自然保护区对濒危植物种群的保护效果探索——以海南昌江县青梅种群为例

在自然保护区外,植物种群受到的负面影响因素很多,森林破碎化、人为砍伐、火烧等人为干扰都会影响濒危植物种群的生存、生长与发育,为了定量探索保护区对濒危植物种群的保护效果,本文以濒危植物青梅(Vatica mangachapoi)为例,采用样方法对昌江县自然保护区内和自然保护区外开展青梅种群的空间分布格局分析,进而从种群径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线等方面对青梅种群的种群特征比较分析。结果表明:1)无论自然保护区内外,青梅种群为集群分布,但在自然保护区外,青梅种群集群程度更强,不利于其种群的扩散;2)在自然保护区外,青梅种群的幼苗、幼树很少,青梅种群结构表现为衰退型,而自然保护区内青梅种群结构表现为增长型;3)在自然保护区外,存活曲线表明青梅种群接近DeeveyⅠ型;在自然保护区内,存活曲线表明青梅种群开始时接近DeeveyⅢ型;因此,建立自然保护区,对濒危植物的保护效果非常明显。海南较多的保护物种与青梅的生态学特性类似,多为濒危物种,需要连续性、少人为干扰的生存、生长和发育的环境,因此,加强自然保护区的保护工作,对保护濒危植物种群具有非常重要的意义。     

南方红豆杉濒危原因及保育技术

南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)为我国I级保护植物。在我国,主要分布于长江流域、东南沿海及台湾等地区。本研究从南方红豆杉种群生态学特征、种群生殖生物学特性、种群遗传进化潜力等方面,综合分析其濒危的可能原因。结果表明,南方红豆杉种群生殖能力弱,适应能力差是其濒危的主要内因;生境破坏和不合理砍伐导致其生境片段化、异质性,是其濒危的直接外因。维持南方红豆杉种群遗传多样性,培育南方红豆杉良种人工林,是科学保育和合理开发南方红豆杉资源的重要措施。     

东北红豆杉不同性别基因组的RAPD标记

东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata)具有很高的观赏价值、药用价值及保健价值(杨波等,2007).红豆杉属植物种群竞争力弱,天然更新缓慢和地理分布局限等客观因素,导致其处于濒危状态,1999年被列为国家一级保护植物(叶水英,2006).红豆杉属为雌雄异株,据周志强等(2009)对天然东北红豆杉种群生殖力进行调查研究结果,东北红豆杉天然种群中,雌雄性比为1:2,雌株和雄株的生殖生存特点不同;张春雨等(2009)通过树木年轮学方法,发现雄株生长速率显著大于雌株,这可能是种群维持自身长期发展的一种适应.这说明东北红豆杉的性别分化及其机制有深入研究的价值.目前对于东北红豆杉性别的鉴定还停留在东北红豆杉雌株结实的阶段,还没有对东北红豆杉早期性别鉴定的有效方法.21世纪以来分子标记技术的应用为很多植物的遗传多样性以及性别相关基因的研究提供了可靠的技术支撑.     

湖北省堵河源自然保护区珍稀濒危植物优先保护等级研究

通过样线和样地法对堵河源自然保护区的珍稀濒危植物进行调查.对濒危系数、遗传价值系数、物种价值系数3个系数(共11个指标)进行评分和计算,对珍稀濒危植物的优先保护等级进行划分.结果表明,堵河源自然保护区内共有珍稀濒危植物46种,隶属于31科40属;自然保护区的植物优先保护等级与国家保护植物的级别不同.46种珍稀濒危植物的...     

秭归县国家重点保护野生植物红豆树种群生态特征初步研究

红豆树是中国特有物种,多混生于阔叶林中,被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录列为近危物种,为国家Ⅱ级保护野生植物。采用样地法对湖北省宜昌市秭归县杨林桥镇杨林桥小学旁红豆树种群年龄结构、空间分布格局进行了调查。种群年龄结构、种群特定时间生命表和存活曲线研究结果均表明红豆树种群呈稳定型特征;空间分布指数法、负二项参数(k)法检验结果表明红豆树种群分布呈集群分布。对红豆树野生种群的保护提出了建议。     

