B-超在母牛繁殖诊断中的应用概述

本文综述了B-超在母牛繁殖诊断中的应用,主要包括:超声诊断原理,卵巢检测,早期妊娠诊断,产后子宫的监测,卵泡和羊膜穿刺,异常生殖器官的诊断,并对今后的发展做了展望。     

母牛卵巢囊肿的B超诊断与治疗

本研究利用B-型超声波图像显示母牛卵泡囊肿和黄体直径变化以及卵巢轮廓诊断母牛卵巢囊肿。通过激素治疗、穿刺的方法对卵巢囊肿进行对症治疗,治疗效果显著。     

B超在动物妊娠诊断上的研究及应用进展

正B超技术成为兽医诊断技术成为广泛用于医学疾病的活体诊断方法,为动物妊娠和诊断提供了良好的、稳定的、安全的、快速的理论和指导。B超声波影像诊断技术在监测卵巢卵泡发育并进行卵泡计数、同期发情、超排预测、超排反应等控制技术,进行早期妊娠诊断(估测多胎妊娠、测定卵泡、黄体及胎儿的大小)、早期胎儿的性别鉴定、检测胚胎生长发育、检测胚胎死亡、观察子宫疾病和活体采卵方面有着     

奶牛卵泡交替发育的诊断与输精

在奶牛人工授精工作中,有时会遇见发情母牛卵泡交替发育的现象。卵泡交替发育的母牛外部表现与正常发情牛一样,鸣叫,企图爬跨,接受爬跨,外阴部肿胀流蛋清样黏液,子宫口开张,卵泡在发情后35小时左右排卵。在第1次发情结束的7天左右时间,开始第2次重新发情,发情表现比第1次时外部性行为表现得更强烈。1诊断奶牛卵泡交替发育主要根据外部性行为天数来判定,两次发情间隔7天左右时间,可以初步判定为卵泡交替发育;同时要结合直肠检查,发现有成熟的卵泡存在,可以确定卵泡交替发育。2输精奶牛的卵泡交替发育在第2次发情时输精才能妊娠。如果交替发育…     

奶牛卵泡囊肿穿刺疗法

卵泡囊肿是奶牛常见的繁殖疾病。本文主要介绍了针对大卵泡囊肿所采用的体外穿刺疗法的操作步骤和注意事项,以供同行参考。     

禽流感与新城疫、成年鸡白痢卵泡变形的临床鉴别诊断

正近年来,在一些地方禽流感时有发生,当我们打开病死的腹腔,取出肝脏、腺胃、肌胃后就可以看到卵泡变形,以及卵泡充血出血的病变。但是新城疫、成年鸡白痢这两个疾病也会出现卵泡变形、出血,容易混淆,有些基层兽医技术人员只要看到卵泡变形就认为鸡感染了禽流感,往往忽视了对新城疫、成年鸡白痢的诊治,影响治疗效果,增加了死亡率。现在浅谈一下笔者对于禽流感、新城疫、成年鸡白痢卵泡变形的临床鉴别诊断。     

奶牛凝血因子Ⅺ缺乏症研究进展

荷斯坦牛凝血因子Ⅺ缺陷症（FactorⅪdeficiency）是一种常染色体单基因控制的隐性遗传疾病。部分患病牛繁殖性能异常,如屡配不孕、发情周期不稳定、卵泡直径小、排卵前血液中雌激素含量峰值降低、卵泡发育不完善和黄体溶解缓慢等,易患乳房炎、子宫炎和肺炎等,产犊率和犊牛存活率降低。本文综述了该遗传疾病的流行性、致病机理及分子诊断方法。     

