Amino acid composition of single seeds and cotyledons of some brassica species by gas liquid chromatography

There are considerable differences in amino acid pattern between the seed coat and the embryo (separated after 5 h of imbibition in water) but only minor differences between the various embryonic parts, the hypocotyl, the inner and outer cotyledons. Thus, the seed coat is high in proline and hydroxyproline and relatively low in glutamic acid. No change in amino acid pattern was observed in the cotyledons after an additional 19 h of imbibition. This is of pratical significanse since a separation of the seed parts — of value in genetic studies — is greatly simplified if performed with swollen seeds as compared with dry seeds.The variation in the amino acid composition among single seeds of heterozygousB. campestris was higher than the variation among single seeds of homozygousB. tournfortii.

---

Zusammenfassung Es bestehen bedeutende Unterschiede im Aminosäuremuster der Samenschale und des Embryos (getrennt nach 5 Stunden Inhibition in Wasser) aber nur geringere zwischen den verschiedenen Teilen des Embryos, dem Hypocotyl und den inneren und äusseren Cotyledonen. So sind die Gehalte der Samenschale hoch an Prolin und Hydroxyprolin sowie relativ niedrig an Glutaminsäure. Keine Anderung trat im Aminosäuren-Muster der Cotyledonen ein, wenn sie einer weiteren 19 Stunden-Inhibition unterworfen wurden. Dies ist von praktischer Bedeutung, da eine Trennung der Samenbestandteilewichtig für genetische Studien-im inhibierten Zustand sstärker vereinfacht wird als im normalen trockenen Zustand.Die Variation des Aminosäuren-Spektrums zwischen einzelnen Samen vonBrassica campestris-Heterozygoten war gröszer als die der Heterozygoten vonBrassica tournefortii.

---

Résumé Il y a des différences considérables dans la composition en aminoacides entre le tégument séminal et l'embryon (séparé après 5h d'imbibition dans l'eau); par contre il y a peu de différences entre les diverses parties de l'embryon, l'hypocotyle, l'intérieur des cotylectons. Ainsi le tégument séminal est riche en proline et hydroxyproline, et relativement pauvre en acideglutamique. Aucun changement dans les taux d'amincides n'a été observé lors d'une imbibition supplémentaire de 19 heures.Ce fait a une importance pratique, car la séparation de la graine en ses diverses parties — importante dans les recherches génétiques — est grandement simplifiée si elle est pratiquée sur des graines gonflées et non sur des graines sèches. La variation du taux d'aminoacides entre graines isollées deB. campestris hétérozygote était plus grande que chez les graines homozygotes deB. tournefortii.

     

Amino acid composition of sainfoin forage

The crude protein concentration, amino acid composition and protein quality of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) forage was compared to that of lucerne (Medicago sativa). The amino acid analyses showed that sainfoin contained higher amounts of lysine, histidine, proline, cystine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan than lucerne, whereas lucerne contained more aspartic acid, methionine and isoleucine than sainfoin; the limiting amino acid in both legumes was methionine. The protein score, an estimation of protein quality for nonruminants, was 68 for sainfoin forage and 71 for lucerne forage compared to 100 for an ‘ideal protein’. The similarity of protein quality of sainfoin forage to that of lucerne indicates that, where conditions permit, sainfoin could be grown for the production of protein as an alternative to other crops.     

Amino acid profiles of some under-utilised seeds

Twenty-three seeds of different botanical families growing in India were analysed for their protein content and amino acid compositions. They showed a wide variation in their total protein (8.0 to 42.7%). Some of them were comparable and some were even better than popular food legumes such as kidney bean and chick-pea in protein levels and amino acid compositions.     

应用高效液相色谱测定油菜叶片中硫甙成分与含量

本文研究建立了高效液相色谱测定油菜叶片中硫甙总量与分量的测定方法.油菜叶片经20h冰冻干燥,用70%甲醇为提取溶剂,超声波提取8min,1mg硫酸酯酶脱硫酸根,离子交换树脂纯化后,应用高效液相色谱进行油菜叶片硫甙组分定性、定量.该方法加标回收率为94%～103%,样品极差为2.29μmol/g,符合ISO9167国际标准要求.     