云南珍稀濒危竹类植物资源现状及保护对策

云南是中国竹类植物分布最丰富的地区,原始属种高度集中,生态类型齐全,全省分布广泛,属种种类丰富,其中53种为珍稀濒危竹种。文章介绍了云南珍稀濒危竹类植物的资源状况和保护现状,提出了保护云南珍稀濒危竹类植物的建议。文章认为应将云南分布面积在2 000 hm²以下的竹种纳入极小种群植物保护之列,并构建极小种群野生植物的种群生态学和保护生物学理论体系;同时保存和扩繁云南竹类极小天然种群,缓解濒危态势。     

海南岛尖峰岭卵叶樟种群结构与分布格局动态研究

卵叶樟(Cinnamomum rigidissimum H. T. Chang)是樟科(Lauraceae)樟属(Cinnamomum Trew)植物,是第一批被列入<国家重点保护植物名录>的二级重点保护物种[1],具有重要的经济和科研价值.根据以往调查,卵叶樟在海南尖峰岭的数量较少,一般生长在海拔6001 000 m的热带山地雨林中,这与森林商业性采伐和盗伐等人为干扰活动导致森林环境变迁有关[2-3].种群是群落构成的基本单位,种群结构不仅对群落结构有直接影响,而且能客观地体现群落的发展趋势[4].研究种群空间格局及其动态可为研究森林群落演替趋势、森林生态系统可持续经营提供基础理论,其数量分析指数还可为生物多样性保护、森林可持续经营评价等提供可靠依据[5].本文通过探讨卵叶樟种群结构和分布格局及其动态的数量特征,为探讨其濒危机制及合理保护提供理论依据.     

保护我国兰花资源 守法经营兰花产业

中国是一个分布着很丰富的兰花资源的国家。从目前花卉市场上中国兰的交易情况来看,除国内私人自行交易外,在国际上,中国兰的栽培种和引进的栽培种(指原生的种和品种),均未有走上正常的贸易管理轨道,使我国兰科中的兰属(Cymbidium)和拖鞋兰属(PaPhiopedium)植物中的珍奇种和品种流失相当严重。鉴于这种情况,为了保护我国的物种资源和经济利益,我国已颁布了《中华人民共和国濒危野生动植物物种保护法》。兰科植物由于商业价值高而引起山民和爱好者的过度采集与经营,成为兰花物种濒危的主要原因之一;另一方面,由于人为的开发山区,如原生热带雨林的砍伐等,引起生态环境的破坏;再加上兰科植物属、种的分布带狭窄,及其自身繁殖不易,对生存环境要求比其他植物苛刻,就使它成为世界生物保护组织注意的中心之一。     

五道峡国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危保护植物优先保护定量研究

采用样地法和样线法,对湖北省保康县五道峡国家级自然保护区的珍稀濒危保护植物的资源状况和分布特征进行了调查。运用濒危系数、遗传价值系数和物种价值系数3个组合指标和11个二级指标,计算出综合评价值,以此来确定保护区内珍稀濒危保护植物优化保护等级。结果表明,保护区内共有珍稀濒危保护植物43种,其中濒危物种16种,稀少物种23种,安全物种4种;属于一级优先保护物种有10种,二级19种,三级11种,四级3种,其结果与国家所确定的保护植物的保护等级并不完全相同。通过对珍稀濒危保护植物分布特征的分析发现,在800~1600m海拔段,珍稀濒危保护植物种类最多且特有性高,占保护区珍稀濒危保护植物总种数的72.09%,是保护区珍稀濒危保护植物分布的集中区域;高海拔段(1600m以上)分布有较多的珍稀濒危保护植物群落,原生性明显,具有非常重要的保护价值。     

陈禾洞自然保护区珍稀濒危及特有植物资源调查

采用野外调查以及标本采集等方法,对广东陈禾洞省级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物资源进行了调查,结果表明:陈禾洞自然保护区共有珍稀濒危植物20种,国家重点保护野生植物有10种,IUCN红色名录植物有53种,中国物种红色名录物种(CSRL)有11种,CITES名录附录Ⅱ物种有34种,该区域植物特有成分多,含中国特有植物17种。应用样方法进行了厚叶木莲群落物种多样性分析,结果显示,群落中有维管植物44科75属129种,并且群落中的优势物种不太明显。提出了对区域内珍稀濒危植物应采取多种措施进行有效的保护,在就地保护的基础上,同时要进行迁地保护及其他保育手段,以扩大其种群数量。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.