青年母牛在发情周期中卵泡发育波变化规律的研究

为揭示青年母牛卵泡生长发育的动态模式,作者利用B-型超声波诊断仪,对青年母牛在发情周期中卵泡生长发育的过程进行了连续观察。结果表明,卵巢上小卵泡(1~4 mm)、中卵泡(5~7 mm)和大卵泡(≥8 mm)的数量和直径均呈动态变化。大、中、小卵泡的数量、卵泡的发育要经历征集期、选择期、优势化、成熟期和闭锁退化的过程。青年母牛在整个发情周期中,优势卵泡的平均直径为13.6 mm,成熟卵泡的平均直径为13.80 mm,一个发情周期有3~4个卵泡发育波,其中有3个卵泡发育波的为多数(71.43%),有4个的为28.57%。     

奶牛卵泡囊肿病因及诊疗研究进展

在奶牛养殖中，卵巢囊肿对奶牛生产造成了巨大的危害。激素分泌异常和疾病等是引起卵泡囊肿的主要原因。对于卵泡囊肿的诊断，临床上多采用直肠检查、超声诊断诊断等方法。在治疗上，除了传统的激素疗法，采用中药方剂治疗，也可以产生较好效果。文章介绍了奶牛卵泡囊肿的原因、临床表现、诊断方法及几种治疗方法的比较，为更好地治疗卵泡囊肿提供依据。     

不同方法治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿的效果比较

在宜昌市奶牛场，对确诊为卵泡囊肿的奶牛，分别采用体外穿刺治疗法和肌肉注射促黄体素治疗法进行治疗，比较两种治疗方法的治疗效果。结果表明：体外穿刺治疗法的治愈率、有效率、受胎率分别为50.0％、87．5％、80％；激素（LH）治疗法的治愈率、有效率、受胎率分别为37．5％、62．5％、50.0％。体外穿刺治疗法的治愈率、有效率、受胎率分别比促黄体素的分别高出12．5％、25.0％、30.0％。由此得出，体外穿刺治疗法治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿的效果比激素治疗法的治疗效果好。     

Relative accuracy of the identification of ovarian structures in the cow by ultrasonography and palpation per rectum

Manual palpation or ultrasonographic examination of the cow's genital tract are currently used by veterinarians involved in reproductive management, but knowledge of the potential and the limitations of both methods is important to obtain an optimal accuracy in the diagnosis of physiological and pathological ovarian structures. This review presents the main features of manual and ultrasonographic characteristics of follicles, corpora lutea (with or without a cavity), follicular and lutenized cysts and the reliability of the two methods is compared. Manual diagnosis of follicles <10 mm is rather inaccurate, but ultrasound offers the possibility to diagnose follicles <5 mm and to measure their inner diameter. The predictive values of the presence or absence of a corpus luteum as determined by palpation are similar (78 vs. 75%). Manual or ultrasonographic diagnosis of the growing or regressing corpus luteum is rather difficult. The positive predictive value of a mature corpus luteum diagnosed by ultrasonography is lower (87%) than the negative predictive value (92%). Compared to manual palpation, ultrasonography permits a better estimation of the number and to determine more precisely the size of the mature corpus luteum. The positive values for follicular cysts diagnosed by palpation or by ultrasonography are 66 and 74% respectively, and for luteal cysts, the values are 66 and 85%, respectively.Manual palpation or ultrasonography are useful tools to diagnose ovarian structures in the cow. The accuracy of such methods can be enhanced by securing information on the reproductive history of the animal, palpation of uterine horns, vaginal examination or progesterone determinations.     

Early fetal sexing of Saanen goats by use of transrectal ultrasonography to identify the genital tubercle and external genitalia

