认真贯彻国务院通知开创水土保持监督执法工作的新局面

<正> 为贯彻国务院关于加强水土保持工作的通知精神,进一步搞好水土流失的预防监督工作,最近,我们在山东省水土保持监督执法试点招远市,召集部分省(市)水土保持部门同志座谈水土保持监督执法问题。水土保持法颁布以前,有些省已开始抓水土保持监督工作,水土保持法颁布后,各省都做了不少工作,为全面开展监督执法工作提供了经验。 一、水土保持监督执法工作取得了可喜的进展 从全国来说,水土保持监督执法工作刚刚起步,但从这次到会的大多数省(市)来看,有了突破性进展,已初步探索出了一条开展监督执法的路子,具体表现在以下几方面。     

水土保持监督执法中存在的主要问题与对策

水土保持监督执法中仍存在法律意识不强、立法内容存在缺陷、方案实施不到位、行政干预严重、水土保持设施补偿费难征收、水土保持监督执法缺乏群众参与、执法人员素质欠缺、执法行为不规范等诸多问题。今后,要提高立法的质量,进一步完善水土保持法制体系;改革现行执法体制,赋予流域机构执法权能;以落实“三同时”制度为核心,加大执法力度;加强方案编制资质的审查和编制市场、送达制度的规范化管理;革新传统的地方干部考核制度,提高执法人员的素质;进一步做好城市水土保持工作;加强水土保持监督执法队伍建设,规范执法行为。     

关于水土保持监督执法中的若干方法问题

关于水土保持监督执法中的若干方法问题刘震（水利部水土保持司，北京１０６７６１）水土保持监督执法机构要依据国家法律法现有效地行使监督职能，达到监督执法的目的，必须注意研究工作方法，讲求策略，方能事半功倍。运用法律固然是开展监督执法的主要手段，但并不是唯...     

新开水土保持监督执法局面的案例分析

通过对永州市水土保持监督执法中一些典型事例的分析水土保持监督执法在实际操作上归纳为三个字“磨”，“勤”，“耐”，加强水土保持监督执法是防止新的人为水土流失的有效措施。在具体的执法过程中保执法人员要提高本身的素质和执法水平，既要敢于执法严格执法，又要讲策略，善于执法。     

前进中的陕西水土保持预防监督工作

陕西省水土保持预防监督工作 ,经历了“八五”期间的试点起步和“九五”期间的全面发展 ,取得显著成效 ,全省大部分县 (市、区 )实现了规范化管理 ,探索出符合陕西实际的水土保持监督执法模式     

福建省开发生产建设项目水土保持监管情况调查与思考

开展开发生产建设项目水土保持监督管理情况调查,掌握水土保持监督执法对象的基本情况,为各地开展水土保持监督执法和水土保持信息化管理工作提供必要的基础信息,提高水保监督执法工作的针对性和有效性。本文就福建省开发生产建设项目水土保持监管情况调查的基本情况和存在问题,做进一步分析和评价,提出了今后如何提高开发生产建设项目水土保持监督管理的工作思路。     

构建水土保持法治体系 推动预防监督工作快速发展

攀枝花市水土流失严重,生态环境十分脆弱,水土保持监督执法工作起步较晚。通过近10年的努力,初步建立了水土保持法治体系,不仅使水土保持法得以贯彻落实,而且有效遏制了开发建设活动造成的水土流失。介绍了实际工作中取得的一些经验,点出了开发建设项目水土保持监督执法工作存在的一些问题:一是法制不完善带来的问题,如缺少对开发建设项目"无力治理"的认定,无法对开发建设项目造成的水土流失危害进行有依据的定性等;二是监督执法缺乏强硬手段所带来的问题,如对一些造成水土流失的业主进行处罚时难度极大等;三是水土保持预防监督的工作地位、影响力、执行力亟待加强的问题,如执法经费不足等。     

宁武县水土保持监督执法工作存在的问题及对策

随着经济社会的不断发展,宁武县各类开发建设项目引发的水土流失问题日益严重,水土保持监督执法工作压力越来越大。如何进一步加强与推进水土保持监督执法工作,实现依法行政已成为当前和今后一段时期内水保监督执法工作的主要问题。从水土保持监督执法工作的意义,现阶段水保监督执法与经济社会发展的关系以及执法工作面临的困难和问题,总结多年来宁武县水土保持监督执法工作的经验得失,旨在推进水保监督执法、贯彻落实科学发展观,为全县经济社会发展提供及时和必要的对策思路。     

深入贯彻新水土保持法 推动广西水土保持监督管理工作再上新台阶

自1991年水土保持法实施以来,广西水土保持配套法律法规体系不断完善,水土保持方案审批和水土保持设施竣工验收工作取得突破,水土保持"两费"征收工作不断加强,水土保持监督检查力度不断加大,监督管理队伍执法能力显著增强,但还存在不少问题,要深入学习贯彻新水土保持法,搞好全国水土保持监督管理能力建设,加大水土保持方案审批力度、开发建设项目监督检查力度、水土保持规费征收力度和水土保持设施竣工验收力度,全面提升广西水土保持监督执法工作水平。     

日本水土保持监督执法

水土保持工作要实行预防为主的方针，监督执法工作尤为重要，日本在这方面有其独到的作法。本介绍了日本水土保持监督执法的具体作法及其启示，希望对我们的工作有所帮助。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前,肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言,因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍,且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化,以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系,为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明,在20世纪60年代,肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍,且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前,肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%,但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比,中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入,大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年,中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明,种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性;农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大,如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比,畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说,农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响,这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.