奶牛微生物发酵饲料组方及其配套翻料工艺的研究

本试验旨在研究8个不同奶牛微生物发酵饲料组方及翻料工艺对物料中酵母菌活菌数及3种营养活性物质含量的影响,确定优化配方的组成及其配套翻料工艺。试验以麸皮、米糠、棉粕、玉米粉等9种当地农副产品为发酵原料,以DPS软件混料试验方案设计8种不同组方,将酿酒酵母BC、XR4,枯草芽孢杆菌A15按2：2：1混合,分别接种于8个组方中进行固态发酵。通过测定物料中酵母菌活菌数及甘露聚糖、β-葡聚糖、多肽3种营养活性物质含量来筛选优化组方,在此基础上进行翻料工艺的研究,其中对照组不翻料,试验1组翻1次料,试验2组翻2次料,通过测定发酵料料温、酵母菌活菌数及3种营养活性物质含量确定最优工艺。结果显示：①组方8为优化配方,其组成为麸皮8.62%、醋糟5.85%、米糠20.89%、棉粕12.55%、玉米粉11.35%、玉米皮7.31%、玉米渣1.10%、糖渣25.36%、玉米胚芽粕5.35%、硫酸铵1.02%、磷酸二氢钾0.50%、硫酸镁0.10%。②组方8最佳翻料工艺为：料温达到35℃左右时进行第1次翻料,待料温达到42℃时进行第2次翻料。此工艺下物料的技术指标为：活菌数4×10⁵ CFU/g、甘露聚糖41.28 mg/100 mg、β-葡聚糖87.06 mg/100 mg、多肽10.32 μg/100 mg,其含量较对照组分别提高了100.00%、3.90%、4.89%、1.67%;较试验1组分别提高了33.33%、3.07%、3.31%、0.88%。     

不同菌种组合对固态发酵料中营养活性物质含量及体外消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同菌种组合对固态发酵料中营养活性物质含量及体外消化率的影响。以麸皮、玉米皮、玉米粉、米糠等为固态发酵培养基,将酿酒酵母菌(BC、XR4)与枯草芽孢杆菌(A15)按不同比例组合接种于固态发酵培养基中,其中试验1组以1:1比例接种BC和XR4;试验2组以1:1:0.5比例接种BC、XR4和A15;以不接菌种的培养基为对照组。通过测定发酵底物中5种营养活性物质(β-葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、多肽、氨基酸和有机酸)含量及干物质、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维体外消化率来评价不同菌种组合对固态发酵料品质的影响。结果表明:①各组固态发酵料中营养活性物质含量均随着发酵时间的延长而呈不同程度升高,其中以试验2组发酵效果最优,与发酵前相比,试验2组β-葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、多肽、总氨基酸、总有机酸含量分别提高了27.69%、44.72%、27.62%、9.01%、474.99%;②试验1、2组粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维体外消化率均显著高于对照组(P< 0.05),与对照组相比,试验1、2组干物质、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维体外消化率分别提高了0.15%和4.44%、3.29%和4.43%、10.37%和23.00%、33.04%和131.59%,其中试验2组优于试验1组。由此可知,在酿酒酵母菌(BC、XR4)的基础上添加枯草芽孢杆菌(A15)其发酵效果最好,不仅可显著提高产物的营养活性物质含量,也可显著提高其体外消化率。     

犊牛固态发酵微生态制剂的试验研究

研究旨在研制一种犊牛微生物发酵饲料,并确定其发酵培养条件。以前期试验筛选的益生酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌为协同发酵菌株,选取麸皮、玉米粉、豆粕等为发酵饲料原辅料,采用DPS软件对原料进行均匀混料设计,通过对固体发酵条件下各菌株生长情况的测定,将高活菌数的菌株进行配伍组合,确定了其最佳组合及接种比例,通过测定发酵饲料中的活菌数β-葡聚糖,柠檬酸、多肽等营养活性物质的含量,结合DPS软件中的Topsis法综合评价筛选出最优复合微生态制剂的发酵组方以及发酵模式。结果表明,复合菌最佳配伍组合为酿酒酵母、东方伊萨酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌,接种比例为2:3:1:1,优化的固态发酵配方为麸皮63.84%,玉米粉27.44%,豆粕6.41%,无机盐2.31%。结合发酵饲料的芳香气味,在先进行36 h有O_2发酵,再进行12 h无O_2发酵条件下,可使发酵产物活菌数达到5.3×10~(11)CFU/g,β-葡聚糖为10.515 mg/g,柠檬酸为164.508 mg/ml,多肽为160.55 mg/g,乳酸的含量为427.344μg/g。     

