椰子油在猪日粮中的应用探讨

<正>1椰子油的理化特性脂类是脂肪和类脂的总称,脂肪由甘油的三个羟基与三个脂肪酸缩合而成,类脂包括磷脂、糖脂、脂肪酸、固醇及其脂[1]。根据原料来源分为植物性油脂和动物性油脂。植物性油脂主要含甘油酯、磷脂类、脂肪酸及其它脂溶性物质,精炼后的植物油中甘油三酯占99%以上;动物性油脂的成分比植物油多含胆固醇及胆固醇酯。     

常见植物油以及调和油研究进展

植物油是从植物的果实、种子、胚芽中得到的油脂,如菜籽油、花生油、大豆油等,营养丰富.而各类植物油中营养成分含量有所差异,因此,将精炼油脂按比例调配制成食用调和油,可解决单一天然油脂的脂肪酸比例不平衡问题.目前,植物调和油在我国市场的需求量越来越大.文章综述了各类常见植物油特点,以及植物调和油研究进展,以期为科学看待调和植物油与合理选择食用油提供有益指导.     

地沟油对人体健康的危害

地沟油是非食用油脂,在概念上归属于餐厨垃圾的范畴,以餐饮业废弃油脂为原料加工而成的劣质油脂产品,长期食用会对人体健康造成严重危害引发各种疾病。本文对地沟油做了简单的介绍,从废弃油脂加工过程、毒素状况、卫生指标,分析了地沟油对人体健康造成的严重危害,引导人们科学地使用植物油产品,提高人们的自我保护意识和能力,同时促使政府职能部门加强对地沟油监管,支持地沟油综合利用,杜绝地沟油重新回到餐桌、危害人体健康的现象。     

地沟油对人体健康的危害

地沟油是非食用油脂,在概念上归属于餐厨垃圾的范畴,以餐饮业废弃油脂为原料加工而成的劣质油脂产品,长期食用会对人体健康造成严重危害引发各种疾病。本文对地沟油做了简单的介绍,从废弃油脂加工过程、毒素状况、卫生指标,分析了地沟油对人体健康造成的严重危害,引导人们科学地使用植物油产品,提高人们的自我保护意识和能力,同时促使政府职能部门加强对地沟油监管,支持地沟油综合利用,杜绝地沟油重新回到餐桌、危害人体健康的现象。     

饲用油脂的质量指标及掺假的分析判别方法

<正>1不同来源的油脂其脂肪酸的构成不同油脂是动物必需脂肪酸的来源,油脂最重要的组成成分是脂肪酸,不同的油脂其脂肪酸的组成也不同。表1为不同来源油脂的脂肪酸组成。植物性油脂的饲用价值优于动物性油脂,主要是植物性油脂含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,     

壮优

正1产品介绍壮优是由山东龙昌动物保健品有限公司生产的功能性饲料添加剂,为国家一类新型功能性添加剂,该产品的主要成分为胆汁酸、γ-氨基丁酸等有机物。1.1促进脂肪和脂溶性物质的消化吸收饲料中的脂肪(植物油等油脂)通过胆汁酸的作用而被乳化,而后被脂肪消化酶所消化形成脂肪酸,脂肪酸在胆汁酸的作用下形成脂肪酸-胆汁酸盐复合物,从而被小肠中的绒毛膜吸收。胆汁酸在动物体内油脂乳化、消化和吸收过程中发挥重要的作用,是其他乳化剂所不能替代的。     

浓缩脂肪酸钙盐的饲用价值

寻求饲用脂肪的补充资源,是动物饲养界的紧迫任务。浓缩脂肪酸钙盐属于一种新的饲用脂肪产品,它是油脂工业在生产氢化脂肪和食用植物油过程中澄清含皂脂的冲洗水时形成的。浓缩脂肪酸钙盐中含有总脂45％以上(换算成干重则占90％),其中钙盐态脂肪酸50％～90％,水分和挥发性物质不超过50％。从外观上看,它像一种由不紧实的松散团块构成的产品,或者可以说是一种具有油脂工业废物固有气味的糊剂。一吨含45％总脂的浓缩脂肪酸钙盐,价值为210     

动物性食品中兽药残留的危害及控制措施

动物性食品中的兽药残留主要是由不合理使用药物治疗动物疾病和作为饲料添加剂而引起的。兽药残留不仅可以直接对人体产生毒害作用、“三致（致癌、致畸、致突变）”作用,引起过敏性反应,增强细菌耐药性,还可以通过环境和食物链间接对人体健康造成潜在危害。近年来,兽药残留引起人食物中毒的报道越来越多,已逐渐成为人们普遍关注的一个社会热点问题。因此必须采取有效措施,减少和控制兽药残留,确保动物性食品的安全。     

