Spectre of neoliberal gentrification in Fiji: the price Suva's poor must pay

This article seeks to examine Fiji's current housing crisis against the backdrop of neoliberal urbanism. In doing so, the article offers a fresh new perspective on the marginalisation, displacement and outright exclusion of the urban poor from the inner city areas of Suva. Among the trademark growth problems experienced by neoliberal cities across the globe, the crisis of urban housing affordability is perhaps more pronounced in Suva given economies of scale and constraints in Fiji's land tenure system. This article seeks to highlight that Suva's inner city spaces are being transformed along the lines of market fundamentalism and that this will exacerbate the social exclusion and displacement of Suva's poor.     

Recent intra-metropolitan patterns of spatial mismatch: Implications for black suburbanization and the changing geography of mismatch

Kain's spatial mismatch hypothesis (SMH) (1968) highlights the segregation of Black population in the inner city as well as the decentralization of jobs, both of which played a role in the poor labor market outcomes for Black residents in the inner city. Demographic and economic changes in U.S. metropolitan areas since the late 20th century have transformed the urban spatial structure. This paper aims to revisit the SMH and investigate whether the spatial pattern of mismatch has changed as a result of geographic shifts in the Black population. This paper specifically examines how the suburbanization of the Black population has affected the geographic patterns of mismatch and whether the mismatch is disappearing in the major U.S. metropolitan areas. Using spatial measures of mismatch, this paper presents intra-metropolitan spatial mismatch patterns that capture the clustering of jobs and the Black population based on their relative distributions, showing that the overall level of spatial mismatch declined in major U.S. metropolitan areas between 2000 and 2015. However, geographical evidence reveals that the spatial mismatch has shifted to the outer suburbs, replicating city-suburb spatial inequality, implying that although mismatch may have declined in the inner city due to Black suburbanization, spatial mismatch continue to persist in U.S. metropolitan areas in Black suburbs. The findings also demonstrate that although spatial mismatch generally declined in the inner city, it increased in cities with high inner city polarization, particularly New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and Seattle.     

裸燕麦品质资源AFLP标记遗传多样性分析

用20对AFLP引物组合对281份栽培裸燕麦(Avena nuda)进行遗传多样性分析,共得到1 137条带,其中260条为多态性带,引物的平均多态性百分率为22.96%,平均多样性信息指数(PIC)为0.0326。以地理来源分组,不同来源的组群Simpson指数在1.235~1.495之间,Shannon指数范围为0.1558~0.4437,组群内变异贡献率为83.45%,组群间变异占16.55%。组群大小与多态性位点数、组群内变异贡献率、Simpson指数及Shannon指数显著相关。内蒙古和山西资源多样性丰富,东北地区资源独特,西部地区资源遗传结构单一,东欧组群与内蒙古组群遗传关系最近。国内组群的遗传多样性水平高于国外组群。地方品种与育成品种相比,组群内变异贡献率较高。建议在遗传多样性丰富地区进一步收集裸燕麦资源,并加强对材料少、代表性较差的地区,如西北和西南地区的裸燕麦地方品种的收集,以丰富我国的裸燕麦基因源。     

Are We Moving Back to the City? Examining Residential Mobility in the Washington,DC Metropolitan Area

This research assesses the extent to which there is evidence of population re‐centralization or back to the city moves by tracking the historical trend of household and income mobility in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. County‐to‐county migration data and four migration efficiency measures are used to investigate net flows of households and income in the region. The results show a nascent tendency of back to the city movement; however, the redistribution of households and income in the metropolitan area is more complex. While the region's core may be starting to gain households and income, there are still significant flows into the region's most distant suburbs. The results of this research have implications for transportation, housing, and economic development policy making in Washington, DC and other regions. The study also offers a unique example of how to study household and income redistribution within U.S. metropolitan areas.     

Changes in producer services location,Sydney: globalisation,technology and labour

This paper explores the distribution of producer services within Sydney in the context of globalisation, technological change and the location of labour. Four case study industries are analysed: management consultancy, general insurance, graphic design, and data processing. It is concluded that globalisation appears to have reinforced the traditional central city focus of Sydney’s producer services sector, although the producer services surveyed here have dispersed away from the CBD itself. Technological change in conjunction with residential preferences is expanding this focus in parts of the sector, particularly toward residential areas of professionals in less contact-intensive activities.     

