多重PCR对禽分枝杆菌亚种鉴定的初步应用

为了建立禽分枝杆菌多重PCR方法，给禽分枝杆菌亚种鉴定及禽结核病的诊断提供参考。本实验根据国外报道的诊断方法设计4对特异性引物，选用我国禽结核参考菌株（CVCC 68201）基因组DNA为模板，优化了退火温度，测定了DNA最小检测量，并进行了特异性检验。采用优化好的多重PCR体系，对国家兽医微生物菌种保藏中心保存的禽分枝杆菌标准菌株进行检测和分类。实验结果表明，禽结核参考菌株（CVCC 68201）能很好的扩增出577 bp（IS901基因片段）、385 bp（IS1245基因片段）和140 bp（dnaJ基因片段）三条目的条带，基因组DNA的最小检测量为0.38 ng/μL，目的条带在退火温度50 ℃～62 ℃之间均能得到有效扩增。对23株禽分枝杆菌菌株检测，并设立牛分枝杆菌作为阴性对照，最终将禽分枝杆菌菌株分为三大类：禽亚种/森林土壤亚种、副结核亚种、人猪亚种，与国家兽医微生物菌种保藏中心的分类结果相比不仅一致且更加详尽而有临床意义。因此，基于分子生物学方法建立的多重PCR方法可以对禽分枝杆菌亚型进行快速鉴定并对禽结核病的诊断提供参考。     

牛分枝杆菌特异性PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

根据已发表的牛分枝杆菌的pncA的基因序列，设计和合成了一对可扩增294bp目的片段的引物，建立了特异性检测牛分枝杆菌的PCR方法。对牛分枝杆菌国际参考株和国内分离株成功扩增出294bp的特异性基因片段；对人结核分枝杆菌、副结核分枝杆菌、鸟胞内分枝杆菌和草分枝杆菌DNA的PCR扩增结果均为阴性。本PCR方法检测的敏感度可达到50pg。对10份牛分枝杆菌培养阳性和10份阴性样品的DNA分别进行了PCR检测，结果10份阳性样品中有9份样品为PCR扩增阳性，阳性符合率为90％（9／10）；而10份阴性样品则PCR扩增全部为阴性，阴性符合率为100％（10／10）。本方法可做为牛分枝杆菌的快速检测和流行病学调查的工具。     

结核杆菌多位点环介导等温扩增检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速、高敏感、高特异、鉴别结核分枝杆菌和牛分枝杆菌的方法,本研究根据大多数致病性结核分枝杆菌共有序列esat-6,结核分枝杆菌和牛分枝杆菌gyrB共有特异性序列,以及结核分枝杆菌种特异序列mtp40设计6对特异性引物对痰液中的结核分枝杆菌进行检测,并与鉴别培养基分离培养结果以及常规PCR鉴定结果进行比较。实验结果表明,建立的LAMP检测方法具有很高的特异性。可区分致病性结核分枝杆菌和非致病结核分枝杆菌,也可鉴别结核分枝杆菌和牛分枝杆菌。LAMP检测技术的灵敏度比经典PCR技术高100倍左右,可检测到7拷贝/反应。另外,用3种方法同时检测样品发现,LAMP与细菌培养的符合率为90.91%,LAMP与常规PCR检测结果的符合率为100%。LAMP检测方法可以在流行病学调查及现场快速诊断方面广泛应用,并为临床治疗提供依据。     

应用PCR-限制性内切酶技术快速检测副结核分枝杆菌

根据副结核分枝杆菌的IS900序列,设计相应的引物,建立检测副结核分枝杆菌的PCR技术。利用该方法,可从副结核分枝杆菌中扩增出PCR产物,扩增产物具有高度特异性,长度为388bp,经限制性内切酶Saμ3AI酶切,证实该扩增产物为副结核分枝杆菌的片段。表明此项技术具有快速、敏感和特异性强等特点,通过PCR扩增IS900基因(副结核分枝杆菌独有的基因),可快速的应用于诊断反刍动物的副结核病和乳及乳制品中副结核分枝杆菌的鉴定。     

