昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制研究进展

随着拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在卫生和农业害虫防治中的广泛应用,昆虫对此类杀虫剂产生抗性的报道越来越多。目前已明确昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性机制包括表皮穿透率下降、靶标抗性以及代谢抗性,其中代谢抗性机制较为普遍,而且其与昆虫对多种杀虫剂的交互抗性关系密切。目前,随着基因组、转录组以及蛋白质组学等新技术的发展及应用,昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制研究也取得了很多新进展。昆虫体内细胞色素P450酶（P450s）、羧酸酯酶（CarE）及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）等重要解毒酶系的改变均与昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性有关,其中这3类解毒酶的活性及相关基因表达量的变化是昆虫对此类杀虫剂产生代谢抗性的主要原因。明确昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制,对合理使用此类杀虫剂及延缓抗药性的产生均具有重要意义。本文在总结拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂代谢路径及相关生物酶研究概况的基础上,综述了近年来有关昆虫对此类杀虫剂代谢抗性机制研究的主要进展。     

种子生测法鉴定转Bt基因棉抗虫性

通过室内应用单粒种子生测法鉴定转Bt基因棉抗虫性,明确了单粒棉种室内生测鉴定转Bt基因棉抗虫性的最佳生测条件。将转Bt基因棉种子25℃萌动72 h后匀浆,与0.45 g饲料混匀,以2日龄棉铃虫幼虫为试虫,测定其死亡率。建立了相应的抗性标准:棉铃虫幼虫校正死亡率小于25％为中抗,处于25％-50％为抗,50％-65％为高抗,大于65％为特高抗。准确性验证表明,种子生测法同叶片生测法的结果相符,具有较好的准确性。     

Development of resistance to pyrethroids in insects resistant to other insecticides

Resistance to pyrethroids in insects is rare, but its recent rapid development in the field suggests that this resistance may be facilitated by previous exposure to or by resistance to insecticides of unrelated groups. To test this houseflies of strain 49_r2b, originally resistant to dimethoate in the field, were selected eight times during ten generations with either pyrethrum extract or bioresmethrin with or without piperonyl butoxide or with dimethoate. Selecting with any of the pyrethroids led to resistance to these insecticides and in particular to pyrethrum/piperonyl butoxide. Selecting with pyrethrum/piperonyl butoxide resulted in strongest resistance to the pyrethroids tested, whereas selecting with bioresmethrin/piperonyl butoxide resulted in least resistance. These results show that dimethoate-resistant flies selected with pyrethroids can readily develop resistance to these insecticides, but development of resistance can be minimised by using bioresmethrin/piperonyl butoxide. The implications of these findings on the sequential use of insecticides are discussed.     

新烟碱类杀虫剂抗药性研究进展

新烟碱类杀虫剂是一类新开发的杀虫剂。研究表明，害虫野外种群对其敏感性差弄较大，现已有多种害虫对吡虫啉和啶虫脒产生了抗性。初步研究显示，马铃薯叶甲对吡虫啉抗性以不完全隐性的常染色体遗传；抗性似不稳定，交互抗性谱随虫种而变化，抗性形成可能与多功能氧化酶和酯酶有关。合理轮用和高剂量杀死策略是治理其抗性的有效措施。     

昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性机制研究进展

双酰胺类杀虫剂是以昆虫鱼尼丁受体为作用靶标的新型杀虫剂,由于其作用机制独特,对多种鳞翅目害虫具有良好的防治效果而得到广泛应用。但已经有多种害虫的田间种群对该类药剂产生了抗性,甚至导致田间防治失败。本文在综述昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性现状的基础上,重点总结了抗性机制方面的最新研究进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为进一步深入研究双酰胺类杀虫剂的抗性机制提供借鉴。     

A theoretical study of discriminating parameters in metabolic resistance to insecticides

In the case where resistance to an insecticide is associated with increased metabolism of the insecticide, it should not be concluded that the resistance is due only to the increased metabolism (i.e. metabolic hypothesis). Here, we study theoretically the pharmacokinetic consequences of a resistance mechanism due to increased metabolism. We consider two cases: treatment with the initial dose D₀ applied to the susceptible strain and the treatment with the initial dose αD₀, with α>1, applied to the resistant strain. We show the conditions for which the metabolism hypothesis is conceivable. The time τ, from which the mortality of the susceptible strain is significantly higher than that of the resistant strain, is an important parameter in determining the validity of the metabolic hypothesis. The more τ increases, the more the conditions are favourable to this hypothesis. Our work suggests an approach to test the metabolic hypothesis from experimental results. © 1998 SCI     

Genetics of Heliothis and Helicoverpa resistance to chemical insecticides and to Bacillus thuringiensis

