突长(LCL)、下翼长(LWL)和下侧壁长(LLWL)可以作为鸢乌贼角质颚外形变化的特征参数。协方差分析表明:UHL、LWL与胴长的生长关系存在性别间显著性差异,其余参数均不存在显著性差异;所有外形特征参数与体质量间的生长关系均存在性别间显著性差异。AIC分析表明:除LLWL和雄性个体的UHL与胴长的关系最适合用线性方程表示外,其余均最适用指数方程表示;雌性个体所有外形参数与体质量的生长关系均最适合用对数函数表示,而雄性个体除UCL和UWL最适合用指数函数表示外,其余均最适合用线性方程表示。     

The cellular and molecular origins of beak morphology

Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying differences in beak morphology likely involve interactions among multiple embryonic populations. We exchanged neural crest cells destined to participate in beak morphogenesis between two anatomically distinct species. Quail neural crest cells produced quail beaks in duck hosts and duck neural crest produced duck bills in quail hosts. These transformations involved morphological changes to non-neural crest host beak tissues. To achieve these changes, donor neural crest cells executed autonomous molecular programs and regulated gene expression in adjacent host tissues. Thus, neural crest cells are a source of molecular information that generates interspecific variation in beak morphology.     

Breeding the Mite-Resistant Honeybee by Nutritional Crossbreed Technology

Mite （Varroa destructor） is one of the most serious parasite threats to the honey bee （Apis mellifera） reared in China. The beekeepers mainly use the drug to control and kill the mite in the past years, but the honey products may be contaminated and the mite is becoming drug-resistant. The main idea of this paper is to research the possibility of mite-resistant honeybee rearing by nutritional crossbreed. The larvae （Apis mellifera ligustica） are bred with the royal jelly of Apis carana carana, and then the morphological index of the worker generation, genotypic frequency and gene frequency of the MDH Ⅱ, genetic resemblance, and mite resistance are measured. The results show that： compared to the parent workers, the proboscis length, anterior wing area, the total length of the third and fourth dorsal plate of the abdomen, the length of the fourth dorsal plate of the tuberculum, the area of the sixth abdominal segment, and the area of wax mirrors are significantly different, but the differences in the brachium index, dactylus index, and wing claw are not significant. Moreover, there are some mutations in the genotypic frequency and gene frequency of the MDH Ⅱ. The mite resistance of the nutritional crossbreed worker is significantly higher. The morphological, physical, and biochemical characters, genetic resemblance, and the mite-resistant ability of the worker generation can be changed by nutritional crossbreeding. Nutritional crossbreeding can be a new way to breed the honeybee.     

北京寄生菜粉蝶的盘绒茧蜂种类鉴定

1979-1980年,中国从加拿大引进微红盘绒茧蜂(Cotesia rubecular (Marshall))防治菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae L.),尔后,北京寄生菜粉蝶的一个土著种被误定为微红盘绒茧蜂.进一步检查两国的盘绒茧蜂标本,认为虽然两者形态相似,但仍有很明显的不同,差异在于前翅翅痣及后翅后肘室形状、雄性外生殖器抱器背突形状、齿数、阳茎基侧突形状等.为此,将北京菜粉蝶幼虫育出的盘绒茧蜂定名为拟微红盘绒茧蜂(Cotesia sp.(nr.rubecula Marshall)).     

DNA条形码技术结合形态学特征鉴定中国一新纪录种-艾弗斯曼多眼蝶

[目的]利用DNA条形码技术与形态学相结合鉴定中国新纪录种艾弗斯曼多眼蝶Kirinia eversmanni,为其准确鉴定,以及开展该蝴蝶生物学、生态学研究提供参考.[方法]以艾弗斯曼多眼蝶成虫腹部为材料提取基因组DNA,线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I(Cytochrome Oxidase I,COI)基因作为通用引物进行PC...     

Evolution of the gene network underlying wing polyphenism in ants

Wing polyphenism in ants evolved once, 125 million years ago, and has been a key to their amazing evolutionary success. We characterized the expression of several genes within the network underlying the wing primordia of reproductive (winged) and sterile (wingless) ant castes. We show that the expression of several genes within the network is conserved in the winged castes of four ant species, whereas points of interruption within the network in the wingless castes are evolutionarily labile. The simultaneous evolutionary lability and conservation of the network underlying wing development in ants may have played an important role in the morphological diversification of this group and may be a general feature of polyphenic development and evolution in plants and animals.     

