土传病原细菌的生存与致病权衡

土传病原细菌严重威胁土壤-植物系统健康和农业可持续发展。在接触和入侵寄主植物根系之前,病原细菌会经受土壤pH、含氧量、营养物质种类和数量等非生物因素骤变以及其他土壤微生物的竞争、寄生和捕食等生物胁迫。病原细菌的生物膜形成、代谢、运动、毒力、DNA修复以及对噬菌体、抗生素或环境压力的抵抗能力等特性对其在土壤环境中生存和侵染寄主非常重要。为适应复杂且多变的土壤生物和非生物环境,病原细菌必须动态权衡其生存和致病力之间的关系,维持其生存、传播、增殖和侵染致病间的平衡,以最大化其在土壤环境中的适应性。系统理解土传病原细菌应对胁迫和侵染寄主植物的过程及权衡机制是建立精准、高效生态防控手段的关键。为此,以土传病原细菌为代表,总结了土传病原细菌生存与致病的权衡规律和典型现象及土壤中的生物和非生物影响因素,阐述了土传病原细菌入侵植物根际过程中的生存与致病权衡机制,并提出一些与土传病原细菌生存与致病权衡相关的科学问题,呼吁建立基于生存-致病权衡理论的土传病害生态防控策略,为绿色农业可持续发展提供理论参考。     

土壤学不应忽视对作物土传病原微生物的研究

随着集约化种植程度的提高,管理不善、单一作物连续种植、秸秆还田等因素导致的土传病害日益严重,使作物高产对农药的依赖程度不断提高,对我国农业可持续发展、环境和农产品安全构成了很大的威胁。但是,我国当前土壤学几乎忽视了这一土壤学范畴的研究领域。土传植物病原微生物功能明确,是研究土壤微生物区系和生物多样性与功能、土壤微生物与植物生长、土传病原微生物与拮抗微生物等关系的理想研究对象。土壤学在揭示土传病原微生物的生长规律、控制土传病原微生物数量、发挥拮抗微生物的作用、防治作物土传病害等方面具有独特的优势。深入认识土传病原微生物适宜生长的土壤环境是防控作物土传病原微生物生长,实现农药使用量零增长的基础。解决当前严重的作物土传病害不仅是土壤学的责任和义务,而且可以极大地推动土壤学的发展。     

作物土传真菌病害发生的根际微生物机制研究进展

土传病害是制约我国农业生产可持续发展的重要瓶颈。根际是作物养分高效利用的窗口,是植物-土壤-微生物相互作用的关键微域,也是土传病害发生发展的主要场所。在宏基因组学快速发展的今天,了解根际微生物与土传病害互作关系,有利于从微生物种群、功能代谢和抑病物质等研究找出防控土传病害的有效方法。本文综述了根际微生物与土传真菌病害的发生机制关系,探讨了土传病原真菌致害机理,并提出目前研究的不足和未来研究的重点。目前,我国农业生产中土传真菌病害发生严重,很多是由不同病原菌复合侵染的结果,其致害机理较为复杂。定向优化根际微生物群落结构提升植物根际微生态抗性,是防控土传病害途径之一,应加以重视。现有研究多偏向根际促生微生物,而忽视了根际有害细菌与病害发生和作物生长的关系。今后的研究应系统评估土传真菌病害的发生及危害程度、归类土传真菌病原菌类型、深入研究土传真菌病害发生的根际微生态机理以及研发土传真菌病害综合防控技术。     

生物炭防控植物土传病害研究进展

近年的研究初步显示,生物炭对植物土传病害具有良好的防控效果。本文从生物炭影响土壤理化性状、改变土壤微生物数量和群落结构、影响土壤病原菌数量、吸附植物根系产生的化感物质及病原菌分泌的致病因子和诱导植物抗病性等方面探讨了生物炭防控土传病害的可能机理;并进一步探讨了材质、热解条件和使用剂量等因素对生物炭防病效果的影响,旨在为利用生物炭防控土传病害提供理论支撑。     

