湿地土壤质量退化的模糊综合评价

Due to frequent soil Cd contamination and wide use of butachlor in China,there is a need to assess their combined toxicity to soil microorganisms.The combined effects of cadmium (Cd,10 mg kg^-1 soil) and herbicide butachlor (10,50,and 100 mg kg^-1 soil) on enzyme activities and microbial community structure in a paddy soil were assessed using the traditional enzyme assays and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.The results showed that urease and phosphatase activities were significantly reduced by high butachlor concentration (100 mg kg^-1 soil).When the concentrations of Cd and butachlor added were at a ratio of 1:10,urease and phosphatase activities were significantly decreased whereas enzyme activities were greatly improved at the ratio of 1:5,which indicated that the combined effects of Cd and butachlor on soil urease and phosphatase activities depended largely on their addition concentration ratios.Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed loss of original bands and appearance of new bands when compared with the control soil.Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints suggested substantial differences between the control and treated soil samples,with apparent changes in the number and size of amplified DNA fragments.The addition of high concentration butachlor and the combined impacts of Cd and butachlor significantly affected the diversity of the microbial community.RAPD analysis in conjunction with other biomarkers such as soil enzyme parameters would prove a powerful ecotoxicological tool.Further investigations should be carried out to understand the clear link between RAPD patterns and enzyme activity.     

温室集约化生产系统对土壤质量的影响

Composite top- and subsoil samples were collected from the greenhouses in the Al-Balawneh area,Jordan,where intensive greenhouse production system（IGPS） has been practiced since 1998,to study the impact of IGPS on soil quality as measured by the chemical and biological properties to develop a sustainable production system.The study showed that IGPS led to higher electrical conductivity in top- and subsoils compared to an uncultivated soil（control）.Quality and amount of irrigation water,lack of efficient drainage,and quantity and types of applied fertilizers were major factors resulting in salt buildup.IGPS resulted in lower total N（TN） and NO₃-N in the soil compared to the control.The lower TN was due to crop uptake,microbial immobilization,volatilization,and irregular application of composted animal manure or poultry manure.In contrast,higher residual Olsen-P content was detected in both soil layers of greenhouses than in the control.Residual P was classified as very high in the topsoil layers and sufficient to high in the subsoil layers.Residual available K in the soils of greenhouses was relatively lower than that in the control and it was,however,classified as high to very high.A large increase of Cl and a considerable decrease in the bacterial count were observed in both soil layers of IGPS compared to the control treatment.Economically sustainable soil management practices need to be adopted by farmers to achieve a sustainable and profitable production.This can be accomplished through education,targeted towards the farming community in the central Jordan Valley.     

中国红壤丘陵区基于突变模型的生态恢复措施下土壤恢复评价

Current methods that utilize simple data or models to evaluate soil restoration under ecological restoration are not sufficiently rigorous.Soil restoration under ecological restoration measures was evaluated in the red soil hilly region of China by applying the catastrophe model.Among 89 soil sites selected,26 (29.21％) were in the middle lobe,10 (11.24％) in the upper lobe,and 53 (70.79％) in the lower lobe of the process surface in the Cusp catastrophe model.The catastrophic direction of the 26 unstable soil sites was to the upper lobe of the process surface according to vegetation cover change and fieldwork.There was a significant negative correlation of the variation in bifurcation set (△ value) with vegetation cover increase,and a higher vegetation cover increase was related to higher unstable probability.The four ecological restoration measures were listed in the order:low-quality forest improvement (LQFI) ＞ arbor-bush-herb mixed plantation (ABHMP) ＞ orchard improvement (OI) ＞ closing measures (CM) according to the proportions of unstable soil sites,which were all higher than no restoration measure,while they were in the order:LQFI ＜ ABHMP ＜ OI ＜ CM according to their △ values,which were all lower than those of no restoration measure.Farmers' assessment of soil restoration under the four ecological restoration measures was in accordance with the proportions of unstable soil sites and inversely proportional to the △ value.Therefore,farmers' assessment can prove the evaluation of soil restoration under ecological restoration measures based on catastrophe model.     

