应用线粒体DNA指纹分析牛群体亲缘关系的研究

线粒体DNA指纹是指线粒体DNA控制区内的高变异区碱基突变导致的多态、重复序列数目的变异导致的异质型多态和分子长度多态。试验根据牛线粒体DNA非编码区D-loop环全长序列和编码区细胞色素B(Cyt B)基因部分序列,研究在日本黑牛和延边黄牛、鲁西黄牛群体中碱基由于发生倒换、颠换、插入、缺失形成的DNA多态性。结合生物信息学方法分析,发现在15头日本黑牛群体中489号个体D-loop全序列存在44处特异性位点,日本黑牛489号和120号Cyt B部分序列存在4处特异性位点。构建分子进化树结果表明:日本黑牛和延边黄牛存在较近的亲缘关系;日本黑牛489号、120号个体与鲁西黄牛中D-loop单倍型H18、H19、H21有较近的亲缘关系,120号Cyt B的单倍型又与鲁西黄牛共享1个单倍型Hap4,120号与鲁西黄牛存在更近的亲缘关系。     

高坡猪肌肉生长抑制素基因多态性及其与肉质性状的相关性分析

为了探讨肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）基因的多态性对高坡猪肉质性状（水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、眼肌面积、大理石纹、pH、肉色、嫩度、滴水损失、失水率）的影响,试验以MSTN基因作为肉质性状候选基因,以10月龄的50头高坡猪为研究对象,采用PCR扩增产物直接测序的方法对高坡猪MSTN基因3个外显子的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）进行研究,运用SPSS 20.0软件分析MSTN基因SNP与肉质性状的关联性。结果表明,仅在高坡猪MSTN基因第3外显子63 bp处检测到1个C/T突变位点,该突变为同义突变,未引起编码氨基酸的改变。基因型分析发现,仅有3个个体在该位点发生突变,CC基因型为优势基因型,C为优势等位基因,无TT纯合基因型。经χ²适合性检验分析,该SNP在研究群体中处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P>0.05）。群体遗传参数分析发现,C63T标记位点的杂合度（He）相对较低,表明其在高坡猪群体中的变异较小;就多态信息含量（PIC）而言,该位点属于低度多态（PIC<0.25）,说明该遗传标记能够提供少量的遗传信息。将该位点的不同基因型与肉质性状指标进行关联分析表明,所有肉质性状指标在不同基因型间差异均不显著（P>0.05）。综上所述,MSTN基因外显子在高坡猪中存在多态性,但变异较少,相对保守,能否作为高坡猪肉质性状的遗传标记有待于扩大样本数量进一步研究。     

三江黄牛DKK1、DKK4和MyoG基因遗传多态性分析

为开展三江黄牛遗传多态性分析,利用DNA池直接测序法对三江黄牛DKK1、DKK4和MyoG基因全序列进行遗传多态性分析。结果表明:三江黄牛DKK1基因存在A1051G、G1152T2个突变位点,均存在3种基因型,处于中度多态(0.25PIC0.50),符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。DKK4基因检测发现C1949T和C1749T突变位点,位点C1949T存在3种基因型,位点C1749T发现2种基因型,均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,其中C1949T处于中度多态(0.25PIC0.50),遗传变异较大,C1749T为低度多态(PIC0.25);MyoG基因未发现多态位点,为三江黄牛经济性状的遗传改良提供理论依据。     

3个绵羊群体MSTN基因编码区PCR-SSCP分析

采用PCR-SSCP技术分析了3个不同绵羊品种（杜泊绵羊、小尾寒羊、晋中绵羊）肌肉生长抑制素（MSTN）基因的单核苷酸多态性.根据3个绵羊品种MSTN基因Exon1（P1）、Exon2（P2和P3）和Exon3（P4和P5）序列设计5对PCR-SSCP引物并扩增,经SSCP分析,P1位点检测到A和B两个等位基因,AA、AB、BB三种基因型;且在晋中绵羊上处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,而在小尾寒羊和杜泊绵羊上极显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态.P2和P5位点没有检测到多态位点.P3位点检测到A和B两个等位基因,AA、BB两种基因型;且在3个绵羊品种上极显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态.P4位点检测到A、B和C三个等位基因,AA、AB、AC三种基因型;且在小尾寒羊上处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,在晋中绵羊上处于Hardy-Weinberg不平衡状态,在杜泊绵羊上极显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态.     