连作土壤微生物区系分析、调控及高通量研究方法

土壤连作后导致土壤微生物生态失衡、病原微生物富集、有益微生物减少,土壤微生物从细菌主导型向真菌主导型转化,使病原菌更容易侵染植物而引发植物的各种土传病害。施用微生物有机肥可以将失衡的微生物区系恢复到健康的状态,从而可以起到防治土传病害的作用。本文围绕连作引起的土壤中各大类微生物数量和种类的变化以及连作土壤施用微生物有机肥修复后其微生物数量和种类的变化进行了综述,并通过与传统技术比较,介绍了454高通量测序研究方法的优越性,指出了其在土壤微生物区系研究中的重要性。     

土壤原生动物 ——研究方法及其在土传病害防控中的作用

原生动物是原生生物的一种,是土壤食物网中的消费者,能捕食细菌和真菌等其他微生物.除了对土壤微生物群落和物质循环产生重要影响外,根际原生动物与细菌、真菌等土壤微生物共同组成生物网络屏障,并在抵御土传病原菌入侵作物根系的过程中发挥着重要作用.然而,相对于根际有益细菌和有益真菌,国内外关于原生动物防控土传病害的效果及作用机制...     

从抑病土壤到根际免疫：概念提出与发展思考

作物土传病害已经成为集约化农业可持续发展中的瓶颈,在粮食安全、资源高效和生态健康多目标协同发展的指导思想下,系统的绿色防控理论和技术体系构建是破解该难题的重要前提。作为植物-土壤互作的热点区域,根际栖息着较土体土壤更丰富的微生物群落,是土传病原物入侵作物根系的必经之路。根际微生态系统中的植物、土壤、微生物组和病原物之间的交互作用必然影响着植物健康。笔者将根际微生态系统抵御土传病原物入侵的现象和能力,称之为"根际免疫"。本文重点梳理根际免疫概念形成的4个重要阶段:(1)抑病土壤概念的提出与发展;(2)抑病微生物筛选与作用机制;(3)抑病土壤核心微生物组及互作机制;(4)根际免疫概念的形成与发展思考。最后从关注根际微生态、注重学科交叉和系统揭示根际免疫机制三方面进行展望,以期为提升土壤-植物系统健康和实现农业可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

噬菌体靶向消减土壤生物污染的制约因素及提升策略

土壤中存在能够威胁植物、动物和人体健康的病原细菌，消减这类土壤生物污染是一体化健康（One Health）的重要任务。因具有宿主细菌专一性强、侵染效率高、环境扰动性小等特性，噬菌体成为生态消减土壤病原细菌生物污染的重要手段。然而，由于土壤生物和非生物环境的复杂性，提升噬菌体消减土壤生物污染的效果和稳定性仍是当前的重大挑战。本文从噬菌体在土壤中的生存以及与病原细菌互作等过程着手，分析总结影响噬菌体阻控土壤生物污染效果和稳定性的主要因素：1）噬菌体的宿主细菌谱和种群数量，2）土壤病原细菌的多态性，3）影响噬菌体与土壤病原细菌互作的环境因素。通过构建高效噬菌体鸡尾酒、改善噬菌体产品形式和优化噬菌体施用技术等措施，建立提升阻控土壤生物污染效果和稳定性的策略，为完善土壤生物污染噬菌体疗法提供科学支撑。     

病原青枯菌土壤存活的影响因素研究进展

土传青枯病是一种毁灭性的细菌性病害,广泛分布于热带、亚热带和温带地区,严重威胁世界粮食安全。病原青枯菌主要从土壤中侵染作物根系,其在土壤中存活能力强,因此防治极为困难。明确病原青枯菌土壤存活的关键影响因素有助于开发高效阻控土传青枯病的措施。国内外学者在青枯菌的土壤存活方面开展了大量研究,但由于影响青枯菌土壤存活的因素复杂,而相关研究多围绕单一因素展开,缺乏针对青枯菌土壤存活规律和影响因素的系统性认识。本文系统梳理了青枯菌的自身特性（基因、行为和代谢产物）及土壤生物、非生物因素对其在土壤中存活的影响,阐明了青枯菌在寄主存在时土体存活、向寄主根表方向运动迁移时根际存活以及入侵寄主根系时根表存活的主要影响因子,以期为土传青枯病的系统阻控提供参考。     