结合多等级代表性采样和模糊隶属度的区域土壤制图方法

High-resolution and detailed regional soil spatial distribution information is increasingly needed for ecological modeling and land resource management. For areas with no point data, regional soil mapping includes two steps: soil sampling and soil mapping. Because sampling over a large area is costly, efficient sampling strategies are required. A multi-grade representative sampling strategy, which designs a small number of representative samples with different representative grades to depict soil spatial variations at different scales,could be a potentially efficient sampling strategy for regional soil mapping. Additionally, a suitable soil mapping approach is needed to map regional soil variations based on a small number of samples. In this study, the multi-grade representative sampling strategy was applied and a fuzzy membership-weighted soil mapping approach was developed to map soil sand percentage and soil organic carbon(SOC) at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths in a study area of 5 900 km2 in Anhui Province of China. First, geographical sub-areas were delineated using a parent lithology data layer. Next, fuzzy c-means clustering was applied to two climate and four terrain variables in each stratum. The clustering results(environmental cluster chains) were used to locate representative samples. Evaluations based on an independent validation sample set showed that the addition of samples with lower representativeness generally led to a decrease of root mean square error(RMSE). The declining rates of RMSE with the addition of samples slowed down for 20–40 cm depth, but fluctuated for 0–20 cm depth. The predicted SOC maps based on the representative samples exhibited higher accuracy, especially for soil depth 20–40 cm, as compared to those based on legacy soil data. Multi-grade representative sampling could be an effective sampling strategy at a regional scale. This sampling strategy, combined with the fuzzy membership-based mapping approach, could be an optional effective framework for regional soil property mapping. A more detailed and accurate soil parent material map and the addition of environmental variables representing human activities would improve mapping accuracy.     

土壤碳氮对多年生能源草、覆盖作物和氮施肥的响应

Cover crop and nitrogen(N) fertilization may maintain soil organic matter under bioenergy perennial grass where removal of aboveground biomass for feedstock to produce cellulosic ethanol can reduce soil quality. We evaluated the effects of cover crops and N fertilization rates on soil organic carbon(C)(SOC), total N(STN), ammonium N(NH_4-N), and nitrate N(NO_3-N) contents at the0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm depths under perennial bioenergy grass from 2010 to 2014 in the southeastern USA. Treatments included unbalanced combinations of perennial bioenergy grass, energy cane(Saccharum spontaneum L.) or elephant grass(Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), cover crop, crimson clover(Trifolium incarnatum L.), and N fertilization rates(0, 100, and 200 kg N ha~(-1)). Cover crop biomass and C and N contents were greater in the treatment of energy cane with cover crop and 100 kg N ha~(-1) than in the treatment of energy cane and elephant grass. The SOC and STN contents at 0–5 and 5–15 cm were 9%–20% greater in the treatments of elephant grass with cover crop and with or without 100 kg N ha~(-1)than in most of the other treatments. The soil NO_3-N content at 0–5 cm was 31%–45% greater in the treatment of energy cane with cover crop and 100 kg N ha~(-1)than in most of the other treatments.The SOC sequestration increased from 0.1 to 1.0 Mg C ha~(-1)year~(-1)and the STN sequestration from 0.03 to 0.11 Mg N ha~(-1)year~(-1)from 2010 to 2014 for various treatments and depths. In contrast, the soil NH_4-N and NO_3-N contents varied among treatments,depths, and years. Soil C and N storages can be enriched and residual NO_3-N content can be reduced by using elephant grass with cover crop and with or without N fertilization at a moderate rate.     

基于模糊综合评判法的新疆典型干旱区土壤盐漠退化风险评价

针对全球性重大环境问题之一的土壤盐漠化,以新疆准噶尔盆地南缘典型盐漠带为例,以土壤盐分含量、地下水埋深、黏粒含量、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、土壤pH值等作为评价指标,应用模糊综合评判法构建了新疆典型干旱区土壤盐漠退化风险评价方法,并对研究区土壤盐漠退化风险进行综合评价。研究结果表明：研究区存在不同等级的土壤盐漠退化风险,且整体呈现出由南向北退化风险逐渐增强的规律性;土壤盐漠退化以中度、高度、中高度风险为主,分别占研究区总面积的46.56%、23.01%和20.95%,低风险和极高风险的分布面积小。该评价成果对于指导当地农业生产、合理利用土地资源具有一定的理论价值。     

中国东北农田土壤质量评价的最小数据集选择

Soil quality assessment provides a tool for agriculture managers and policy makers to gain a better understanding of how various agricultural systems afect soil resources.Soil quality of Hailun County,a typical soybean (Glycine max L.Merill) growing area located in Northeast China,was evaluated using soil quality index(SQI)methods.Each SQI was computed using a minimum data set(MDS) selected using principal components analysis(PCA)as a data reduction technique.Eight MDS indicators were selected from 20 physical and chemical soil measurements.The MDS accounted for 74.9% of the total variance in the total data set(TDS).The SQI values for 88 soil samples were evaluated with linear scoring techniques and various weight methods.The results showed that SQI values correlated well with soybean yield (r=0.658**) when indicators in MDS were weighted by the regression coefcient computed for each yield and index.Stepwise regression between yield and principal components (PCs) indicated that available boron(AvB),available phosphorus (AvP),available potassium (AvK),available iron (AvFe) and texture were the main factors limiting soybean yield.The method used to select an MDS could not only appropriately assess soil quality but also be used as a powerful tool for soil nutrient diagnosis at the regional level.     