Genetic linkage maps of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa armigera are being used to identify and characterize resistance-conferring genes. The insensitive acetylcholinesterase conferring resistance to organophosphorus insecticides and the insensitive sodium channel conferring resistance to pyrethroids have both been mapped in H. virescens. The linkage mapping approach permits a genetic dissection of resistance, even when the mode of action and lethal target are not precisely known, such as for the insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). We have identified and mapped a major Bt-resistance locus in a strain of H. virescens exhibiting up to 10000-fold resistance to Cry1Ac toxin and are currently developing a linkage map for H. armigera with a set of ‘anchor’ loci to facilitate comparison with H. virescens. Both species are currently experiencing their first significant selective pressure in the field by transgenic cotton expressing Cry1Ac, and timely identification of resistance mechanisms and their underlying genetic basis will be essential in successfully managing the Bt resistance that will eventually appear. ©1997 SCI     

多种药剂对橘小实蝇成虫的毒力测定及田间抗性监测

为筛选出能有效防治橘小实蝇的药剂, 采用药膜法测定16种药剂对橘小实蝇成虫的触杀毒力, 同时测定了田间种群对6种药剂的抗性水平。结果表明, 处理24 h后各供试药剂的毒力大小依次为:毒死蜱>甲维盐>辛硫磷>马拉硫磷>高效氯氰菊酯>噻虫胺>呋虫胺>乙基多杀菌素>多杀霉素>噻虫嗪>氰戊菊酯>溴氰菊酯>阿维菌素>氯氰菊酯>虫螨腈>杀虫单。抗生素类药剂随着时间的延长, 触杀活力明显提高。田间抗药性检测结果显示, 广西4个地区的橘小实蝇均对高效氯氰菊酯产生了中等抗性, 玉林和桂林地区种群对阿维菌素也达到中抗水平。本试验明确了多种杀虫剂对橘小实蝇的毒力和田间抗性水平, 可为化学防治橘小实蝇提供参考。     

棉铃虫抗甲氧虫酰肼种群对12种杀虫剂的交互抗性

利用室内筛选获得的甲氧虫酰肼中等抗性种群(R, 30.57倍)和敏感种群(S),采用浸叶法测定了棉铃虫对12种常用杀虫剂的交互抗性。结果表明抗性种群对虫酰肼产生了13.57倍的中等水平交互抗性;对茚虫威的抗性倍数为3.05倍,无明显交互抗性;而对辛硫磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、虫螨腈、虱螨脲、氟啶脲、氟铃脲和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的抗性倍数在0.50 ~2.36倍之间,无交互抗性。试验结果提示,在棉铃虫对甲氧虫酰肼的抗药性治理中,轮换使用与甲氧虫酰肼没有交互抗性的杀虫剂将可有效延缓其抗药性发展。     

江西省部分地区水稻二化螟抗药性测定

用点滴法普查了江西省南昌、南城、永新、丰城、上饶、彭泽6县(市)二化螟种群4铃幼虫对4种(类)杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明,供试二化螟种群对沙蚕毒素类农药杀虫单、有机磷类农药三唑磷已产生了较强的抗性,抗性倍数分别为33.30~241.95、7.97~111.20;对苯基吡唑类农药氟虫腈和抗生素类农药阿维茵素部分地区也产生了低水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为5.88~16.47、3.70~9.90。本文还对二化螟抗性治理对策进行了讨论。     

Western flower thrips resistance to insecticides: detection, mechanisms and management strategies

Insecticide resistance continues to be one of the most important issues facing agricultural production. The challenges in insecticide resistance and its management are exemplified by the situation with the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This highly invasive pest has a great propensity for developing insecticide resistance because of its biological attributes, and cases of resistance to most classes of insecticides used for its management have been detected. To combat insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, several insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs have been developed around the world, and these are discussed. Successful programs rely on non-insecticidal tactics, such as biological and cultural controls and host plant resistance, to reduce population pressures, rotations among insecticides of different mode of action classes to conserve insecticide efficacy, resistance monitoring, sampling to determine the need for insecticide applications and education to assure proper implementation. More judicious insecticide use is possible with the development of well-founded economic thresholds for more cropping systems. While growers will continue to rely on insecticides as part of western-flower-thrips- and thrips-transmitted virus management, more effective management of these pests will be achieved by considering their management in the context of overall integrated pest management, with IRM being a key component of those comprehensive programs.     

灰飞虱对杀虫剂的抗性分子机制研究进展

灰飞虱是中国长江流域和黄淮地区重要的农业害虫,由于杀虫剂的广泛与大量使用,已导致其对多种杀虫剂产生了抗性。深入研究其抗药性分子机制,可为灰飞虱抗性的快速检测和治理提供重要理论基础。文章总结了灰飞虱对毒死蜱、吡虫啉、溴氰菊酯、噻嗪酮、氟虫腈和乙虫腈等杀虫剂的抗性分子机制研究进展,主要包括抗性相关解毒酶和转运蛋白基因的筛选与功能验证,以及靶标位点突变等重要研究成果,指出该研究领域当前存在的问题主要有抗性基因的功能验证及调控路径、抗性新基因的鉴定及交互抗性和多重抗性机制不明确等,并展望了其未来发展方向,认为:可利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术验证抗性基因功能;可将转录组测序结合生物信息学手段用于鉴定新抗性基因及抗性调控基因,以探明交互抗性和多重抗性机制;应深入至蛋白组学水平探讨抗性机制;需开发配套的高效田间施药技术,以达到杀虫剂减施增效的目的。     