植物病原细菌hrp基因研究进展

ｈｒｐ基因是一类决定病原细菌对寄主植物的致病性和在非寄主植物上激发过敏性反应的基因。由于它在寄主致病和非寄主抗病中的双重功能，使得ｈｒｐ基因的研究成为植物病原菌和植物互作研究领域中的一个重要内容。ｈｒｐ基因在植物病原细菌中的广泛存在及高度同源性说明不同植物细菌病害中存在着共同的机制。本文就植物病原细菌中ｈｒｐ基因的分布、特征、同源性、ｈｒｐ基因表达调控以及ｈｒｐ基因产物和功能等方面研究进展做一综述     

Microalgal bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture and their interactions with soil biotic and abiotic components: A review

Modern agricultural practices have posed a detrimental impact on the environment due to their intensive use to meet the food demands of an ever-increasing population. In this context, microalgal bioinoculants, specifically cyanobacteria and green microalgae, have emerged as sustainable options for agricultural practices to improve soil organic carbon, nutrient availability, microbial quality, and plant productivity. An overview of current and future perspectives on the use of microalgal bioinoculants in agriculture practices is presented in this review, along with a discussion of their interactions with soil biotic and abiotic factors that affect soil fertility, plant health, and crop productivity. The benefits of microalgal bioinoculants include releasing agronomically important metabolites (exopolymers and phytohormones) as well as solubilizing soil nutrients. Furthermore, they function as biocontrol agents against soil-borne pathogens and facilitate the establishment of rhizosphere communities of agricultural importance. So far, very few studies have explored the basic mechanisms by which microalgal bioinoculants interact with soil biotic and abiotic factors. In recent years, advanced molecular techniques have contributed to a better understanding of these interactions.     

抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅰ.非连作大豆(正茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化

采用平板计数法测定了3个抗病性不同的大豆品种在生育期内根面和根际微生物区系的变化情况,并应用荧光计数法直接测定了根际细菌和真菌的生物量。结果表明,土体的微生物种类最丰富、根际的次之、根面的较单一。播种后从三叶期到鼓粒初期,根面和根际的可培养细菌总数随生育期逐渐增加,鼓粒初期达最大值,而成熟期则有明显的下降;大豆根际细菌生物量也存在相同的变化规律。抗病性不同的大豆品种其根面、根际可培养细菌总数存在差异;抗病品种大豆的根瘤重明显高于感病品种。种植一季后感病品种根际积累的病原生物(镰孢霉Fusarium.sp.和大豆胞囊线虫Heterodera.glycines的胞囊数)明显高于抗病品种。说明大豆根系分泌物对微生物具有选择性的促进或抑制作用,不同大豆品种以及同一大豆品种在不同生育时期根系分泌物的组成和数量不同,从而使大豆根面及根际形成了特定的微生物区系组成。     

Plant responses to drought and phosphorus deficiency: contribution of phytohormones in root‐related processes