牛结核病PCR检测试剂盒的研制

根据GenBank中的牛结核分枝杆菌IS6110的基因片段,设计了1对引物,通过对PCR反应条件进行优化,研制了用于检测牛结核病的PCR试剂盒,该试剂盒扩增的阳性条带为317 bp;敏感性结果显示,该PCR检测试剂盒的最低核酸检测量为1.025 pg/μL;特异性试验表明,仅结核分枝杆菌扩增结果为阳性,副结核分枝杆菌、胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、大肠杆菌、巴氏杆菌、沙门氏菌、金葡萄球菌、链球菌的扩增结果均为阴性。-20 ℃至少可保存12个月,且重复性良好。应用该PCR试剂盒对24份临床样本进行了检测,其PCR检测结果与结核菌素试验检测结果相一致。结果表明,牛结核病PCR检测试剂盒能够对牛结核临床样本进行快捷、灵敏、准确的检测。     

牛分枝杆菌三重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立快速检测牛分枝杆菌(M.bovis)的三重PCR方法,本研究以M bovis ValleeⅢ株染色体DNA 为模板,分别以其recA、IS6110、IS1081基因特异性引物进行PCR扩增,建立检测M.bovis的recA-IS6110-IS1081三重PCR反应.通过PCR扩增获得大小约为860 bp、520bp和340 bp的DNA片段.BLAST序列分析表明,这3个基因片段与GenBank中登录的相关基因的核苷酸序列同源性均达到99%.同时,recA、IS6110和IS1081PCR扩增的敏感性分别达到585fg、19.5fg和19.5fg.特异性较强,只有M.bovis和人结核临床分离株扩增反应为阳性,为进一步研究recA、IS6110和IS1081基因以及其在牛结核病诊断中的应用奠定了基础.     

牛副结核病PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank上公布的副结核分枝杆菌C-2染色体的ISMav2基因序列设计特异性引物,对牛副结核分枝杆菌进行PCR扩增并将产物克隆到pMD18-T载体后测序。结果表明,扩增的目的片段大小为246 bp,与预期扩增序列同源性为99.6%。该PCR检测体系的特异性强,不能在非副结核分枝杆菌 DNA中扩增出条带;敏感性高,最低检测的DNA含量为1 pg。该检测体系的成功构建为牛副结核病的检测、鉴定和流行病学调查提供了有力的技术支持。     

用多重PCR方法检测奶牛场麻雀中分枝杆菌感染情况

目的：利用可以鉴别分支杆菌属中结核分枝杆菌、牛分支杆菌、非结核分枝杆菌多重PCR方法,检测奶牛场麻雀组织中分支杆菌感染情况。方法根据结核分枝杆菌种特异基因目的片段MTP40、分枝杆菌属特异基因32kD、结核分枝杆菌复合群特异基因IS6110插入序列,设计合成三对特异性引物,扩增对32kD的506bp、MTP40的396bp和IS6110的984bp片段,以此方法检测奶牛场麻雀肺组织中分支杆菌感染情况,并对阳性结果的目的片段进行克隆测序。结果在分析的21份麻雀肺组织中,检测出2例非结核分枝杆菌阳性病料,阳性率9.52%。2例阳性样本PCR扩增得到的片段与GenBank收录的32kD基因同源性分别为95.8%和97.2%。结论麻雀肺组织中存在分支杆菌感染阳性病例提示该牛场中生物体内存在分支杆菌潜伏感染,并可能导致奶牛的潜伏感染以及干扰结核检疫。     