亚麻油对猪胴体性能及肉品质影响的研究进展

脂肪酸,特别是多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),作为油脂的重要组成成分,不仅调控脂肪代谢和沉积,对肉中脂肪酸组成、肉的风味和食用价值也有重要影响。PUFA主要包括n-3 PUFA和n-6PUFA。n-3 PUFA具有降低甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)含量、脂肪沉积的作用,且在促进智力发育、提高免疫力方面起决定性作用。     

配合饲料须防酸败及霉变

(一)防止配合饲料酸败的措施夏季容易发生动物性饲料酸败,酸败后的饲料毒性也是不容忽视的。饲料酸败是指饲料中的油脂、脂肪酸在加工或贮存过程中,在光线、温度、湿度、氧等适于酸败微生物生长繁殖的条件下,或较长时间的贮存,脂肪就会发生脂肪氧化反应,生成具有异味和毒性的化合物,引起油脂哈喇味和苦涩味。由于动物脂肪中的不饱和脂肪酸非常容易被氧化。因而,动物性饲料可以贮存     

Safety Analysis and Evaluation of Animal Fat and Vegetable Oil

Animal fat had long been considered as the main reason of raising cholesterol level in serum, and causing arteriosclerosis.Therefore, animal fat was replaced by vegetable oil as major edible oil.With large amount of vegetable oil was consumed, there was a huge impact on processing and selling of animal products.However, many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and allergy had gradually threaten the people's health.People began to focus on edible oil and started to find causes of diseases.In this paper we contrasted the physiological effects of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on animal fat with vegetable oil, moreover, studied the significance of two types oil's radio of (n-6)/(n-3), and proved the vegetable oil contains trace harmful factor.By providing valuable data, vegetable oil was proved to generate environmental hormone and trans-fatty acids through hydrogenation, which the environmental hormone could cause a decreasing in male sperm and neurological abnormalities, and the trans-fatty acids could cause cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.Its proved that animal fat was not contain harmful trace factors and generate hormonelike substances.Under the low caloric diet condition, saturated fatty acid would not cause illness.Therefore, this article proved that animal fat was more safety than vegetable oil within the scope of normal human daily intake of edible oil.     

Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and fish oil supplementation on performance and egg quality in laying hens

1. Laying hen performance, yolk fat fatty acid concentrations and firmness of eggs were evaluated with respect to the inclusion in the diet of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and fish oil. 2. Nine diets were arranged factorially, with three levels of supplementation of CLA (1, 3 and 5 g/kg) and fish oil (0, 14 and 20 g/kg). 3. Type of diet did not affect egg production traits. 4. CLA addition increased yolk weight and yolk fat concentrations of CLA, saturated and total long-chain n-3 fatty acids, but decreased those of monounsaturated and total long-chain n-6 fatty acids. 5. Fish oil addition increased long-chain n-3 fatty acids yolk fat concentrations but decreased those of CLA, saturated and long-chain n-6 fatty acids. 6. Effects of CLA addition on yolk fat concentrations of C22:4 n-6 and C20:5 n-3 were greater when no fish oil was added to the diet. 7. CLA supplementation increased linearly yolk moisture and firmness and altered albumen and yolk pH.     

The effect of animal fat and vegetable oil supplementation of feeds of different energy concentration upon the digestibility of nutrients and some blood parameters in rabbits

The effect of mixed animal fat and sunflower oil supplementation (5%) of a feed of medium (12.02 MJ DE/kg) and low (8.54 MJ DE/kg) energy concentration upon the digestibility of nutrients and on some blood parameters was investigated. The ether-extractable content of feed and faecal samples was determined by diethyl ether extraction (after Soxhlet) and the total (true) fat level was measured by the method of Stoldt (1952), viz. petroleum ether extraction of samples pretreated with 4 N HCl. In the majority of cases the voluntary feed intake decreased after the addition of animal fat or vegetable oil. Mixed animal fat supplementation significantly (by 5 and 11 units) improved the digestibility of the ether extract if added to either of the basal diets. The digestibility of crude fibre and N-free extract increased only in the case of the basal diet of low energy concentration (by 4 and 7 units, respectively). Sunflower oil addition produced changes of the same tendency (9, 9, 28 and 5 units). The digestibility of the crude protein was practically not altered by either supplementation. The total fat content of feed and faecal samples proved to be higher than that of the ether extract, on an average by 27 and 100%, respectively. Consequently, the digestibility coefficients of the total fat are by 10 units lower than those of the ether extract. The DE concentrations, calculated by means of the digestible ether extract or the total fat content, differed significantly only between the basal diets. The addition of mixed animal fat to either of the basal diets increased the blood concentration of total lipids (by 18 and 32%, respectively), while that of sunflower oil did not cause such an alteration. Neither fat nor oil supplementation had an effect on the cholesterol level of the blood plasma. Both the animal fat and the vegetable oil surplus modified the fatty acid composition of blood lipids. It was characteristic of each treatment that the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids increased.     