适宜泌乳母猪全价料发酵的益生菌筛选及发酵工艺优化

本实验利用乳酸杆菌和酵母菌发酵泌乳母猪全价料,根据发酵前后饲料的pH值、活菌数、粗蛋白、总酸含量和酸溶蛋白含量等指标,筛选出适宜母乳母猪全价料发酵的乳酸杆菌和酵母菌;利用正交试验筛选了最优混菌发酵组合,并从混菌比例、水分、温度和发酵时间等关键因素研究对发酵饲料品质的影响,筛选出适宜乳酸杆菌和酵母菌混菌发酵的最优工艺。结果发现:适宜泌乳母猪全价料发酵的乳酸杆菌为BLCC2-0015,在发酵48 h时,pH值达到4.12,活菌数为60×10~8CFU/g,总酸含量高达22.56 mg/g;酵母菌为BLCC4-0021,在发酵48 h时活菌数为44.50×10~8CFU/g,粗蛋白含量高出对照组40.69%;两者复配发酵最佳工艺为接种比例为BLCC2-0015:BLCC4-0021=1.5%∶1.0%、料水比为1∶0.6、发酵温度为32℃、发酵时间48 h,在此条件下,乳酸杆菌活菌数为74.53×10~8CFU/g,酵母菌活菌数为12.04×10~8cfu/g,总酸含量为18.65 mg/g,酸溶蛋白含量为17.32%。     

芽枝状枝孢菌棕榈粕发酵产甘露聚糖酶的酶学性质研究

棕榈粕是一种优质饲粮,但棕榈粕中抗营养因子甘露聚糖含量高。β-甘露聚糖酶可降解甘露聚糖,改善饲料营养价值。真菌是甘露聚糖酶的主要来源之一,但目前所查阅的文献中,未见枝孢菌来源甘露聚糖酶的报导。芽枝状枝孢菌SD01可在棕榈粕为唯一碳源的培养基中生长,并在发酵上清液中检测到甘露聚糖酶活性。本试验旨在用棕榈粕作为唯一碳源的培养基发酵芽枝状枝孢菌(Cladosporium velox)SD01生产甘露聚糖酶,并对其酶学性质、底物特异性和降解产物进行研究。结果表明:芽枝状枝孢菌SD01来源甘露聚糖酶最适pH 4.5;最适温度75℃;在pH 4.0~6.0及50℃以下条件稳定;对侧链分支频率低的甘露聚糖的降解活性较高。本研究制得了枝孢菌属来源的甘露聚糖酶,并对其相关酶学性质进行研究。     

适宜母猪配合饲料发酵的菌种筛选及其发酵条件的优化研究

通过测定发酵饲料p H值、活菌数、粗蛋白质和总酸含量,筛选出适宜妊娠母猪配合饲料发酵的鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)BLCC2-0038和产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)BLCC4-0021,并对筛选出的鼠李糖乳杆菌和产朊假丝酵母复配发酵工艺进行了优化。结果表明,BLCC2-0038单独发酵48 h时p H值降至3.88,活菌数为69.5×108cfu/g,总酸含量高达27.38 mg/g;BLCC4-0021单独发酵48 h时活菌数为544.0×107 cfu/g,粗蛋白质含量高出对照11.32%。最佳的混菌接种组合为BLCC2-0038∶BLCC4-0021=1.5%∶0.5%。使用最佳的菌种组合发酵妊娠母猪配合饲料的最佳工艺条件为:料水比1∶0.6、温度28℃、发酵时间48 h,在此条件下乳酸杆菌活菌数为109.0×108cfu/g,酵母菌活菌数为46×106 cfu/g和总酸含量为14.71 mg/g。     

适宜肉鸭全价料发酵的益生菌体外筛选

本试验利用乳酸杆菌和酵母菌体外发酵肉鸭全价料,通过发酵前后活菌数、pH、粗蛋白质、酸溶蛋白、总酸含量等指标的比较,筛选出适宜肉鸭全价料发酵的乳酸杆菌和酵母菌。结果表明：(1)适宜肉鸭全价料发酵的最适乳酸杆菌为BLCC2-0111和BLCC2-0112,发酵至72 h时,pH达到最低,分别为4.03和4.13,活菌数最高,分别为33.61×10⁸CFU/g和25.68×10⁸CFU/g。(2)适宜肉鸭全价料发酵的最适酵母菌为BLCC4-0050和BLCC4-0021,发酵至72 h时,粗蛋白质含量最高,分别为17.78%和17.77%,活菌数最高,分别为30.23×10⁸CFU/g和35.54×10⁸CFU/g。(3)适宜肉鸭全价料发酵的最适混菌组合为BLCC2-0111+BLCC4-0021,发酵至72 h时,pH降至最低4.12,乳酸杆菌活菌数38.00×10⁸CFU/g,总酸含量20.61 mg/g,酸溶蛋白含量13.49%,混菌发酵的饲料营养价值显著优于单菌发酵。     