Amino acid composition of freshly harvested and stored potatoes

Total amino acid contents of several important U.S. potato cultivars grown in Maine, Idaho and The Red River Valley are listed along with nitrogen content. Differences in amino acid content among cultivars were roughly proportional to differences in total nitrogen. The effect of storage on amino acids in two cultivars was minor. The limiting essential amino acids compared to egg were MET and the sulphur amino acids.     

Fatty acid composition and nutritive value of twelve cultivars of perennial ryegrass

A comparison was made of the fatty acid composition and nutritive value of twelve cultivars of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) differing in heading date and ploidy level. The cultivars were sown in triplicate plots and three sequential cuts of herbage were taken at 20-d intervals during the late spring and early summer to describe the fatty acid composition and other measurements of nutritive value. Differences between cultivars were recorded for DM content ( P  <   0·01) and concentrations of gross energy, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and ash ( P  <   0·05). Diploid cultivars had a higher DM content and concentration of NDF ( P  <   0·01) than tetraploid cultivars whilst late-heading date cultivars had the lower NDF ( P  <   0·05), ADF and ash ( P  <   0·01) concentrations. There was variation between cultivars in fatty acid composition. Diploid cultivars had a higher concentration of C18:0 ( P  <   0·01) and C18:1 ( P  <   0·05) than tetraploid cultivars and late-heading date cultivars had the highest concentrations of total fatty acids, C16:0, C18:2 and C18:3 ( P  <   0·05). This was predominantly due to the cultivar Tyrella which is a diploid, late-heading cultivar. The study showed that some variation exists between perennial ryegrass cultivars in concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may present opportunities to select for this trait, but further research on the developmental stages and degree of leafiness of cultivars is first required.     

The measurement of chlorogenic acid in potato leaf extracts by high-pressure liquid chromatography

Summary Chlorogenic acid concentration in potato leaf extracts was measured by a modification of existing high-pressure liquid chromatography methods. Concentrations were in the range of 48–327 μg/g fresh weight and varied with leaf position and age. There was no correlation between chlorogenic acid concentration in different potato clones and their resistance to infection with potato leafroll virus.     

The effect of different cultivars of clover on numbers of and leaf damage by, some invertebrate species

Invertebrate numbers were studied in two white clover cultivars trials, grown with perennial ryegrass Weevils ( Sitona spp.), slugs, lucerne flea, leatherjackets and as were more common (at least at some life stage) in cultivars of lower cyanogenic potential. Damage to clover foliage by the first three species was also negatively related to cyanogenesis. The production of HCN ranged from 0.025 mg to about 1.8 mg g⁻¹ fresh leaf. There was no evidence of any other factor influencing cultivar preference.
Cyanogenesis had most effect on numbers of weevil larvae and leatherjackets. The effect on weevil larvae was attributed partly to intercultivar differences in oviposition, but it was also suspected that larvae had fed on cyanogenic parts of the plant before reaching the root. Leatherjacket numbers developed inter-cultivar differences during larval growth. In one case these differences were detectable by December. By March in the second experiment there were approximately three times as many leatherjackets at the low as at the high end of the cyanogenic range. Approximately four times as many Sitona larvae were found at the lower as at the higher end of the scale. There was some evidence that a higher clover content in the sward was attractive to ovipositing Tipula paludosa but not in recently harvested cultivars of high cyanogenic potential     

Amino acid composition and chemical evaluation of protein quality of cereals as affected by insect infestation

A significant decrease in essential amino acids of wheat, maize and sorghum was observed due to grain infestation caused by mixed populations ofTrogoderma granarium Everts andRhizopertha dominica Fabricius (50:50). Non-essential amino acids were also adversely affected. Among the essential amino acids, maximum reduction was found in methionine, isoleucine and lysine in infested wheat, maize and sorghum grains, respectively. Lysine, with lowest chemical score in uninfested and infested grains of three cereals, is the first limiting amino acid. Insect infestation caused significant (p<0.05) reduction in the chemical score of all the essential amino acids, yet did not change the position of first and second limiting amino acids in wheat and sorghum. However, in case of maize, isoleucine became the second limiting amino acid. Infested grains also showed substantial reduction in essential amino acid index, calculated biological value and requirement index.     