多重PCR-变性高效液相色谱法快速检测结核致病菌群并同步鉴别致病菌种

本研究旨在运用多重PCR联合变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)技术原理,建立快速检测人兽结核致病菌群并鉴别主要致病菌种的新方法。建立了四重PCR-DHPLC方法,可同时检测结核分枝杆菌复合群(MTC)特异的IS6110和IS1081插入序列、结核分枝杆菌特异结构基因和牛分枝杆菌特异结构基因共4个目标基因。采用13种分枝杆菌标准菌株和分离株以及23种常见微生物样品进行特异性试验,采用纯化标准菌株DNA以及克隆了扩增序列的重组质粒DNA进行检测灵敏度试验,采用从临床疑似发病牛群采集的牛组织样品进行临床检测试验,并与细菌分离培养方法进行比对。结果表明:所建立的多重PCR-DHPLC方法能特异检测MTC并准确鉴别结核分枝杆菌和牛分枝杆菌,而对其它11种分枝杆菌以及23种常见微生物样品均呈典型阴性检测结果;检测灵敏度达到每个反应102～103基因拷贝或3.6～6.8fg DNA模板浓度。采用该法从39份临床疑似样品中检出33份MTC阳性并检出其中28份为牛分枝杆菌阳性,而培养法检出21份阳性样品。采用该法临床检测全程可缩短至1d之内,其中对纯化DNA样品的检测分析可在2h内完成。本研究为人兽结核致病菌(群)的快速检测鉴别提供了新型分子生物学方法,所建立的四重PCR-DHPLC方法能实现快速检测结核分枝杆菌复合群并鉴别结核分枝杆菌和牛分枝杆菌     

牛结核病PCR诊断试剂盒质量标准的研究

根据GenBank中的牛结核分枝杆菌IS6110的基因片段,设计了1对引物,通过对PCR反应条件进行优化,研制了用于检测牛结核病的PCR试剂盒．该试剂盒的质量标准是：敏感性为3．04pg／μL、条带为478bp、特异性为100％,-20℃至少可保存12个月,重复性良好。     

Establishment and Application of Mycobacterium Typing Triple PCR Detection Method

This study was aimed to establish a triple PCR method to rapidly identify Mycobacterium species, and evaluate its testing reliability.Three pairs of primer that were respectively specific to rv 3036c, rv 1970f and pncA genes of Mycobacterium were designed to establish a triple PCR for preliminary identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis), Mycobacterium bovis(M.bovis) and other Mycobacterium spp.PCR products were the expected sizes of 500(rv3036c), 125(rv1970f) and 249 bp(pncA), and contained two DNA bands(500 and 125 bp) with M.tuberculosis DNA template, two DNA bands(500 and 249 bp) with M.bovis DNA template.No band or non-specific band appeared with Mycobacterium spp.except M.tuberculosis and M.bovis DNA templates.The sensitivity of the triple PCR was calculated to 50 pg/μL template of genomic DNA.86 acid-fast bacteria were detected by the triple PCR, 16S rDNA and ITS gene sequencing, growth test and biochemical test, and the results were consistent between triple PCR and 16S rDNA and ITS gene sequencing.The detecting accuracy of triple PCR was 100%, and higher than growth test and biochemical test.     

Tuberculosis as a zoonosis from a veterinary perspective

Tuberculosis is an important disease among many zoonoses, because both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis, which are the major causes of tuberculosis, are highly pathogenic, infect many animal species and thus are likely to be the source of infection in humans. In particular, monkeys are highly susceptible to these bacteria and are important spreaders. Recently, two outbreaks of M. tuberculosis occurred in four different kinds of monkeys and humans were also infected with the disease in Japan. In zoos, tuberculosis was reported not only in monkeys, but also in several different kinds of animals, including elephants. Pets such as dogs and cats are believed to be generally less susceptible to M. tuberculosis, but in this article we introduce a case of infection from man to dog by close contact. Japan is one of the few countries that have been able to control M. bovis infection. In other countries, however, cases of bovine tuberculosis and human M. bovis infection have been reported, and thus further attention is still required in the future.     

Serological reactivity to Mycobacterium bovis protein antigens in cattle.

The serological response to 12 purified Mycobacterium bovis antigens were examined in an ELISA assay. These antigens included the majority of M. bovis protein antigens described to date and in most cases they were very similar to the M. tuberculosis antigens of the same molecular mass.