海涂围垦区土壤质量综合评价的指标体系研究

以苏北海涂围垦区为研究区域,选取与作物生长密切相关的理化性质为指标,采用模糊数学方法对土壤质量状况进行了定量评价,获取了区域土壤质量状况分布图,并对不同指标体系下的评价结果进行了比较分析.结果表明:研究区土壤质量状况总体较差,有机质是重要的土壤质量评价因子,土壤盐分与地下水矿化度是土壤质量的主要限制因子;不同评价方案获得的土壤质量状况具有空间相似性,西部棉花种植区土壤质量状况总体优于东部的水稻种植区;体积质量对土壤质量评价差异影响较小,速效养分对土壤质量评价影响较大,基于速效养分的土壤质量评价精度高于全量养分;在其他因素获取困难的情况下,采用土壤有机质、速效养分和盐分或仅采用土壤有机质和盐分作为评价指标亦能较好地反映土壤质量状况.该研究可为海涂围垦区土壤质量快速评价指标体系的构建、中低产地的科学改良和管理提供一定理论依据.     

基于带权值的模糊关联规则的土壤质量评价

Fuzzy association rules (FARs) can be powerful in assessing regional soil quality, a critical step prior to land planning and utilization; however, traditional FARs mined from soil quality database, ignoring the importance variability of the rules, can be redundant and far from optimal. In this study, we developed a method applying different weights to traditional FARs to improve accuracy of soil quality assessment. After the FARs for soil quality assessment were mined, redundant rules were eliminated according to whether the rules were significant or not in reducing the complexity of the soil quality assessment models and in improving the comprehensibility of FARs. The global weights, each representing the importance of a FAR in soil quality assessment, were then introduced and refined using a gradient descent optimization method. This method was applied to the assessment of soil resources conditions in Guangdong Province, China. The new approach had an accuracy of 87%, when 15 rules were mined, as compared with 76% from the traditional approach. The accuracy increased to 96% when 32 rules were mined, in contrast to 88% from the traditional approach. These results demonstrated an improved comprehensibility of FARs and a high accuracy of the proposed method.     

玉米立茬与粉碎秸秆覆盖对生长季土壤呼吸的影响

农田土壤呼吸(Rs)是全球CO_2循环的重要组成部分,生长季土壤呼吸对于作物的产量有巨大的影响,同时,作物残茬的覆盖模式会影响土壤呼吸。该文应用了粉碎秸秆覆盖地表(SH)和立茬覆盖地表(ST)是两种主流的作物残茬覆盖地表模式,自2000年起,玉米收获之后,在试验地块施用这2种作物残茬覆盖地表的模式。自2013年开始,在试验地块测量每年冬季的土壤结冻深度,积雪的厚度与CO_2通量,土壤温度与湿度。总土壤呼吸分为异养呼吸(HR)和根际呼吸(RR),该文使用放射性碳标记技术和数学方程计算异养呼吸和根际呼吸的CO_2通量。试验结果显示,与SH处理相比,ST处理地表平均积雪厚度可以增加44%,最大土壤冻深降低18%,并且冻土完全融化的时间将提前10到27 d。ST与SH的平均CO_2通量分别为16.55和14.02 mmol/m~2h。对于整个生长季,SH与ST的土壤呼吸差别在生长季开始和结束时期较小,在生长季的中期较大。ST的平均Rs比SH多3.3 mmol/m~2h,在ST中,HR是Rs的主要构成部分,而RR只约占总土壤呼吸10%。冗余分析结果显示,Rs和HR与土壤温度和积雪厚度呈正相关,与冻土深度呈负相关。该文的研究结果显示相比较于粉碎秸秆残茬覆盖,立茬覆盖地表有利于提高生长季的土壤呼吸,可为玉米的光合作用提供较多CO_2,这将有利于作物增产。     

复垦对三江平原土壤环境的影响

Soil environment in Sanjiang Plain has changed greatly because of the reclamation on a large scale The physical and chemical properties of soil have changed ,and soil erosion,soil saline-alkaliztion and soil pollu-tion occurred in some areas ,Thes Problems have obstructed the sustainable development of agriculture.For the sustainable use of soils in Sanjing Plain,in this paper we raise som suggestions and countermasures which might be refereces for experts and departments concerned.     