Environmental stresses are one of the most limiting factors in agricultural productivity. A large portion of the annual crop yield is lost to pathogens (biotic stress) or the detrimental effects of abiotic‐stress conditions. There are numerous reports about chemical characterization of quantitatively significant substrate fluxes in plant responses to stress factors in the root‐rhizosphere system, e.g., nutrient mobilization, heavy‐metal and aluminum immobilization, or establishment of plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) by exudation of organic anions, phytosiderophores, or carbohydrates into the soil, respectively. The hormonal regulation of these responses is not well understood. This paper highlights this complex process, stressing the involvement of phytohormones in plant responses to drought and phosphorus deficiency as examples. Beside ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in drought‐stress adaptation of plants. This hormone causes morphological and chemical changes in plants, ensuring plant survival under water‐limited conditions. For example, ABA induces stomata closure, reduction in leaf surface, and increase in root : shoot ratio and, thus, reduction in transpiration and increase in soil volume for water uptake. Furthermore, it supports water uptake in soil with decreasing water potential by osmotic adjustment. Suitability of hormonal parameters in the selection for improving stress resistance is discussed. Auxins, ethylene, and cytokinins are involved in morphological adaption processes to phosphorus (P) deficiency (increase in root surface, e.g., by the formation of more dense root hairs or cluster roots). Furthermore, indole‐3‐acetic acid increases root exudation for direct and indirect phosphorus mobilization in soil. Nevertheless, the direct use of the trait “hormone content” of a particular plant organ or tissue, for example the use of the drought‐stress‐induced ABA content of detached leaves in plant breeding for drought‐stress‐resistant crops, seems to be questionable, because this procedure does not consider the systemic principle of hormonal regulation in plants.     

接种密度对植物生长及烃降解的影响

The combined use of plants and bacteria is a promising approach for the remediation of soil contaminated with organic pollutants. Different biotic and abiotic factors can affect the survival and activity of the applied bacteria and consequently plant growth and phytoremediation efficiency. The effect of inoculum density on the abundance and expression of alkane-degrading genes in the rhizosphere of plant vegetated in hydrocarbon-contaminated soil has been rarely observed. In this study, an alkane-degrading bacterium (Pantoea sp. strain BTRH79), at different inoculum densities (10⁵ to 10⁸ cells cm^-3 soil), was inoculated to ryegrass (Lolium perenne) vegetated in diesel-contaminated soil to find the optimum inoculum density needed for its efficient colonization and hydrocarbon degradation activity. Bacterial inoculation improved plant growth and hydrocarbon degradation. Maximum plant growth and hydrocarbon degradation wwereobserved with the inoculum having the highest cell density (10⁸ cells cm^-3 soil). Moreover, the inoculum with higher cell density exhibited more abundance and expression of alkane hydroxylase gene, CYP153. This study suggests that the inoculum density is one of the main factors that can affect bacterial colonization and activity during phytoremediation.     

The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable maintenance of plant health and soil fertility

Beneficial plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere are primary determinants of plant health and soil fertility. Arbuscular mycorrhizas are the most important microbial symbioses for the majority of plants and, under conditions of P-limitation, influence plant community development, nutrient uptake, water relations and above-ground productivity. They also act as bioprotectants against pathogens and toxic stresses. This review discusses the mechanism by which these benefits are conferred through abiotic and biotic interactions in the rhizosphere. Attention is paid to the conservation of biodiversity in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Examples are provided in which the ecology of AMF has been taken into account and has had an impact in landscape regeneration, horticulture, alleviation of desertification and in the bioremediation of contaminated soils. It is vital that soil scientists and agriculturalists pay due attention to the management of AMF in any schemes to increase, restore or maintain soil fertility.     

抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅱ.连作大豆(重茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化

采用平板计数法测定了两个抗根腐病连作大豆品种生育期间根面和根际微生物区系动态变化。结果表明,两个品种大豆根面细菌随生育期增加呈递减趋势,品种间无差异。合丰25(H25)的根际细菌数量随生育期呈递减趋势,绥农10号(S10)根际细菌数量从三叶期到鼓粒初期不断增加,到成熟期又急剧减少。感病品种H25根瘤重明显低于抗病品种S10。H25根面真菌和镰孢霉总数在三叶期和成熟期均高于S10,苗期是根腐病的主要发病期。总之,在连作条件下,无论抗病品种还是感病品种大豆成熟期其根面和根际细菌减少,真菌和主要病原菌(镰孢霉Fusarium)都会大量富集,表明根系分泌物对根面和根际的微生物种群有选择性地促进或抑制作用。