5种松毛虫翅面鳞片超微结构观察与比较

利用扫描电子显微镜观察马尾松毛虫、油松毛虫、落叶松毛虫、赤松毛虫和思茅松毛虫的翅面鳞片超微结构,发现这5种松毛虫的鳞片分为基鳞与覆鳞2种类型,都属于镂空型鳞片,且为二型双层鳞片。对5种松毛虫的翅面鳞片的长度、宽度、脊间距、最宽处纵脊数进行了测量与比较,形态表征统计分析结果显示:1）鳞片的长宽与翅长不存在显著相关性;2）5种松毛虫的翅面鳞片不存在雌雄间差异,前后翅及翅正反面鳞片均无显著差异;3）种间鳞片宽度、脊间距无显著差异,而长度、最宽处纵脊数均存在显著差异。对翅面鳞片的形态表征进行系统聚类分析,结果显示,同一种松毛虫的不同地理种群之间鳞片大小相似性较高,即同种松毛虫的不同地理种群通常聚为一类。翅面鳞片的超微形态特征不宜单独用于种的鉴定,但可为亲缘关系的研究提供一定的参考。      

库蠓属6亚属翅形变化分析与亲缘关系

利用几何形态学方法对库蠓6亚属的翅形进行比较分析,以期进行亚属鉴定与亲缘关系探讨。采用地标点法对6亚属20种63头雄性库蠓标本的翅进行标点,通过计算质心值、普氏叠加、主成分分析、典型变量分析、聚类分析等对其翅形进行比较和系统发育分析。质心值结果显示,6亚属库蠓翅的大小为二囊亚属>三囊亚属>带纹亚属>库蠓亚属>单囊亚属>屋室亚属,但差异不显著(P=1.961>0.05),说明翅的大小不能作为区分亚属的依据。主成分分析显示,主成分1(73.648%)和主成分2(12.372%)占总变异量的86.020%,可以解释库蠓属6亚属翅的主要差异;网格图表明差异的部位主要集中于径中横脉、翅基部、径1室、径2室和中4室内。典型变量分析显示,6亚属库蠓翅的形状变化差异显著(P<0.05),其中单囊亚属和三囊亚属的翅形差异最大,带纹亚属和屋室亚属的翅形差异最小,表明通过翅形差异能准确地将库蠓各亚属种类进行归属。聚类分析显示,6亚属库蠓中带纹亚属与屋室亚属的亲缘关系最近,三囊亚属与库蠓亚属的亲缘关系次之,单囊亚属与三囊亚属的亲缘关系最远,此结果与典型变量分析结果一致。综上,几何形态学可作为库蠓属亚属间亲缘关系与分类研究的辅助工具。     

应用蜜蜂营养杂交技术培育抗螨蜂种

 【目的】大蜂螨是中国饲养的西方蜜蜂最重要病虫害之一,多年来药物防治蜂螨,一方面蜜蜂对药物产生了很强的抗药性,另一方面治螨药物在一定程度上会污染蜂产品。本研究通过蜜蜂营养杂交,探讨培育抗螨蜂种的可行性。【方法】采用中华蜜蜂的蜂王浆饲喂意大利蜜蜂工蜂小幼虫,然后测定营养杂交后代工蜂形态指标、苹果酸脱氢酶Ⅱ的基因型频率和基因频率、蜂群遗传相似系数以及抗螨力。【结果】营养杂交子后代工蜂的吻长、右前翅面积、腹部第3+4背板总长、第4背板突间距、第6腹节面积、蜡镜面积6个指标与亲本工蜂之间存在显著差异,但肘脉指数、跗节指数和翅钩数与亲本差异不显著;营养杂交子后代工蜂的苹果酸脱氢酶Ⅱ基因型频率和基因频率存在一定的变异;营养杂交子后代之间遗传相似系数明显高于亲本意大利蜜蜂;营养杂交子后代的工蜂抗螨力显著高于亲本意大利蜜蜂。【结论】通过蜜蜂营养杂交,可以改变营养杂交后代工蜂形态、生理生化、分子遗传相似性及抗螨力等特性。蜜蜂营养杂交可成为蜜蜂育种一条新途径。     

切割潜蝇茧蜂2个地理种群的形态差异比较

分别应用普通形态学解剖和扫描电镜技术,研究切割潜蝇茧蜂2个地理种群(福建漳州和引自美国夏威夷的种群)的形态差异.普通光学解剖镜观察结果表明,二者在体形大小、体色方面略有差异,触角节数、前翅脉序存在较明显的差异,其它部位无明显差异.电镜扫描结果表明,二者在头部、胸部上存在较明显的差异,其它部位亦无明显差异.     

Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa

Elephants from the tropical forests of Africa are morphologically distinct from savannah or bush elephants. Dart-biopsy samples from 195 free-ranging African elephants in 21 populations were examined for DNA sequence variation in four nuclear genes (1732 base pairs). Phylogenetic distinctions between African forest elephant and savannah elephant populations corresponded to 58% of the difference in the same genes between elephant genera Loxodonta (African) and Elephas (Asian). Large genetic distance, multiple genetically fixed nucleotide site differences, morphological and habitat distinctions, and extremely limited hybridization of gene flow between forest and savannah elephants support the recognition and conservation management of two African species: Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotis.     