The purified antigens were tested against sera from M. bovis infected cattle, M. bovis culture-negative cattle from infected herds and animals infected with related microorganisms, mainly other mycobacterial species. All the antigens gave strong reactions with at least some sera from the M. bovis infected group and showed cross-reactivity with some of the sera from the other two groups. The antigen with the highest specificity reacted strongly with only 60% of the M. bovis infected sera. Antigens that reacted with most or all of the M. bovis infected sera also gave the highest cross-reactivity with sera from the other two groups. These results indicate that a serological test based on any one or a combination of these antigens, without removal of the cross-reacting epitopes, would be unsatisfactory.     

Mapping of IS6110 insertion sites in Mycobacterium bovis isolates in relation to adaptation from the animal to human host

The physiological role and impact of IS6110 insertions on the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is not well understood. Insertion of IS6110 in coding regions can cause loss of gene activity, while homologous recombination between two copies of IS6110 can result in the deletion of genes or in rearrangement of genomic regions involved. In addition to these genomic changes, IS6110 can also activate flanking genes through acting as a mobile promoter.

In order to determine the possible role of IS6110 transposition in the adaptation to humans, we selected Mycobacterium bovis isolates from endogenous reactivation cases in elderly people in The Netherlands. The human isolates contained higher number of IS6110 copies in comparison to the bovine M. bovis strains. These additional integration sites of IS6110 were sequenced and analyzed. From 12 of such IS6110 insertion sites, 6 loci were located in the intergenic regions, and 6 other occurred within coding regions. IS6110 was inserted in a position where it might serve as a promoter in two cases. We conclude that IS6110 transpositions in M. bovis may be a driving force in the adaptation from the animal to the human host.     

Molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in wild animals in Spain: a first approach to risk factor analysis

In human tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), molecular epidemiology has accurately indicated the risk factors involved in active transmission of the disease, by comparing individuals whose isolates belong to a cluster with patients whose strains are considered unique. Nevertheless, this application has not been used in bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis). Our study describes the integration of epidemiological data into molecular classification data on M. bovis isolates. These were isolated from wild ungulates in Extremadura (western Spain) with the objective of detecting the risk factors linked to the association of strains in clades, which are indicators of the active spread of the disease. The molecular markers used were spoligotyping + VNTR typing (loci: VNTR 2165, VNTR 2461, VNTR 0577, VNTR 0580, VNTR 3192 VNTR 2163a and VNTR 2163b) on a population of 59 M. bovis strains isolated from deer (Cervus elaphus), 112 from wild boar (Sus scrofa), six from bovines, 28 from pigs and 2 from goats (n = 207). Epidemiological variables included the animal species from which the strain was isolated, pathological condition of the host (incipient lesion, early and late generalisation), date of sampling (during or after the reproductive period) and hunting season. Bivariant analysis was used to establish the risk factors connected to the association of strains and later, the variables were evaluated by means of logistic regression. Molecular typing grouped a total of 131 strains (64.21%) in 28 clusters and 76 isolates shows unique profiles. The association of strains was connected to the appearance of macroscopic lesions during the reproductive period (O.R. 4.80; 95% CI 1.09–22.99, P < 0.005), showing a possible higher transmission during the courting period. This happened mainly during the last hunting season analysed (2002–2003, O.R. 3.69; 95% CI 1.27–11.9, P < 0.05), clashing with the time of higher prevalence of the disease in wild ungulates. Active spread was not connected to any species in particular, or to any concrete pathological condition.     

Interaction of antigen presenting cells with mycobacteria

The interaction of mycobacteria with antigen presenting cells is a key feature in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and the outcome of this interaction is pivotal in determining whether immunity or disease ensues. Human and mouse macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) have been shown to become infected with mycobacteria and to produce a response to infection that reflects their suggested role in immunity. Thus, macrophages elicit anti-microbial mechanisms for elimination of mycobacteria and DC up-regulate expression of molecules that aid their stimulation of T lymphocytes. We have examined the effects of infection with the avirulent strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG and with virulent M. bovis on bovine antigen presenting cells. Differences in the intracellular survival of bacteria within DC and macrophages were observed with higher numbers of bacteria maintained within DC following infection compared to macrophages. BCG was killed more effectively than M. bovis. Alterations in the expression of cell surface molecules involved in antigen presentation and the stimulation of T cells, including MHC II and CD40, were observed following infection of bovine antigen presenting cells. In addition infected DC secreted IL-12, TNF and IL-10 whereas macrophages produced TNF, IL-10 and little IL-12. Generally responses were more marked when virulent M. bovis was used compared to BCG. These studies indicate that infection of bovine antigen presenting cells by mycobacterial species results in the induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses that are critical for the outcome of infection.     