Global‐local initiatives in FDI: The experience of Shenzhen,China

Abstract: In 2002, China surpassed the USA to become the world's largest foreign investment destination. Many Chinese cities, especially those along the coast, have become hot spots for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The urban development of these Chinese cities, as in most market societies, has increasingly depended upon their global connections. However, it is unclear to what degree the governments of these cities are able to influence the decisions of foreign investors. This paper uses Shenzhen city as a case study to examine how multi‐nationals’ spatial and sectoral patterns have been changed over time and to what degree the local government has been able to influence multinationals’ locational and sectoral selection. It is concluded that Shenzhen has managed to create a strategy to maximise its ability to benefit from global economic forces and to attract multinational manufacturers in the locality, and particularly in increasing its target sector of technology‐intensive industry. This case study demonstrates the importance of a strong city government in managing growth and reacting decisively to globalisation.     

The Changing Geography of Domestic Financial City Network in China, 1995–2015

Based on longitudinal office distribution data on top domestic financial enterprises, this study explores the evolution of China's financial city network in the last two decades by means of a social network analysis. The position of each city in financial city network is evaluated from two aspects which are external financial resources attraction and headquarters financial development based, respectively, on urban weighted indegree and urban weighted outdegree. Taking these two aspects together, the top echelons of the financial city network can be regarded as potential national or regional financial centers. Furthermore, by means of a panel data regression analysis, determining factors of financial city network evolution are explored from perspectives of location, institution, and social‐economy. We find that most cities have witnessed significant changes in city position, especially in terms of external financial resources attraction, and the influencing factors of financial development vary by region due to the disparities in regional financial development environments.     

Genetic diversity in apricot, Prunus armeniaca, aimed at improving resistance to plum pox virus

Plum Pox Virus, a non-persistent virus transmitted by aphids, causes serious damage to stone fruits. The apricot tree is very sensitive and in order to breed apricot cultivars resistant to Plum Pox Virus and establish breeding strategies, genetic diversity based on 10 enzymatic systems, six of which were polymorphic, has been studied. The plant material studied, 94 accessions, included the most important apricot cultivars grown in PPV-affected areas. Genetic diversity is high and showed important differences between the three geographical groups studied (North African, European and North American). The North American group was very diverse and allozymes can be used to identify three subgroups. Some North American PPV-resistant cultivars were very distant from the rest of the cultivars, mainly due to the presence of rare alleles found in an Asian apricot related species. These results support the hypothesis that Asian-related species might be the origin of PPV resistance within the North American cultivars. Three North American cultivars have been considered as putative donors of PPV resistance to the European cultivars because of their agronomic behaviour, chilling requirements and distance from European cultivars. However, to increase the genetic variability of the European group and thereby to favour recombination, the study of Asian apricot resources is also recommended.     

裸燕麦种质资源AFLP标记遗传多样性分析

用20对AFLP引物组合对281份栽培裸燕麦(Avena nuda)进行遗传多样性分析,共得到1137条带,其中260条为多态性带,引物的平均多态性百分率为22.96%,平均多样性信息指数(PIC)为0.0326.以地理来源分组,不同来源的组群Simpson指数在1.235～1.495之间,Shannon指数范围为0.1558～0.4437,组群内变异贡献率为83.45%,组群间变异占16.55%.组群大小与多态性位点数、组群内变异贡献率、Simpson指数及Shannon指数显著相关.内蒙古和山西资源多样性丰富,东北地区资源独特,西部地区资源遗传结构单一,东欧组群与中国内蒙古组群遗传关系最近.国内组群的遗传多样性水平高于国外组群.地方品种与育成品种相比,组群内变异贡献率较高.建议在遗传多样性丰富地区进一步收集裸燕麦资源,并加强对材料少、代表性较差的地区,如中国西北和西南地区的裸燕麦地方品种的收集,以丰富我国的裸燕麦基因源.     

The ethnic geography of New Zealand: A decade of growth and change, 1991–2001

Abstract: New Zealand's population growth of 10 per cent over the decade 1991–2001 resulted substantially from an increasing number of those claiming Pacific Island and Asian ethnicity, and to a lesser extent of the New Zealand Maori. Using census data for a comparable set of small areas with average populations of just over 100, this paper examines the changing geography of the four main ethnic categories – New Zealand European, New Zealand Maori, Pacific Island Peoples, and Asians – across the country as a whole and in its major settlements, especially Auckland. There is little extreme segregation of the three minority groups, but most of the Europeans live in areas where there is little exposure to those of other ethnicities. Most of the changes in segregation reflect the growth of Auckland's Pacific Island and, especially, Asian populations.     