应用基于加速基因的算法的真实代码的目标追踪评估模型对三江平原水田质量变化进行评价

A new technique of dimension reduction named projection pursuit is applied to model and evaluate wetland soil quality variations in the Sanjiang Plain, Helongjiang Province, China. By adopting the im-proved real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm (RAGA), the projection direction is optimiT~d and multi-dimensional indexes are converted into low-dimensional space. Classification of wetland soils and evaluation of wetland soil quality variations are realized by pursuing optimum projection direction and projection func-tion value. Therefore, by adopting this new method, any poesible human interference can be avoided and sound results can be achieved in researching quality changes and classitlcation of wetland soils.     

土壤质量评价方法述评

 为全面总结土壤质量评价方法的研究进展,从指数法、模型法及GIS的参与等方面综述当前一些定量评价土壤质量的方法。指数法计算方法较简单、实用;模型法具有较强的逻辑性和系统性;应用GIS评价土壤质量客观且潜力大,对土壤进行时空动态监测以实现土壤持续经营管理。在土壤质量评价工作中将定量与定性评价结合起来,选择适宜的土壤质量评价指标,不断完善现有的评价方法,发挥信息技术的优势,为合理开发利用土壤提供依据。     

清水灌溉在消除土壤多环芳烃中的作用及对土壤微生物特征的影响: 以沈抚灌区为例

To evaluate the effect of groundwater irrigation on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) pollution abatement and soil microbial characteristics,a case study was performed in the Shenfu irrigation area of Shenyang,Northeast China,where the irrigation with petroleum wastewater had lasted for more than fifty years,and then groundwater irrigation instead of wastewater irrigation was applied due to the gradually serious PAHs pollution in soil.Soil chemical properties,including PAHs and nutrients contents,and soil microbial characteristics,including microbial biomass carbon,substrateinduced respiration,microbial quotient(qM),metabolic quotient(qCO2),dehydrogenase(DH),polyphenol oxidase(PO),urease(UR) and cellulase(CE) in surface and subsurface were determined.Total organic C,total N,total P,and available K were significantly different between the sites studied.The PAHs concentrations ranged from 610.9 to 6362.8 μg kg-1 in the surface layers(0-20 cm) and from 404.6 to 4318.5 μg kg-1 in the subsurface layers(20-40 cm).From the principal component analysis,the first principal component was primarily weighed by total PAHs,total organic C,total N,total P and available K,and it was the main factor that influencing the soil microbial characteristics.Among the tested microbial characteristics,DH,PO,UR,CE,qM and qCO2 were more sensitive to the PAHs stress than the others,thus they could serve as useful ecological assessment indicators for soil PAHs pollution.     

三江平原大豆种植的土地适宜性评价

受全球气候变化、二氧化碳施肥效应以及市场需求的影响,国内一系列旨在促进大豆种植的政策,可能导致三江平原大豆种植面积的增加。在此大背景下,充分利用当地气候条件和肥厚的土壤资源,促进农业用地的合理配置的关键问题在于对大豆种植进行土地适宜性评价。作者依据FAO/IIASA发布的GAEZ研究框架:首先根据大豆对气候、土壤的需求,对三江平原气象资料进行气候清查,评价大豆种植的气候适宜性;再考虑地形因素对气候条件的影响,使用Fourier指数和坡度条件对评价结果进行修正;然后,进行土壤清查,选取土层厚度、质地、pH、排水级与淹水情况等作为评价指标,对三江平原大豆种植进行土壤适宜性评价,并对含白浆层的各类土壤进行适宜性降级处理;最后,在栅格像元尺度上进行图层叠加,得到三江平原大豆种植的土地适宜性评价结果。另外引入了适宜度指数(S_I),对三江平原23个县市大豆种植的土地适宜度进行了空间上的比较。结果表明:(1)除了坡度大于30%的山区外,三江平原大部地区适宜大豆种植,面积达8.5×10~4 km~2,约占总面积的78.75%;(2)沿松花江、倭肯河、穆棱河等两岸的平缓(2%~5%)和微起伏(5%~8%)地区,土壤质地和排水状况良好,最适宜大豆种植;(3)勃利、依兰、汤原、佳木斯、集贤、桦川、友谊、绥滨和富锦9个县市,适宜度指数均超过70%;其次是同江、桦南、虎林、宝清、抚远、七台河、萝北、鸡东、饶河和双鸭山10个县市;鹤岗、密山、鸡西、穆棱4县市,适宜度一般;(4)GAEZ模型流程化评价方法能够在区域尺度上有效实现大豆种植适宜性的空间差异分析,为土地资源的合理配置提供科学依据。     