适宜母猪配合饲料发酵的菌种筛选及其发酵条件的优化研究

本试验对适宜哺乳母猪配合饲料发酵的乳酸菌进行了筛选,并对最适发酵菌种的发酵工艺进行了优化。结果表明:适宜哺乳母猪配合饲料发酵的乳酸菌为BLCC2-0015和BLCC2-0092,发酵48 h时,p H最低分别达到4.12和4.25,活菌数分别达到60×108和81×108,总酸含量分别为22.56 mg/g和23.50 mg/g;适宜乳酸菌BLCC2-0015生料发酵的条件为:温度28~42℃,料水比5∶2、5∶3或5∶4;其中最优的条件为:温度28~32℃,料水比5∶3或5∶4,活菌数最高达96×108,p H最低为3.92。适宜乳酸菌BLCC2-0092生料发酵的条件为:温度28~32℃,料水比5∶2、5∶3或5∶4;其中最优的条件为:温度28℃,料水比5∶4和温度32℃、料水比5∶3或5∶4,活菌数可达到109CFU/g以上。     

混菌固态发酵白酒酒糟制备多酶生物饲料的工艺优化

利用白酒酒糟配合其他饲料原料,通过微生物发酵制备多酶生物饲料。优化3株枯草芽孢杆菌的产酶条件:玉米粉与豆粕粉的含量33%(二者比例为7∶3)、酒糟含量37%、麸皮含量30%和接种量5%;3株枯草芽孢杆菌的接种比例为2∶2∶1,植酸酶产生菌提前接种12 h;发酵温度34℃;料水比1∶1;p H 8.0;添加硫酸铵3%、尿素1.5%和氯化钙0.3%;培养时间5 d。甘露聚糖酶活9.69、木聚糖酶活4.86和植酸酶活5.81 U/g,优化前后分别提高213.90%、78.94%和19.57%。发酵结束后,甘露聚糖、木聚糖和植酸磷降幅分别为66.29%、12.23%和35.14%,粗蛋白增幅82.80%。     

CHE生物饲料发酵过程中活性酵母变化规律的研究

通过对CHE饲料春季发酵过程中活性水解酶的主要产生菌——酵母菌进行了活菌数测定,并结合还原糖的分解情况,得出了最佳的发酵温度,进而更全面了解CHE饲料的春季发酵过程中淀粉类基质的分解利用情况,从而为CHE饲料营养水平的有效评估提供参考。试验表明:在CHE饲料发酵后期,增加翻堆的次数,使发酵温度维持在50~55℃,能大大促进酵母菌活菌数的快速积累,并能保证在发酵后期还原糖含量的稳定。     

Study on Formula Screening and Mixing Technology of Microbial Solid-state Fermentation Feed for Mutton Sheep

The experiment was designed to develop a microorganism fermentation feed for mutton sheep,and determined its solid-state mixing technology.In this experiment,the wheat bran,rice bran and jujube fruit residues were chosen as the solid-state fermentation media,and combined the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains BC,XR4 and Bacillus subtilis strain A15 as the fermentation strains.The DPS software was applied to design the uniform mixture experiment,and 8 formulas were selected for solid-state fermentation experiments,and evaluated the optimal formula by measuring the number of live bacterium and three kinds of nutritional active substances (β-glucan,mannan and peptide).Meanwhile,we studied the mixing technology on the selected formula,and the control group was without turned mixing,the experimental group 1 was turned mixing once and the experimental group 2 was turned mixing twice.The optimal mixing technology was determined by monitoring the feed temperature,the number of live bacterium and the content of three kinds of nutritional active substances (β-glucan,mannan and peptides) during the solid-state fermentation.The results showed that the number of live bacterium of 8 formulas all increased first and then decreased rapidly.Three kinds of nutritional active substances were significantly increased with the extension of fermentation (P<0.05).The formula 7 had the optimal comprehensive index,of which the living bacterium number reached 37.30×10⁵ CFU/g and the contents of three nutrient active substances were 97.41 mg/100 mg,37.66 mg/100 mg and 20.17 μg/100 mg.In the mixing technology experiment,the number of live bacterium and nutritional active substances of the experimental groups were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05).Comparing with the control group,the number of live bacterium and the content of nutritional active substances in experimental group 2 increased by 10.1%,7.5%,7.6%,3.0%,respectively.     