Remoteness and rural development: economic impacts of rural roads on upland farmers in Sarawak,Malaysia

>Although Sarawak has a rapidly growing economy, the benefits of growth have been focused largely in the urban centres. However, the majority of the population lives in rural areas, where poverty, although on the decline, prevails. Attention is given to the role of rural roads in countering remoteness and, hence, promoting more equitable development. To assess the impact of rural roads, two roads were used for comparison. One provided Iban communities with access to Betong, a small district town. The other provided Bidayuh communities with access to Kuching, the capital city. This paper focuses on three economic impacts of roads – agricultural production, employment, and household income. Findings show that the impact of roads varied within an area (a function of remoteness) and between areas (also a function of remoteness). Impacts were considerably greater when roads provided communities with access to a major urban centre compared with a small town. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the government's strategy of rural development.     

Making Asian students,making students Asian: The racialisation of export education in Auckland,New Zealand

Abstract: In recent years, international education has become a source of considerable political, academic and media debate in New Zealand. This is nowhere more the case than with regards to Auckland, the New Zealand city that has hosted the greatest number of international students. This paper focuses on the media debates around international students in Auckland with particular emphasis on the representations of the largest group of international students, those who originate from countries within the North‐East Asian region. The media representations of these students have fixed a diverse group of individuals within a singular racial identity that is known by stereotypical economic, cultural and social characteristics. As a result, these representations have further problematised the interaction between international students and the host population in Auckland while simultaneously implicating a cohort of young New Zealand citizens and permanent residents who are of similar descent within the same discourses. This process of othering the Asian student, regardless of citizenship, has consequences not simply for the practice of exporting education in this city but also for the future of a multicultural Auckland and New Zealand.     

Regional Social Inequalities and Social Deprivation in Guangdong Province,China

This article examines social deprivation at a regional scale using the case of Guangdong province, China. Counties, county‐level cities, and districts of prefecture cities are selected as the units of analysis. At the provincial level, a significant variation is found in terms of the social deprivation index, showing a pattern of increasing deprivation from the core of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) to the peripheral areas of Guangdong province. In the PRD, social development conditions are significantly different among these units, whereas the level of economic development is less differentiated. Social deprivation in urban areas is considerably lower than in rural areas. The differences between cities are significant, showing a bifurcation trend, whereas rural areas seem to be similar. Social disparities in Guangdong province are derived from unequal economic growth as well as social and regional policies.     

震后30年唐山城市发展对局地气候的影响

地震后的唐山已经快速发展成为一座典型的重工业城市。为了摸清这类重工业城市快速发展对局地气候变化的影响,笔者利用1977—2006年唐山及周边郊区4县（滦县、滦南、丰润、丰南）的气候监测资料和统计数据,采用多元统计分析方法分析了唐山城郊气温、降水量、风速的变化特点,城市化发展对唐山城郊年平均气温的影响。结果表明：（1）唐山城市化发展对局地气候影响最为明显的是温度因子,降水、风速的影响波动性很大,无明显的规律性变化特征。城郊年平均温差为0.51℃,增加率约为0.17℃/10 a。1990年后城郊年平均气温差为0.67℃,1997年后城郊年平均气温差为0.82℃;（2）唐山城郊温度差异与累积建筑竣工面积、全社会耗能、建成区面积等呈正相关,与城区人口、工业总产值的相关关系不明显。这种情况可能是重工业城市的经济结构不同、能源消耗及排放物等有别于其他城市造成。     

An infatuation with building things: Business strategies,linkages, and small city economic development in Manitoba

The establishment of a solid understanding of regional economic development has proved to be highly elusive. Research efforts within this area have focused largely on major urban areas, yet this somewhat narrow focus means that economic development activities in smaller urban centers have not received the attention that they deserve. This article investigates regional economic development within a small city context through a survey-based study of the entrepreneurial ecosystems operating in two small cities in the province of Manitoba. The results indicate that many currently accepted bases of regional business community expansion, such as government support and development of local suppliers, have limited utility within these cities. Concurrently, business leader survey responses from the two cities reveal a unique set of factors that drive economic development success in this nonmetropolitan case study, keyed by the pivotal role of a unique mix of nonlocal linkages, local cultural resources, and social connections in catalyzing local business expansion. These findings indicate that business community growth in the study cities proceeds from a distinctive template relative to larger centers, and suggest that increased research attention is necessary to elucidate the bases of business success in a more diverse selection of successful small cities.     