三江平原土壤质量变化评价的模糊神经网络模型构建及应用

针对土壤质量变化评价指标值的选取具有模糊性的特点,将BP网络和模糊数学相结合建立了土壤质量评价的模糊BP网络模型。选取三江平原具有典型性土壤质量变化趋势的试验点——富锦市永富乡土壤进行取样分析,选择与土壤质量相关的指标因子和相应的等级值建立评价模型。结果表明,该模型具有很强的学习能力,对参数的改变也有较强的鲁棒性,而且各个评价指标的权重都是由网络通过学习自动生成的,避免了主观赋权的人为干扰,因此评价结果更具有客观性和准确性,同时也为该领域研究提供了新的思路。     

我国湿地农业可持续发展模式探析

阐述了湿地农业内涵及不合理开发带来的湿地农业生态环境问题,探讨了我国3类典型湿地农业可持续发展模式,并提出发展对策     

Using the VS‐Fast methodology for soil degradation assessment: a case study from Senegal

Soil degradation threatens sustainable food production and accelerates global warming. Poorer countries, whose agricultural sectors are highly dependent on their natural resource bases, are hit particularly hard by declining soil productivity. Calls for soil‐quality monitoring are therefore, justified and this could inform decision‐makers on the preparation of appropriate interventions. However, the provision of monitoring methodologies is not an easy task. Soil degradation affects several soil characteristics that at larger scales cannot be evaluated with models or remote‐sensing techniques. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the use of field‐based soil assessment methodologies to differentiate degrees of soil degradation. Specifically, we test the Visual Soil Field Assessment Tool (VS‐Fast) for detecting and monitoring soil degradation using a cross‐section of 71 sites in Senegal, the soil quality of which were classed by local experts. We found low correlation between VS‐Fast classes and expert assessments. By using an ordered logit model to quantify class boundaries, we show that experts categorized areas as ‘degraded’ for a wider range and higher VS‐Fast scores than the corresponding VS‐Fast class. Yet, from general linear models and analysis of variance procedures we found that areas classed by experts as ‘degraded’ had statistically significant lower VS‐Fast scores compared to those that were judged as ‘normal’ and ‘good’, while differences of the VS‐Fast scores between the latter two were negligible. It is remarkable that the visual assessment, the cheaper component of the VS‐Fast score, performs better in differentiating degradation status than its measured counterpart. The results support the need to investigate the applicability of other VSA methodologies that only use field observations and tactile methods.     

水土保持型生态农业可持续性评价——以陕西省安塞县纸坊沟为例

 基于联合国粮农组织对农业可持续发展的定义,采用社会经济统计学法,建立水土保持型生态农业可持续性评价多指标模型,并利用此模型对陕西省安塞县纸坊沟流域水土保持型生态农业实体模式进行评价与分析。结果显示:纸坊沟流域水土保持型生态农业的可持续生产性指数、经济活性指数、保护性指数、稳定性指数和社会接受性指数分别为69.5、56.8、62.5、86.8和52.8;综合可持续发展指数为65.4,离可持续发展目标仍有较大的差距。     

松嫩平原土壤有机碳空间分异

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and its relationship with landscape attributes are important for evaluating current regional, continental, and global carbon stores. Data of SOC in surface soils (0–20 cm) of four main soils, Cambisol, Arenosol, Phaeozem, and Chernozem, were collected at 451 locations in Nongan County under maize monoculture in the Song-Nen Plain, Northeast China. The spatial characteristics of soil organic carbon were studied, using geographic information systems (GIS) and geostatistics. Effects of other soil physical and chemical properties, elevation, slope, and soil type on SOC were explored. SOC concentrations followed a normal distribution, with an arithmetic mean of 14.91 g kg-1 . The experimental variogram of SOC was fitted with a spherical model. There were significant correlations between soil organic carbon and bulk density (r =-0.374**), pH (r = 0.549**), total nitrogen (r = 0.781**), extractable phosphorus (r =-0.109*), exchangeable potassium (r = 0.565**), and cation exchange capacity (r = 0.313**). Generally, lower SOC concentrations were significantly associated with high elevation (r =-0.429**). Soil organic carbon was significantly negatively correlated with slope gradient (r =-0.195**). Samples of the Cambisol statistically had the highest SOC concentrations, and samples of the Arenosol had the lowest SOC value.