Study on the Microbial Fermentation Feed Formula and Its Turning Process of Dairy Cows

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of eight microbial fermentation feed formulas and the different turning processes on the yeast viable bacterial number and three kinds of nutritional active substance contents to determine the optimal formula and its turning process.Nine kinds of local agricultural products,such as wheat bran,rice bran,cottonseed meal and corn flour,were used as fermentation materials and eight different formulas were designed by mixture design of DPS.Saccharomyces cerevisiae BC,XR4 and Bacillus subtilis A15 were mixed by 2:2:1 and inoculated in the eight formulas to conduct solid state fermentation.The yeast viable bacterial number and the content of mannan,β-glucan and polypeptide were measured to screen the optimal formula.Basing on the optimal formula,the turning process experiment was conducted.There were three groups:Control group,experimental group 1 and 2.The control group was without turning process,while the feed in the experimental group 1 was turned once and the feed in the experimental group 2 was turned twice.The material temperature,yeast viable bacterial number and three kinds of nutritional active substance contents were measured to determine the optimal turning process.The results showed that:① Formula 8 was the optimized formula which consisted of 8.62% wheat bran,5.85% vinegar residue,20.89% rice bran,12.55% cottonseed meal,11.35% corn flour,7.31% corn bran,1.10% corn residue,25.36% sugar residue,5.35% corn germ meal,1.02% (NH₄)₂SO₄,0.50% KH₂PO₄ and 0.10% MgSO₄.② The best turning process of formula 8 was turning twice during the solid state fermentation.When the material temperature reached 35℃,the first turning was conducted and then when the temperature reached 42℃,the material would be turned again.After that the material continued fermenting until the end.Its optimal indexes were viable bacterial number was 4×10⁵ CFU/g,and the content of mannan,β-glucan and polypeptides were 41.28 mg/100 mg,87.06 mg/100 mg and 10.32 μg/100 mg,respectively.Its improved by 100.00%,3.90%,4.89% and 1.67% separately than the control group and improved by 33.33%,3.07%,3.31% and 0.88% comparing with the experimental group 1.     

糠麸营养价值及其发酵饲料在动物生产中的应用

中国的谷物糠麸产量巨大,但未被充分利用,附加值低。小麦麸的粗蛋白质（CP）、粗纤维（CF）含量较高,吸水性较强,易霉变,易被呕吐毒素污染。米糠CP、粗脂肪（EE）含量较高,但易发生酸败。黑麦麸、燕麦麸、高粱糠的CP含量较高,而玉米皮CP、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量较高。糠麸矿物质丰富,还含有多种活性物质。而微生物发酵能够分解有害物质,增加食品、饲料中活性成分。通过微生物发酵能降低糠麸抗营养因子含量,将无法利用、利用率低的成分分解为易消化的小分子物质,提高蛋白质含量及消化率。目前糠麸发酵使用的微生物主要为霉菌、酵母、乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌,少部分使用食用真菌。研究表明,发酵糠麸富含有益代谢产物,能够为动物提供良好的抗氧化剂、益生菌来源,在合理利用糠麸的同时减少抗生素使用。发酵利用糠麸饲料能够达到一物多用,既降低生产成本,又解决废物排放造成的环境污染问题。作者综述了糠麸的营养价值、发酵菌种、发酵前后变化及其发酵饲料在动物生产的应用,以期为发酵糠麸的应用提供一定依据。     

清肺颗粒固态发酵培养基成分研究

【目的】筛选最佳的清肺颗粒固态发酵培养基碳源、氮源、无机盐种类,优化清肺颗粒发酵培养基组成,提高组方中(R,S)-告依春的含量。【方法】建立发酵物中(R,S)-告依春含量的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测方法;单因素试验筛选清肺颗粒固态发酵培养基的碳源(葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露醇、麦芽糖、玉米面、可溶性淀粉和清肺组方中药)、氮源(蛋白胨、黄豆粉、麸皮、酵母浸膏、硫酸铵、氯化铵和尿素)和无机盐(碳酸钙、磷酸二氢钾、硫酸镁、硫酸锰和氯化钠)成分,HPLC测定每克固态发酵培养物中(R,S)-告依春含量;4因素(碳源、氮源、无机盐和水)3水平响应面分析优化各培养基成分比例,用筛选出的最适培养基成分替代基础培养基中相应物质,接种解淀粉芽孢杆菌,于37℃、130 r/min振荡培养22 h,再以每克固态发酵培养物中(R,S)-告依春含量为评价指标,以响应面分析筛选培养基各组分含量。【结果】清肺颗粒最适固态发酵培养基碳源为组方中药粉,无机盐为CaCO₃,氮源为黄豆粉以及水;响应面分析优化的各培养基成分含量为：中药粉30%、黄豆粉10%、CaCO₃ 0.2%和水59...     