OBJECTIVE: To define the optimum period for sexing of Saanen goat fetuses by use of transrectal ultrasonography. ANIMALS: 82 Saanen goats pregnant with 124 fetuses. PROCEDURES: Fetal sexing was performed on the basis of the final location of the genital tubercle or identification of external genitalia. In experiment 1, fetuses (n = 78) were monitored every 48 hours from days 40 to 60 of gestation, whereas for experiment 2, 46 fetuses were examined only once between days 47 and 77 of gestation. RESULTS: For experiment 1, accuracy of fetal sexing was 20 of 20 (100%) for a single fetus, 39 of 42 (92.8%) for twin fetuses, and 10 of 16 (62.5%) for triplet fetuses. Diagnostic accuracy was significantly lower for triplet fetuses than that for single or twin fetuses. Final location of the genital tubercle was detected between 45 and 55 days of gestation (mean +/- SEM, 48.9 +/- 1.8 days). For experiment 2, accuracy of fetal sexing for a single fetus (24/24 [100%]) was significantly higher than the accuracy for twin fetuses (16/22 [72.7%]). Considering all fetuses that were born, accuracy of diagnosis was 69 of 78 (88.4%) for experiment 1 and 40 of 46 (86.9%) for experiment 2. Accuracy did not differ significantly between experiments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Real-time ultrasonography after day 55 of gestation is a suitable method for determination of sex of Saanen goat fetuses by observation of the genital tubercle or identification of external genitalia.     

应用B型超声波鉴别马胎儿性别

通过胎儿尾部和脐带之间的生殖器结节定位进行马性别诊断，雄性胎儿准确率97．8％（182／186），雌性胎儿99．4％（160／161）。胎儿性别测定的最适时间为妊娠后59d和68d之间。妊娠中期胎儿性别诊断也非常可靠。超声波性别鉴定准确率达100％。在雄性，从100d到220d妊娠常规获得阴茎或包皮的图像；在雌性，从118d到227d妊娠马观察到胎儿乳腺和乳头。在马繁殖上常规使用的5MHz线性传感器，大多数情况下一直可用到妊娠160d。当胎位太高或其大小超过超声设备监测范围时，须使用3．5MHz探头。若掌握好性别鉴定的最适时间和认识正确的解剖结构，两种方法都是非常精确的。     

Sonographic evaluation of the normal and abnormal pancreas

Pancreatic disorders in dogs and cats are recognized with increasing frequency, and abdominal ultrasonography has assumed an important role in their diagnosis. The normal pancreas is a small, inconspicuous organ of comparable echogenicity to surrounding mesentery and may be difficult to identify. Therefore, knowledge of anatomic landmarks such as portal vein and contributing vessels, duodenum, and stomach is necessary to facilitate identification and examination. Pancreatic diseases and abnormalities frequently investigated by means of ultrasonography include pancreatitis, pseudocysts, abscesses, neoplastic lesions, and nodular hyperplasia. Disorders less commonly seen include exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, pancreatolithiasis, congenital anomalies, and pancreatic edema. Unfortunately, ultrasonographic findings in various pancreatic disorders overlap, and incidental findings or age-related changes may mimic pancreatic disease. On the other hand, pancreatic disorders may not cause changes in ultrasonographic appearance. Ultrasonographic findings, therefore, have to be judged in light of signalment, history, and laboratory data. Cytology or histopathology may be needed to establish a definite diagnosis. Despite these limitations, ultrasonography is useful in diagnosing pancreatic disease, guiding aspirates and biopsies, and monitoring response to treatment.     

Aetiological analysis and diagnosis of reproductive disorders in male dromedary camels

The purpose of this paper was to analyse the aetiology and methods of diagnosing reproductive disorders in male dromedary camels. Male camel infertility manifests as one of three conditions: post-coital infertility (IG), inability to copulate (IC) and lack of sexual desire (LSD). IG is mainly a testicular disorder that is linked to a deteriorated seminogram, arrested spermatogenesis, Sertoli cell-only syndrome and testicular degeneration. For IG diagnosis, semen analysis, testicular biopsy and fine-needle aspiration are gold standards. Testicular ultrasonography was generally inefficient. High serum FSH was found in IG camels with oligo- and azoospermia, implying primary spermatogenesis defects. The testis-expressed protein (TEX101) and the epididymis-expressed protein (ECM1) are reliable biomarkers for distinguishing between obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. IC manifests in two forms: phimosis (PHI) and erectile dysfunction (ED). PHI is frequently linked to preputial and penile pathologies, as well as leucocytosis, neutrophilia and elevated nitric oxide metabolites. The majority of camels with ED have normal genital organs, and the condition is associated with an increase in cardiac troponin I. LSD is a rare disorder brought on by hormonal imbalances, high temperatures, stress and debilitating diseases. In conclusion, IG diagnosis necessitates semen analysis, testicular biopsy or fine-needle aspiration, and FSH testing, whereas IC diagnosis requires preputial and penile examinations. Diagnostic aids include serum and seminal biomarkers.     