Chemical Composition and Energy Value of Different Fat Sources for Growing Pigs

The chemical composition, digestibility and energy value of eight animal and vegetable fat batches was determined (animal fat, soya oil, palm oil, palm oil, palm oil mix and vegetable oil byproduct). To a basal diet, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30% dietary fat was added, and digestibility and balance experiments with each fat batch were carried out with three litters of six female pigs, weighing 50-75 kg. The digestibility was determined by multiple regression analysis. The content of HCl-extracted fat and the amount of gross energy was nearly equal for all the fat sources and as such not related to the variation in fatty acid composition or digestibility. Inclusion of soya oil, which is high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, enhanced protein digestibility, whereas inclusion of the other fat sources did not influence protein digestibility. A curvilinear function of fat digestibility (% of intake) to dietary fat concentration was found, thus reflecting the significance of the endogenous fat losses on the determined digestibility value. In contrast, the relationship of digested fat (g day     

Fatty Acid Composition of Porcine Muscle and Adipose Tissue Lipids as Affected by Anatomical Location and Cod Liver Oil Supplementation of the Diet

In pigs fed a standard pig mash the contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of both the n-6 and n-3 series were significantly higher in the dark red mm adductores compared to the light coloured m longissimus lumborum. Perirenal fat had a higher concentration of saturated fatty acids (14:0,16:0, 18:0) than backfat, and a lower concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as 16:ln-7 and 18:ln-9. Daily supplementation of 50 ml cod liver oil, rich in n-3 PUFAs, during the fourth and third week before slaughter led to a 1.4 to 1.7 times increase in the contents of n-3 PUFAs in muscles and fat depots. There was no difference between the incorporation of n-3 PUFAs in dark and light muscles. Perirenal fat contained more 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 22:6n-3 (DHA), but less 20:ln-9 (eicosenoic acid) than the backfat, after cod liver oil supplementation rich in these 3 fatty acids. Supplementation of cod liver oil reduced the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in all anatomical locations examined.     

Effect of dietary flaxseed, flax oil and n-3 fatty acid supplement on hepatic and plasma characteristics relevant to fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens

1. Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of dietary flaxseed, flax oil and n-3 fatty acid supplementation (Dry n-3) on hepatic fat content, plasma triglycerides, hepatic haemorrhage score, egg production, food intake and body weight in an inbred line of Single Comb White Leghorns (UCD-003) predisposed to fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) and normal SCWL hens. 2. Feeding diets containing 100 g/kg ground flaxseed, 40 g/kg flax oil, or 100 g/kg Dry n-3 reduced body weight and significantly reduced hepatic fat content compared to feeding the control diet with animal and vegetable oil as a fat source. 3. Hepatic malondialdehyde, an indicator of lipid peroxidation within the liver, was not significantly affected by dietary treatment. 4. Normal SCWL hens tended to have higher egg production, greater body weight, greater food intake and higher blood triglyceride concentrations than UCD-003 hens, although the strain effects were not significant. Liver weight as a percent of body weight was significantly lower in normal SCWL hens. Treatments by strain interactions were not found. 5. The result suggested that dietary flaxseed, flax oil and Dry n-3 decrease hepatic fat content and reduce body weight, 2 of the predisposing factors believed to contribute to FLHS onset. However, haemorrhages were still apparent in both strains regardless of treatment, indicating that other unknown underlying mechanisms may also be responsible for FLHS.     