转基因高油酸油菜株系W-4种子脂肪酸组成

为研究fad2基因下调表达对油菜种子脂肪酸组成的影响,分析比较了转基因高油酸油菜品系W-4的T5、T6和T7种子以及非转基因对照Westar种子中的脂肪酸组成。数据显示W-4种子中油酸平均含量为84.61%±1.41%,较对照增加了25.91%,达到极显著水平;亚油酸和亚麻酸含量分别为3.22%±0.56%和3.45%±0.51%,较对照分别下降了80.89%和47.00%,降幅均达极显著水平。此外,W-4种子中棕榈酸平均含量为3.42%±0.18%,较对照Westar下降18.10%,达到极显著水平;而硬脂酸平均含量为1.87%±0.19%,较对照下降了8.33%,亦达到显著水平;W-4种子中廿碳烯酸的平均含量为1.54%±0.06%,较对照平均增幅为18.46%,达到极显著水平;W-4平均芥酸含量较对照略有增加,但不显著。结果表明油菜种子中fad2基因下调表达对种子的脂肪酸合成与积累影响较大,其不仅显著降低种子中多不饱和脂肪酸含量,增加油酸的含量;而且也显著降低饱和脂肪酸含量,并促进长链单烯酸的合成。     

Chemical composition of kernels from some species ofCucurbitaceae grown in Nigeria

The seeds of lesser-known species —Cucumeropsis mannii, Lagenaria sicceraria varities 1 and 2 andTelfairia occidentalis, ofCucurbitaceae family were studied. The protein content ofC. mannii was 36.1% and the varieties 1 and 2 ofL. sicceraria had 32.1% and 33.3% respectively.Telfairia occidentalis had protein content of 33.2%. The fat contents ofC. mannii, L. Sicceraria var. 1 and 2 andT. occidentalis were 44.4%, 44.6%, 46.9% and 42.3% respectively. The crude fibre content for each of the two varieties ofL. sicceraria was 3.6% andT. occidentalis had 5.5%.Cucumeropsis mannii had the lowest (2.4%) fibre content. The carbohydrate contents forL. Sicceraria var. 2,C. mannii, andT. occidentalis were 12.6%, 13.2% and 14.4% respectively.Lagenaria sicceraria var. 1 had the highest value of carbohydrate (15.8%). The species were relatively rich in potassium and magnesium with range of values of 0.56% to 0.68% and 434 ppm to 444 ppm respectively.Cucumeropsis mannii andLagenaria sicceraria var. 2 had relatively high contents of calcium (117 ppm) and iron (109 ppm) respectively. The kernels of these species exhibited lipase activity.Telfairia occidentalis showed the highest degree of lipase activity.     

Protein and amino acid composition of some wild leguminous seeds

The seeds of five different species ofAcacia, twoAlbizzia, twoErythrina and two species ofMucuna were analysed for their protein and amino acid composition. Some of these seeds are comparable to a popular food legume,Cicer arietinum, in protein and amino acid composition.     

Analysis of potato sugars by gas chromatography

A procedure for determining sugars in potato tubers by gas chromatography is described and examples given of its application to stored and reconditioned potatoes. Juice from tubers is extracted, boiled, centrifuged, and the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the sugars prepared. Column choice and operating conditions are given. Results are fairly comparable to those from wet analysis, are more comprehensive, and more easily obtained.     