牛趋化因子受体基因1第2外显子的单核苷酸多态性分析

采用DNA测序、巢氏PCR和CRS-PCR方法对中国荷斯坦牛、鲁西黄牛、渤海黑牛的趋化因子受体基因1(CXCR1)的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)进行研究,在第2外显子上发现了4个SNPs,分别为291 bp(C/T)、333 bp(C/T)、337 bp(A/G)和365 bp(C/T),这4个位点在中国荷斯坦牛、鲁西黄牛、渤海黑牛群体中均达到中度多态(0.25PIC0.5),优势等位基因分别为C、C、A、C,等位基因频率分别为0.82/0.67/0.65、0.80/0.74/0.71、0.70/0.65/0.82、0.56/0.58/0.56。经χ2适合性检验,渤海黑牛所有位点全部达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态;荷斯坦牛在突变位点291 bp(C/T)、333 bp(C/T)和337 bp(A/G)达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态;鲁西黄牛仅在365 bp(C/T)位点达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。     

延黄牛ALDH1A1基因内含子4多态性及其与肉用性状的相关性分析

试验旨在研究乙醛脱氢酶1A1（acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1，ALDH1A1）基因内含子4多态性及其对延黄牛肉用性状的影响。选取99头18月龄延黄牛母牛，采用PCR扩增产物Sanger直接测序法测定99头延黄牛ALDH1A1基因内含子4的单核苷酸多态性（SNP），运用SPSS 19.0软件分析ALDH1A1基因内含子4 SNP与延黄牛肉用性状（体高、体斜长、十字部高、胸围、腹围、管围、体重、背膘厚、眼肌面积和肌内脂肪）的关联性。结果显示，延黄牛ALDH1A1基因内含子4存在C/T突变位点，共发现3种基因型：TT、TC和CC，2种等位基因：T和C，其中TC为优势等位基因型，C为优势等位基因。卡方适合性检验结果发现，该SNP在延黄牛群体中处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P>0.05）。群体遗传参数分析发现，该突变位点的杂合度（He）相对较低，表明其在延黄牛群体中的变异较小，该位点属于中度多态（0.250.05）。结果表明，ALDH1A1基因内含子4在延黄牛中存在突变，能否作为延黄牛肉用性状的遗传标记有待于扩大样本数量进一步研究。     

猪Leptin基因多态性及其与产仔性状的相关性分析

试验旨在探究Leptin基因对猪产仔性状的影响,为其新品种持续选育提供遗传学依据。参考GenBank发布的猪Leptin基因DNA序列（登录号:U66254、AF026976）设计3对引物,采用PCR-SSCP技术分析Leptin基因在苏姜猪和姜曲海猪中的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）,并用统计学方法分析基因座多态性与产仔性状的相关性。结果发现,Leptin基因在苏姜猪、姜曲海猪群体中均具有多态性,检测到3种基因型:AA、AB和BB;测序结果发现,编码区第3 469位碱基处发生单碱基突变（T3469C）,为同义突变。χ²适合性检验显示,2个猪种Leptin基因型分布处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡（P>0.05）。多态信息含量（PIC）分析显示,苏姜猪为中度多态,姜曲海猪为低度多态。Leptin基因型与产仔性状关联分析显示,不同基因型间产仔性状差异不显著（P>0.05）,但T3469C位点AB基因型平均产仔数较AA和BB基因型高,初步推断Leptin基因T3469C位点可能是影响猪产仔性状潜在的遗传标记,建议做进一步的研究。     

鲁莱黑猪肌肉生长抑制素基因5′调控区单倍型多样性及育种应用

肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）是肌肉生长发育的负调控因子,该基因的缺失或突变会导致动物机体肌肉总量和瘦肉率的增加。本试验对142头鲁莱黑猪MSTN基因5′调控区3个单核苷酸多态性位点（SNPs）进行了分析,结果表明,在鲁莱黑猪MSTN基因5′调控区435、447和879位点存在多态性,共检测到AA、AB、BB、AC、BC、CC、CD、AD和BD 9种基因型及435A-447G-879T（A）,435G-447A-879T（B）、435A-447A-879A（C）和435A-447A-879T（D）4种单倍型,其中CC、BC和AC基因型及C单倍型在猪群中占绝对优势。哈代温伯格平衡检验结果显示,在这3个位点群体显著偏离平衡状态（P〈0.005）;3个单核苷酸多态性位点所产生的等位基因均表现出连锁不平衡。依据其遗传效应,在建系时,提高B和A单倍型的频率有望提高鲁莱黑猪的生长速度,而提高C单倍型的频率可保持鲁莱黑猪的优质和高繁特性。     