Lipid profile in eggs of Araucana hens compared with Lohmann Selected Leghorn and ISA Brown hens given diets with different fat sources

1. In a cross-over trial, the egg cholesterol and fatty acid composition of Araucana hens was compared with those of two commercial breeds (Lohmann Selected Leghorn and ISA Brown) under two feeding regimes, either high (Hn-3) or low (Ln-3) in long-chain n-3 fatty acids. 2. The Hn-3 diet was formed by isocaloric substitution of animal fat in the control diet (Ln-3) by a dry product containing stabilised fish oil with standardised concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). 3. Both breed and diet had influences on egg composition, without interactions. 4. The Araucana breed showed lower feed intake and lower egg weights than the other two breeds. The yolk weight was similar, leading to a much higher yolk:albumen ratio in the Araucana eggs. 5. In comparison to commercial breeds, Araucanas produced eggs with higher cholesterol content per g of yolk, which was even more pronounced when expressed per g of egg, due to the high yolk content of the eggs. The cholesterol content of an egg remained unchanged by the diet, irrespective of the dietary fat source. 6. Changing to the Hn-3 diet led to greater concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) contents in the yolk, without a change in the ratio of saturated (SFA) to unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). 7. Within the PUFA, the n-3 fatty acids increased at the expense of the n-6 fatty acids, indicating a competition between n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for incorporation in the yolk.     

日粮中脂肪酸对羊牛猪肉中长链多不饱和脂肪酸和共轭亚油酸的影响

随着消费者健康意识的提高,越来越多的研究关注提高家养动物肉产品中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量,尤其是n-3长链脂肪酸和共轭亚油酸(CLA)在羊、牛、猪肉肌内脂中的含量。研究结果表明通过添加鱼油或鱼粉能提高动物肉中n-3长链脂肪酸含量。富含亚麻油酸(LNA)的日粮能提高肉中LNA、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳五烯酸(DPA)水平,但大部分对肌肉中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)水平没有影响。然而,在日粮中添加鱼油或鱼粉大部分能提高动物肌肉中DHA含量。大部分研究中提高n-3脂肪酸含量的同时n-6脂肪酸含量下降,这主要归因于试验组日粮中n-6脂肪酸降低。这样刚好可以使肉中两者比例更合理,但对多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比例没什么影响。饲喂反刍动物富含n-3脂肪酸日粮(亚麻籽或加草料)、鱼油或富含LA的浓缩料可提高肌肉中c9t11CLA含量。牛肉、羊肉中c9t11CLA在总脂中含量介于0.2~1.0 g/100 g,不随营养因素提高到更高。相对应的,在单胃动物日粮中添加混合CLA油则显著提高CLA含量。     

Effect of dietary flax oil and hypobaric hypoxia on pulmonary hypertension and haematological variables in broiler chickens.

1. Three experiments were conducted with broiler chickens using hypobaric chambers and control pens, feeding diets containing 25 or 50 g flax oil/kg food or control diets with equivalent amounts of animal/vegetable (A/V) blend oil for 4 weeks. The effect of these diets on haematological variables and the extent of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) leading to ascites was determined. 2. Overall growth rate was not consistently affected by dietary treatment, although feeding the 25 g flax oil/kg diet reduced weight gain in week 4 of one experiment. Feeding the 50 g flax oil/kg diet but not the 25 g flax oil/kg diet reduced RVH in birds exposed to hypobaric conditions compared to feeding control diets. 3. Feeding the 50 g flax oil/kg diet under hypobaric conditions reduced the haematocrit and haemoglobin content, increased the erythrocyte deformability and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membranes, and reduced the whole blood viscosity compared to feeding control diets. These effects were not seen when the 25 g flax oil/kg diet was fed. The ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes was increased in the 50 g flax oil/kg treatment group compared to controls. 4. Including 50 g flax oil/kg broiler diet reduces RVH in broiler chickens. This may be attributable in part to an increase in erythrocyte deformability from an increased proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membranes.     

High feeding intensity increases the severity of fatty liver in the American mink (Neovison vison) with potential ameliorating role for long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Background

Rapid body fat mobilization, obesity, and an inadequate supply of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been suggested to play roles in the etiology of fatty liver in the American mink (Neovison vison). This study examined the effects of feeding intensity and dietary fat source on fatty liver induced by fasting. In a multi-factorial design, 3 different fat sources (herring oil, rich in n-3 PUFA, soya oil, rich in n-6 PUFA, and canola oil, rich in n-9 monounsaturated fatty acids) were fed to mink at a low and high feeding intensity for 10 weeks, followed by an overnight or a 5-day fasting treatment to induce fatty liver.

Results

Fasting led to the development of fatty liver with increased severity in the mink fed at the high feeding intensity. The herring oil diet, high in long-chain n-3 PUFA, was found to decrease the severity of fatty liver in the mink at the high feeding intensity.

Conclusion

Preventing excessive weight gain and increasing dietary intake of n-3 long-chain PUFA may help prevent excessive lipid accumulation during prolonged periods of fasting or inappetence by promoting hepatic fatty acid oxidation.