Effect of Different Strain Combination on the Nutricines Contents and in vitro Digestibility of Solid State Fermentation Material

The experiment was designed to study the effect of different strain combination on the nutricines content and in vitro digestibility of solid state fermentation material.In this experiment, the solid state fermentation media included wheat bran, corn bran, corn meal, rice bran, etc.The Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BC, XR4) and Bacillus subtilis (A15) were inoculated on the solid state fermentation media in different proportion combination.Group 1 was inoculated with BC and XR4, with a ratio of 1:1 and group 2 was inoculated with BC, XR4 and A15, with a ratio of 1:1:0.5.While the control group was without strains.By measuring the content of 5 nutricines (β-glucan, mannan, peptides, amino acid and organic acid) and in vitro digestibility of DM, CP, NDF and ADF in fermentation substrate to evaluate the effect of different strain combinations on solid state fermentation quality.The results showed as follows:① The nutricines content of 3 groups increased with the extension of fermentation time.Among them, the group 2 had an optimal fermentation effect, compared with the pre-fermentation, the contents of β-glucan, mannan, peptides, total amino acid, total organic acid were increased by 27.69%, 44.72%, 27.62%, 9.01% and 474.99%, respectively.② In vitro digestibility of CP, NDF and ADF in groups 1 and 2 were significantly higher than that in control group (P< 0.05), compared with the control group, the in vitro digestibility of DM, CP, NDF and ADF in groups 1 and 2 were increased by 0.15% and 4.44%, 3.29% and 4.43%, 10.37% and 23.00%, 33.04% and 131.59%, respectively.Group 2 was better than group 1.Thus, on the basis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BC and XR4), adding Bacillus subtilis (A15) would bring best fermentation and it not only could significantly improve the nutricines content, but also could significantly increase its in vitro digestibility.     

以玉米粉和麸皮为主要原料生产单细胞蛋白饲料的研究

采用单因素实验设计,对酵母菌发酵,以玉米粉和麸皮为主要培养基原料的固体发酵培养基配方进行了筛选。以接种量、料水比例、发酵温度、发酵周期等因素作为研究对象,确定了最佳发酵条件。结果表明：筛选出的培养基配方为：玉米粉75%,麸皮21%,NH₄NO₃ 2%,KH₂PO₄ 1%,MgSO₄ 1%。适宜的发酵条件为：接种量12%,料水比例1∶1.5,发酵温度30 ℃,发酵周期66 h,该条件下发酵终产物粗蛋白含量最高,为20.56%。     

乳酸菌固态混合发酵研究

以玉米粉、豆粕、麦麸为基质,以保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌为发酵菌种,采用固态发酵技术,以活菌数为指标,通过单因素和L9(34)正交试验确定了三种菌混合发酵的最佳条件,并对其发酵产物的常规营养成分进行分析测定。结果表明:固态基质中玉米粉:豆粕:麦麸=1:1:1、培养基初始含水量80%p、H值6.3、接种量为10%、三种菌接种比例为1:1:1、发酵温度40℃时的发酵效果最好。在此条件下,保加利亚乳杆菌数为3.0×109 CFU/g,嗜酸乳杆菌数为4.6×109 CFU/g,嗜热链球菌数为5.8×109 CFU/g,发酵产物粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和氨基酸态氮含量分别是发酵前的1.16、1.12和6.94倍。为开发一种新型生物饲料打下基础。     

不同工艺饲用基质对奶牛生产性能的影响

通过不同生物发酵工艺研究食用菌培养基质开发生态饲料的生产工艺。经对不同工艺食用菌培养基质营养成分和卫生安全主要指标检测及饲养试验筛选，以“活力菌＋糖＋米糠＋水”组合半固体糖化微生物发酵处理工艺效果较明显，发酵时间以7～15d为宜。粗蛋白和粗脂肪分别为14．8％和6．03％，比发酵前增加3．13％和5．12％。粗纤维26．57％，比发酵前降低5．5％。奶牛试验设4个工艺，20％饲用基质试验组与对照组，该工艺组奶料比最高，比对照组高0．56％。