黄牛SH2B1基因多态性及其与体尺性状的关联性分析

为探讨SH2B1基因在黄牛中的组织表达规律和遗传多态性，采集3头2周岁秦川母牛的6种组织，构建SH2B1基因的组织表达谱；此外，以4个中国地方黄牛品种为研究对象，包括秦川牛、郏县红牛、巴山牛和南阳牛，结合DNA测序技术检测SH2B1基因的多态位点，并将其与秦川牛生长发育的指标进行了关联分析。qPCR结果表明，SH2B1基因在秦川牛组织中呈泛表达状态，并在背最长肌组织中表达最高。DNA测序分析在SH2B1基因的第4内含子和3′UTR共发现了2个单核苷酸多态位点，分别命名为C6073T和T8067C。关联性分析结果表明，C6073T能够显著影响体长、坐骨端宽和胸围，而T8067C能能够显著影响体长和体高。综上所述，笔者推测SH2B1基因可以作为影响秦川牛生产性能的遗传标记候选基因。     

滩羊肌肉抑制素(MSTN)基因TaqMan探针SNP分型及其与生长性状的关联研究

为了建立一种基于TaqMan探针技术的快速、准确且经济的实时荧光PCR法用于检测滩羊肌肉抑制素(MSTN)基因单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分型,试验选择MSTN基因的多态位点设计1对TaqMan探针加入到PCR反应系统中对MSTN基因SNP进行分型,同时对MSTN基因的不同基因型与生长性状(出生重、断奶体重、三月龄体重和六月龄体重)进行关联研究。结果表明:MSTN基因rs417816017位点在滩羊群体中具有两种基因型YY、XY;XY型个体具有生长优势。说明基于TaqMan探针技术的特异的实时荧光PCR方法可实现MSTN基因的分型检测,可为深入开展滩羊育种提供备选基因。     

Polymorphisms of MSTN Gene and Its Association with Meat Quality Traits in Chishui Black-bone Chicken

This study was aimed to analyze the association of myostatin (MSTN) gene polymorphisms with meat quality traits in Chishui Black-bone chicken. The DNA pooling was constructed and the direct sequencing technology of PCR product was used to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of MSTN gene. The results showed that C324T were detected in exon 1 of MSTN gene in Chishui Black-bone chicken. However, there was not found SNP site in exon 2 and exon 3 of MSTN gene. The C324T site was devised into three genotypes of CC, CT and TT. The association relationships between the genotype of MSTN gene and meat quality traits revealed that chest muscle pH and leg muscle pH value of Chishui Black-bone chicken with CT genotype were significantly higher than that of CC and TT genotypes (P<0.05), the shear force of CT genotype was significantly higher than that of TT genotype (P<0.05), there was no significant difference in other meat quality traits (P>0.05). This results suggested that the pH value and shear force of MSTN gene had a larger genetic effect in Black-bone chicken,MSTN gene was one of genes which could control the preliminary inference, might affect the pH value and shear force or with the main gene chain in Black-bone chicken, and could be used as pH value and shear force of molecular markers of Black-bone chicken.     

Correlations Analysis between Polymorphism of 3’-UTR in MSTN Gene and Slaughter Traits of China Red Steppe

In order to study the effect of myostatin (MSTN) gene on the meat performance of Local Yellow cattle in China,selecting 2 Local cattle breeds (Grassland Red bull,Yanbian cattle) as the research object,four binary hybrid cattle group (Germany Yellow cattle×Simmental,Limousin×Simmental,Charolais×Simmental and Red Angus×Simmental) as reference.PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing methods were conducted to detect single nucleotide polymorphism of MSTN gene in two Chinese native cattle and four cross cattle,and analyzed the correlations between single nucleotide polymorphism of China Red Steppe MSTN gene and slaughter traits.The sequence analysis showed that there was no mutations in the MSTN gene exon 3,a C5358A mutation of 3'-UTR of MSTN gene was found,which made the AclⅠrestriction enzyme site disappeared,all cattle groups showed polymorphism which was formed two genes as A,C, and 3 genotypes as AA,CA and CC, respectively.The research results suggested that AA genotype in groups of four hybrid cattle had dominant advantage and the genotype frequency was apparently higher than two groups of Chinese Native cattle for the test of independence,allele A was expressed the preferential allelic,the frequencies of CA,CC and AA genotypes showed a little variation between two cross cattle and Native cattle,and the frequency of allele C was apparently higher than allele A,so allele C was designed the preferential allelic in the local population.While correlations between different genotypes of China Red Steppe and slaughter traits analysis showed that AA genotype individual net meat percentage and eye muscle area were significantly higher than CA and CC genotype individuals (P<0.05),but other slaughter straits had no significant differences in three genotypes(P>0.05).These results provided a useful reference for research of the meat performance of China Red Steppe in the molecular breeding field.     