Development and Application of FQ-PCR Assay for Detecting Mycobacterium bovis

To develop a detection method for rapid diagnosis of dairy cow tuberculosis, evaluation of the raw milk contamination status and tracing the route of transmission, specific primers of Mycobacterium bovis were designed to develop the FQ-PCR assay and the reaction conditions were optimized.Standard curve of the FQ-PCR test was developed and its properties were evaluated.The results showed that the developed FQ-PCR test could be used to detect the Mycobacterium bovis.The best primer concentration and annealing temperature were 400 nmol/L and 52 ℃, respectively.Properties evaluation showed that the method had good specificity, sensitivity, repeatability and clinical application.The test results indicated this method could be used to qualitatively and quantitatively detect Mycobacterium bovis.It would be an important technology for diagnosis and decontamination of dairy cow tuberculosis and safety assessment of raw milk.     

牛结核分枝杆菌实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立可应用于快速检测奶牛结核病、评估鲜乳污染状况、追溯传播途径的试验方法,本研究根据牛结核分枝杆菌基因组设计合成特异性引物,建立实时荧光定量PCR方法,并对反应条件进行优化,构建标准曲线,评价该方法的性能。结果显示,本研究所建立的实时荧光定量PCR方法能有效检测牛结核分枝杆菌目的基因,其最佳引物浓度为400 nmol/L,最佳退火温度为52 ℃。所构建的标准曲线相关性好,可用于样本的定量检测。该方法的性能评价显示,其最小检出模板浓度为80.24 ng/L,且该方法具有较好的特异性、可重复性,可对鲜乳样本进行检测。试验结果表明,本研究所建方法可用于牛结核分枝杆菌的定性和定量检测,这为奶牛结核病的诊断与净化及鲜乳食品安全评估提供重要技术。     

犊牛支原体肺炎继发牛A型多杀性巴氏杆菌感染的诊治

某奶牛场犊牛相继发生肺炎和关节炎,为确诊该牛场犊牛群发病的原因并提出防控方案,本试验剖检新生犊牛并采集病料,分别开展牛支原体及其他病原菌的分离培养、PCR鉴定及药敏分析;进行牛病毒性腹泻病毒、牛口蹄疫病毒和牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒PCR检测;制作犊牛肺脏组织病理切片并进行观察和评估。从犊牛肺脏组织分离到牛支原体和牛A型多杀性巴氏杆菌;牛病毒性腹泻病毒、牛口蹄疫病毒和牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒检测均为阴性;肺脏组织病理切片可见肺泡结构破坏、出血及大量炎性细胞浸润;药敏试验结果显示,牛支原体和牛A型多杀性巴氏杆菌分别对泰乐菌素和头孢唑啉敏感,但对青霉素、庆大霉素、林可霉素和氨苄西林均呈现耐药。该犊牛群确诊为牛支原体肺炎继发牛A型多杀性巴氏杆菌感染,采用泰乐菌素联合头孢唑啉肌肉注射,配合对症治疗和规范管理,有效控制了该场犊牛疾病。     

CRISPR/Cas System and Its Application in the Study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR-related protein (Cas) system is a heritable prokaryotic adaptive immune system against invading nucleic acids. It is an editing tool for many organisms that can generate highly specific gene double-strand breaks and repair them by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Due to the complexity of its genetic manipulation, Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome research has many difficulties. Therefore, the emergence of the CRISPR/Cas system has a milestone significance for the research of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this review, we focus on the application of the CRISPR/Cas system in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and summarizes the present research progress in order to provide a reference for the selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis research methods.