棉蚜对吡虫啉等杀虫剂抗药性品系的室内选育及抗药性风险评价

通过室内杀虫剂处理水培棉苗选育抗性棉蚜,研究棉蚜在药剂诱导下抗性的变化,比较吡虫啉、吡虫啉 增效磷、氧乐果和氰戊菊酯对棉蚜抗性诱导的差异,评价棉蚜对吡虫啉抗药性的风险.结果表明,用吡虫啉等药剂分别选育棉蚜至18代都能够诱导抗性上升,棉蚜对吡虫啉抗性达到10.08倍,对吡虫啉 增效磷的抗性达9.70倍;而用氧乐果和氰戊菊酯分别选育棉蚜至12代时,其抗性分别达28.48倍和35158倍.各抗性品系停止选育12代,抗性下降.     

Field and laboratory selection of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) for resistance to insecticides

Response of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), to selection for resistance to insecticides commonly used to control this pest in Murcia (south-east Spain) was studied under field and laboratory conditions. In the field, plots within sweet pepper crops in commercial and experimental greenhouses were treated under different selection strategies: insecticide rotation versus formetanate reiteration, formetanate reiteration versus acrinathrin reiteration, and formetanate reiteration versus methiocarb reiteration. Thrips populations were sampled monthly and bioassayed against methiocarb, methamidophos, acrinathrin, endosulfan, deltamethrin and formetanate. In the laboratory, F occidentalis strains were selected against each insecticide for several generations. To evaluate cross-resistance, each selected strain was bioassayed with the other insecticides. Frankliniella occidentalis populations showed a rapid development of acrinathrin resistance, reaching high levels in field and laboratory conditions. Formetanate and methiocarb resistance were also observed, although development was slower and at moderate levels. Cross-resistances between acrinathrin/deltamethrin and acrinathrin/formetanate were detected under field and laboratory conditions. Formetanate/methiocarb cross-resistance was suspected in laboratory selections, but not in field assays. Simultaneous moderate resistance levels to the three specific insecticides against thrips (formetanate, methiocarb and acrinathrin) were shown in laboratory selection strains, indicating a general mechanism of resistance, probably metabolic.     

Patterns of resistance to organophosphate insecticides in field populations of Helicoverpa armigera in Pakistan

The pattern of organophosphate resistance in field populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) was monitored in Pakistan from 1994 through 1997 using an IRAC leaf-dip method. Generally, moderate to high resistance was found to an orthophosphorate, monocrotophos and to a dithiophosphorate, ethion. Resistance to the commonly used thiophosphorates, chlorpyrifos and profenofos, was very low during 1994 and 1995 but showed an upward trend during 1996 and 1997. Resistance factors to the other thiophosphorates such as quinalphos, parathion-methyl, methamidophos and triazophos remained very low. Baseline lethal concentrations for ethion, methamidophos and triazophos were at least four to five times higher than those for the other organophosphates tested, suggesting their low intrinsic efficacy against H armigera. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on managing insect resistance to insecticides

Insecticide resistance has developed within many classes of pesticide, and over 500 species of insects and mites are resistant to one or more insecticides. Insecticide resistance and the consequent losses of food and fiber caused by failure to control insect and mite pests causes economic losses of several billion dollars worldwide each year. It is the goal of insect resistance management (IRM) to preserve useful pesticides by slowing, preventing or reversing development of resistance in pests. Important aspects of this goal are understanding the development of resistance and monitoring to determine ways to prevent its development. We describe programs specific to missions of the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, which are designed to characterize insecticide resistance in insects and mites with the goal of managing pests in an ecologically acceptable manner. Resistance management of cotton, potatoes, vegetables, melons, ornamentals, greenhouse crops, corn, stored grains, livestock, honeybees and mites, as well as management of transgenic crops are evaluated. We conclude that IRM is a vital part of stewardship of any pest management product and must be a combined effort of manufacturers, growers, consultants, extension services and grower organizations, working closely with regulators, to achieve logistically and economically feasible systems that prolong the effectiveness of all pest-control products.     

Cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides in Pakistan

Resistance to three organophosphate and four pyrethroid insecticides was monitored from 1992 to 2000 in field populations of adult whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci, from Pakistan using a leaf-dip method. There was generally a very high resistance to dimethoate and deltamethrin, and a moderate resistance to monocrotophos during 1992 to 1996. From 1997 to 2000, resistance to these insecticides dropped to low levels because of less reliance on them for whitefly control, and introduction of new chemistries with novel modes of action that had no cross-resistance to conventional insecticides. Concurrently, whitefly resistance to acephate, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin mostly remained low. An insecticide resistance management strategy is recommended that particularly emphasizes the rotation of still-effective insecticides from different chemical classes along with the use of novel chemicals and other tactics of integrated pest management.     

Some alternatives to insecticides

Results of work in progress on the elucidation of insect responses to attractant substances of various kinds is reviewed, and the possibility of developing practical alternatives to insecticides is discussed.