Chemical composition and some plant characteristics in relation to quality of some promising cultivars of carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Twenty three cultivars of carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots consisting of fifteen local and eight exotic cultivars were analysed for various chemical constituents including dry matter, total soluble solids (TSS), -carotene, total and reducing sugars, phenolics, phosphorus, zinc, manganese, copper, iron, sodium potassium and ash. In addition other characteristics such as days to maturity, root weight and length, flesh thickness, core diameter, number of forked and cracked roots per plot have been studied. Yellow carrots were found to have maximum root length, water soluble carbohydrates and minimum -carotene content. The exotic cultivars were found to have higher TSS content than the local cultivars, while the latter cultivars had higher mineral contents than the former. However, on the average, dry matter content, total water soluble sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars were found to be greater in exotic cultivars than in local ones, but -carotene, phenols and phosphorus contents were greater in local cultivars. A significant positive correlation between -carotene content, ash percentage and days to maturity was observed. A wide variation in chemical constituents and plant characteristics was observed indicating a high genetic variability in the material under study.     

黄棕壤和酸紫砂土施用不同磷肥对油菜产量的影响

为实现油菜磷肥减施增效和保障生态环境,利用土壤有效磷含量较低的黄棕壤和酸紫砂土开展试验,建立土壤-磷肥-作物体系相匹配的磷肥施肥方案.以甘蓝型油菜中双11号和圣光168为材料,采用盆栽试验研究黄棕壤和酸紫砂土上施用过磷酸钙(SSP)、磷酸二铵(DAP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)和钙镁磷肥(CMP)对油菜苗期生长及成熟期产量、...     

Bioavailability of ferulic acid is determined by its bioaccessibility

Epidemiological studies have linked whole grain consumption to prevention of several chronic diseases. Whole grain is a source of important phytochemicals, such as ferulic acid (FA). FA is the most abundant phenolic and major contributor to the in vitro antioxidant capacity of wheat grain. Several studies have reported highly variable results on FA bioavailability (0.4–98%). The binding of FA to polysaccharides may limit its bioavailability. Therefore, our study aimed at monitoring release features of FA during gastrointestinal (GI) transit. This was termed bioaccessibility. The bioaccessibility of FA was studied from different wheat fractions and breads with the use of a dynamic in vitro system that simulates the upper GI transit and digestion. The results showed low bioaccessibility of FA from the wheat fractions and breads (<1%). However, the bioaccessibility was high when free FA was added to flour (∼60%). The bioaccessibility of FA appeared to be determined by the percentage of free FA. In wheat grain, most of FA is bound to arabinoxylans and other indigestible polysaccharides restricting its release in the small intestine. New processing developments should be considered to increase free FA in the cereal matrix in order to improve its bioavailability and systemic health effect.     

Amino acid composition and biological evaluation of the protein quality of high lysine barley genotypes

The protein quality of high lysine barley genotypes Notch₁ Notch₂,Riso-1508 and Hiproly grown in Indian soil was evaluated by determining amino acid composition and also by rat growth and nitrogen balance studies. Protein and fat contents were found to be highest in Riso-1508. Lysine concentration (5.26 g/16g N) of Riso-1508 was also highest compared to the other high lysine genotypes. Rat feeding trials indicated that the growth promoting qualities of the proteins of genotype Riso-1508 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the low lysine barley genotype. The comparatively low lysine barley diet had more digestible protein than the high lysine barley diet. However, the BV and NPU of the high lysine barley were significantly (p < 0.05) higher. This improvement is of importance in meeting the essential amino acid requirements of man as well as other monogastric animals. The study showed that the high lysine barley harvested in Indian agroclimatic conditions retained high lysine quality.     

浙江部分茶树良种的RAPD分子鉴定

用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对目前浙江省推广的浙农121，迎霜，福鼎大白茶，浙农139等10个优良品种进行分析，共扩增到97条RAPD谱带636个位点，平均每个引物扩增RAPD谱带和位点约8．1条53个位咪，平均每个品种为9．7条63．6个，其中呈现出多态性的谱带72条，多态性占总带数的74．2％，供试品种经扩增产生5条－12条不等的谱带，说明引物的不同，RAPD标记谱带也随着产生差异，引物S16能在各品种扩增后产生特异性的分子标记，可以用来鉴定这些茶树品种，10个品种间遗传距离变化范围在0．3358－0．5774之间，平均为0．4732，其中浙农139和浙农113之间亲缘关系密切，类平均法聚类结果表明，这10个茶树品种可分成A、B、C三个类群。