赤水乌骨鸡肌肉生长抑制素基因多态性及其与肉质性状的关联分析

本研究旨在探讨肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）基因多态性及其与赤水乌骨鸡肉质的关联性。采用DNA池、PCR产物直接测序方法对赤水乌骨鸡MSTN基因的外显子进行多态性检测,结果发现,在赤水乌骨鸡MSTN基因的外显子1中检测到1个SNP位点C324T,表现为3种基因型,分别命名为CC、CT和TT,而在MSTN基因外显子2、3上没有发现多态位点。对基因型与肉质性状关联分析显示,CT基因型胸肌、腿肌pH均显著高于CC和TT基因型（P<0.05）,CT基因型剪切力显著高于TT基因型（P<0.05）,其他肉质性状在不同基因型间差异均不显著（P>0.05）。此结果提示,MSTN基因对赤水乌骨鸡pH和剪切力具有较大的遗传效应,初步推断 MSTN是控制这一性状的众多基因之一,且可能是影响赤水乌骨鸡pH和剪切力的一个主效基因或与主效基因相连锁,可作为选育赤水乌骨鸡pH和剪切力的分子标记,用于标记辅助选择意义重大。     

The Polymorphisms of MSTN Gene and Its Relationship with Meat Quanlity Traits in Gaopo Pig

To explore the influence of Gaopo pig myostatin (MSTN) gene polymorphism on meat quanlity traits (moisture,crude fat,crude protein,crude ash, loin muscle area, marbling score, pH value, color of meat,tenderness,drip loss, water loss rate), MSTN gene was chosen as a candidate gene for research meat quality traits in this study. 50 Gaopo pigs at 10 months old were selected,the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of three exons of MSTN gene in Gaopo pig were detected by direct sequencing of PCR amplification products, and the correlation between MSTN gene SNP and meat quality traits was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software. The results showed that a C/T mutation had been found at 63 bp of MSTN gene exon 3,the site was silent mutation, and did not caused changes of encoding amino acid. Genotype analysis showed only three samples had mutations in the site, CC genotype was the dominant type and allele C was the dominant gene, but there was no TT homozygous genotype. The test of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium showed the research group obeyed the genetic equilibrium (P>0.05). Population genetic parameter analysis showed the heterozygosity (He) of C63T was lower, and had a low variation in Gaopo pig population. Polymorphism information content (PIC) analysis showed that it was a low polymorphic loci (PIC<0.25), and the site could provide a little genetic imformation. There was no significant difference between the different genotypes and meat quality traits (P>0.05).Given the above, the polymorphism of MSTNgene exon was found in Gaopo pig, with less variation and relatively conservative.It's needed to expand the number of sample for further explore whether the site could be considered as genetic markers for meat quality traits of Gaopo pig or not.     

兴义鸭肌肉生长抑制素基因多态性与屠宰性状的相关性分析

为了解兴义鸭肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)基因SNPs与屠宰性状的相关性,本研究采用基因克隆及PCR产物直接测序的方法,将MSTN基因作为鸭屠宰性状的候选基因,对兴义鸭的MSTN基因外显子进行多态性检测.结果表明,在60个兴义鸭个体中筛选出8个SNPs,其中,第1外显子有5个突变位点:SNP1(G77A)、SNP2(A91G)、SNP3(G130A)、SNP4(C325T)和SNP5(C331T);在第2外显子中并未发现突变位点;第3外显子有3个突变位点:SNP6(C206T)、SNP7(A235G)和SNP8(C256A);对这8个SNPs与屠宰性状进行关联性分析,结果并未达到显著水平(P>0.05).本研究结果可丰富MSTN基因的研究数据,为鸭的育种提供参考.     

香猪卵巢StAR和CYP11A1基因的差异表达研究

为了揭示香猪繁殖调控的分子机制,本试验结合生物信息学分析方法对StAR和CYP11A1基因在香猪卵巢组织中的差异表达进行分析。运用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测高、低产群体6月龄香猪卵巢组织中StAR和CYP11A1基因的表达量变化;从香猪基因组中克隆两个基因的启动子区域,分析两个基因表达差异的分子机制。高通量转录组测序和实时荧光定量PCR检测结果均显示,高产香猪两个基因的表达量较高,启动子区序列长分别为1 144与970 bp。StAR基因启动子区结合转录因子ER、COUP、Sp1等34种72个,转录起始位点上游68~698 bp存在8个变异位点,但不影响转录因子的结合;与CYP11A1基因启动子区相结合的转录因子为Sp1、PU.1、C/EBPdel等30种75个,转录起始位点上游12~593 bp存在5个变异位点,其中69 bp处检测到C-T变异,高产香猪的T等位基因检出频率为17%,低产香猪为33%;对预测结果整合分析,T等位基因丢失了转录因子Sp1的结合位点。高、低产香猪之间StAR和CYP11A1基因的表达存在差异,CYP11A1基因启动子区69 bp处的变异可能是基因表达量差异的原因之一。