Retrospective comparison of abdominal ultrasonography and radiography in the investigation of feline abdominal disease

Abdominal radiography and ultrasonography are commonly used as part of the initial diagnostic plan for cats with nonspecific signs of abdominal disease. This retrospective study compared the clinical usefulness of abdominal radiography and ultrasonography in 105 feline patients with signs of abdominal disease. The final diagnosis was determined more commonly with ultrasonography (59%) compared to radiography (25.7%). Ultrasonography was also able to provide additional clinically relevant information in 76% of cases, and changed or refined the diagnosis in 47% of cases. Based on these findings, ultrasonography may be sufficient as an initial diagnostic test for the investigation of feline abdominal disease.     

Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit.

Retrobulbar abscessation is the most common orbital disease of rabbits, and the lesions are notoriously difficult to treat successfully. This article describes the diagnosis, surgical treatment, and long-term management of an extensive abscess located within the right maxilla and retrobulbar space of a domestic rabbit. Preoperative assessment and long-term monitoring were achieved with a combination of radiography, ophthalmic ultrasonography, and CT. Extraoral rigid endoscopy via a fenestration in the maxilla was used to facilitate surgical debridement of the lesion, and extraction of multiple cheek teeth has been fundamental to achieving control. The long-term use of topical and systemic antibiotic preparations and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication is discussed.     

Diagnosis of teat stenosis in cattle using ultrasonic tomography (literature review)]

This review deals with the relevant literature about the application of ultrasonography in udder diagnosis especially in stenosis of the teat in cattle. Ultrasonic devices, frequencies and ultrasonic techniques are discussed. It seems that under practical conditions, a 5 MHz linear scanner might be sufficient. Compared with radiography, ultrasonography gave better results in high and medium stenoses of the teat. The results of these first investigations demonstrated that with the development of suitable devices and techniques, ultrasonography might be of high importance as an additional and supporting technique for the diagnosis of stenoses of the teat.     

Presence of a Temperature Gradient Among Genital Tract Portions and the Thermal Changes Within These Portions Over the Estrous Cycle in Beef Cows

The aim of the present study was to describe the temperature of the different portions of the female genital tract and their relation to rectal temperature and to investigate the effect of steroid hormones profiles on these variables over the estrous cycle in cattle. Four nonpregnant Japanese Black cows were investigated daily over two successive estrous cycles using a digital thermometer with a long probe and rounded-end sensor to record the temperature of the rectum (RT), vagina (VT), cervix (CT), uterine body (UBT) and uterine horns (UHT). Blood samples were collected immediately before temperature recording to assay peripheral levels of progesterone (P₄) and estradiol-17β (E₂). Moreover, transrectal ultrasonography was carried out after temperature recording to monitor the ovulatory follicle and track ovulation. During the experiment, the ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded for further calculation of the temperature humidity index (THI). The temperature within the genital tracts in these cows progressively increased towards the uterine horns from the vagina. The VT, CT, UBT and UHTs were significantly higher in association with peripheral P₄ concentrations greater than 4 ng/ml (mid-luteal phase) when compared with lower peripheral P₄ concentrations. The VT was more significantly (P<0.01) correlated to the CT, UBT and UHTs than RT. In conclusion, a temperature gradient was present among the vagina, cervix and uterus over the estrous cycle, and changes in peripheral P₄ concentrations were associated with the thermal variations within these portions. The VT could be more beneficial than RT in monitoring temperature of deeper portions of the female genital tract in bovine.