岩溶区县域土地利用与区域协调发展研究 ——以贵州省清镇市为例

土地利用与区域协调发展实际上是分析和预测现有及未来人口、乡村经济和城镇经济发展趋势约束下的土地利用是否有利于生态格局的优化。利用清镇市土地利用详查及其更新数据与相关社会经济数据，运用GIS及相关统计方法和经验评估等，探讨了清镇市土地利用与区域协调发展框架，结果表明：（1）清镇土地利用动态体现为6种利用类型，但土地利用总体上仍以农业景观为主，没有形成城郊混合景观。驱动这一土地利用动态变化的主导因素主要有人口增加，城市化进程的加快，经济结构演进及土地不同用途下比较效益的差异；（2）5年间，清镇各乡（镇）区域经济发展的绝对差异和相对差异均呈扩大趋势但增幅均已放缓，即清镇区域经济发展朝极化方向偏移。几个经济发达地区，如红枫湖镇、站街镇、卫城镇和新店镇等，对于全市经济的影响越来越大。最发达地区与最落后地区的差距在不断增大；（3）土地利用与区域协调发展框架在满足当地城乡居民对农副产品生活的需要的同时，又协调了与经济发展的矛盾，但粮食安全和经济安全的保证又未有碍于生态环境的良性循环；（4）岩溶地区可持续发展必须协调好土地利用与区域发展的关系。     

Growth and Change in U.S. Cities and Suburbs

Differential rates of growth and decentralization are processes that characterized U.S. urban areas over the past three decades. This paper examines the determinants of growth in cities and suburbs during the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s. The modeling approach adopted in the study allows for simultaneity between population and employment, and between cities and suburbs, while also taking into account a range of other explanatory factors. Results indicate that population and employment growth in cities tend to be jointly determined, but that growth of employment in the suburbs tends to drive growth of suburban population. Results also suggest that suburban and city growth are interrelated, but that the nature of these interrelationships varies over time: suburban growth promoted city growth during the 1970s and 1980s, while city and suburban growth were jointly determined during the 1990s. Other factors that consistently explain variation in city growth include demographics, population density, crime rates, and income inequality. Factors consistently explaining suburban growth include regional location and climate.     

Producer Services,Labor Market Segmentation and Peripheral Regions: The Case of Saskatchewan

ABSTRACT Within the last decade, a considerable literature has emerged on the growth and location of producer services employment in North America, and in the role of labor market characteristics in shaping these changes. One of the outcomes of this research has been the realization that producer services are overwhelmingly concentrated in metropolitan areas, and that there is a strong core-periphery dichotomy in the representation of these activities. This paper explores the labor market characteristics of a set of producer service activities within the peripheral urban hierarchy of Saskatchewan, Canada, dominated by the regional cores of Saskatoon and Regina, and surrounded by ten peripheral regions. The data set was provided by Employment Canada, and divided into Canada Employment Centre (CEC) Areas. It was found that the higher order producer services, such as Finance and Business Services, are significantly underrepresented relative to the rest of Canada, while others, such as Services to Primary Producers and Transportation and Communications, are significantly overrepresented. However, the nature of these services, as reflected in their labor market characteristics, are very different. Gender and the role of part-time labor appear to be distinguished on the basis of the specific producer service sector, with very few distinctions across space. On the other hand, differences in the roles played by part-year labor is less related to the sector and more related to position within the peripheral hierarchy. Although the heartland-hinterland model is usually applied at national or even international scales of analysis, the nature of the segmentation of the producer services labor force, and its relationship to urbanization and development of the sector, imply that the model can in fact be used as a fiamework for analyzing intraregional employment relationships within the periphery. This study highlights the nature of the labor force as one aspect of this framework.     

“精明增长”理论对栾川县城镇空间扩展的启示及在土地利用总体规划中的应用

摘要：精明增长是20世纪90年代末诞生于美国规划界最流行的时髦概念,总的来说,精明增长是一种在提高土地利用效率的基础上控制城市扩张、保护生态环境、服务于经济发展、促进城乡协调发展和人们生活质量提高的紧凑式城市规划发展模式。本文是在新一轮的土地利用规划修编背景下结合栾川县的土地利用规划修编实际,阐述了“精明增长”理论对栾川县城镇空间扩展的启示,以及在栾川县的土地利用总体规划中的具体运用。     

加入WTO以来中国农业补贴政策的实施与调整

我国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)以来,政府相继出台了一系列农业补贴政策,并逐年加大各项农业补贴的政策的财政支持力度,扩大补贴范围,2008年仅对种粮农民的两项直接补贴资金规模达到633亿元。本文主要研究我国加入WTO后各项补贴政策出台至今在政策目标、补贴标准、补贴强度、补贴方式、补贴范围等方面的实施与变动与现状。研究发现,补贴标准上,各省虽有提高,但是主要以主产区为主,吉林、黑龙江的补贴标准提高较多,而北京、天津等主销区标准变化不大;补贴到户的方式上,很多省份趋向采取将按粮食实际种植面积补贴改为按核定面积补贴。