基于线粒体COI基因序列的挂墩稻弄蝶分类地位研究

对稻弄蝶属Parnara4种20个样本的线粒体COI基因序列(1380 bp)的特征、遗传距离进行了分析,并以2种谷弄蝶Pelopidas为外群,采用最大简约法(MP)和贝叶斯法(BI)构建系统树.结果表明:种间最小序列差异为3.3%,种内个体间最大序列差异为0.9%;系统树显示挂墩稻弄蝶Parnara batta与直纹稻弄蝶Parnara guttata是2个明显不同的分支;其种间的平均遗传距离为3.5%.综合地理分布与形态差异,挂墩稻弄蝶应该是一个独立的种.     

基于角质颚的东、黄海头足类科类判别

角质颚具有稳定的结构特征,是头足类分类的良好材料之一。根据在东、黄海采集的分属3个科6个种类样本(中国枪乌贼Loligo chinensis、杜氏枪乌贼Uroteuthis duvauceli、虎斑乌贼Sepia pharaonic、神户乌贼Sepia kobiensis、短蛸Octopus ocellatus和长蛸Octopus variabilis),通过测量其角质颚的形态参数,对不同科类的角质颚进行判别分析,并将原始数据和标准化数据的分析结果进行对比分析。结果发现:中国枪乌贼和虎斑乌贼的角质颚参数原始数据分别大于杜氏枪乌贼和神户乌贼,而标准化后的结果正好相反;短蛸的角质颚参数无论在标准化前后均大于长蛸;在角质颚原始数据中选出10个用于最终的判别分析,上头盖长、下脊突长、下翼长贡献了绝大部分差异。3个科总判别成功率为92.8%;在角质颚标准化数据中选出7个用于最终的判别分析,上头盖长/胴长、下侧壁长/胴长、下翼长/胴长贡献了绝大部分差异,3个科总判别成功率为98.1%。由此可见,对角质颚数据进行标准化处理,能够有效地提升判别正确率。     

Parallel patterns of evolution in the genomes and transcriptomes of humans and chimpanzees

The determination of the chimpanzee genome sequence provides a means to study both structural and functional aspects of the evolution of the human genome. Here we compare humans and chimpanzees with respect to differences in expression levels and protein-coding sequences for genes active in brain, heart, liver, kidney, and testis. We find that the patterns of differences in gene expression and gene sequences are markedly similar. In particular, there is a gradation of selective constraints among the tissues so that the brain shows the least differences between the species whereas liver shows the most. Furthermore, expression levels as well as amino acid sequences of genes active in more tissues have diverged less between the species than have genes active in fewer tissues. In general, these patterns are consistent with a model of neutral evolution with negative selection. However, for X-chromosomal genes expressed in testis, patterns suggestive of positive selection on sequence changes as well as expression changes are seen. Furthermore, although genes expressed in the brain have changed less than have genes expressed in other tissues, in agreement with previous work we find that genes active in brain have accumulated more changes on the human than on the chimpanzee lineage.     

中国南部鱲属鱼类一新种(鲤形目,鲤科)

本研究描述采自浙江省苕溪水系鱲属Zacco鱼类一新种——苕溪鱲 Zacco tiaoxiensis sp. nov.。经形态比较，该新种与广泛分布于浙江各水系的棘颊鱲Z. acanthogenys形态较相似，但与之有着较明显的形态差异：侧线鳞41～44（vs. 44～47）；侧线上鳞8（vs. 8～10）；侧线下鳞3～4（vs. 4～5）；围尾柄鳞12~15（vs. 14~17）；性成熟的雄性个体腹鳍到达（vs. 超过）肛门等。新种与异域分布的中华鱲和宽鳍鱲的形态区别主要在侧线下鳞数目、头长与体长的比例等可比性状以及生活时眼睛上缘颜色等。基于线粒体细胞色素b基因的遗传分析也支持苕溪鱲为一独立物种。     

中国克虎天牛属整合分类

[目的]结合DNA条形码技术与形态学比较,研究并分类克虎天牛属Cleroclytus两近似种新疆克虎天牛Cleroclytus collaris Jakovlev,1885和沟胸克虎天牛Cleroclytus strigicollis Jakovlev,1900,为其准确鉴定提供研究依据.[方法]采用体视显微镜,观察比...     

蚁蛉科脉序名称研究(脉翅目:蚁蛉科)

基于比较形态学的研究，对蚁蛉前后翅脉序主干同源性进行了论证，提出了一套新的蚁蛉脉序命名系统。同源性论证依据5个方面：1)现生蚁蛉脉序与蚁蛉总科化石资料的比较分析；2)蚁蛉脉序与假想模式脉序的比较分析；3)蚁蛉与外群昆虫脉序的比较分析；4)对蚁蛉科前后翅特征的对比分析；5)对已有蚁蛉脉序名称系统的比较分析。这套新的蚁蛉脉序命名系统可以使蚁蛉的形态描述化繁为简、特征理解化难为易。