内蒙古达拉特旗 成立林权管理服务中心 盘活林地资源

正2014年,按照中央关于全国第二批农村改革试验工作的总体部署和安排,内蒙古鄂尔多斯市达拉特旗作为集体林业综合改革试验区,承担的四项改革试验任务,目前已取得阶段性成果。一、在坚持家庭承包经营长久不变的基础上,探索开展集体林地所有权、承包权、经营权"三权分离"通过合同形式流转集体林地,经营权流转面积50多万亩;制定完成了经营权流转样表、经营权流转证;发放森林林木所有权证80户,涉及林地     

充分发挥农民群众在林改中的主体作用

目前正在全国全面推开的集体林权制度改革实质上就是坚持和完善农村基本经营制度,把家庭承包经营从耕地延伸到林地,实现还山于民,还利于民,还权于民.     

林改意义大 村民笑开花

林权制度改革是我国林业的一次重大改革,是土地承包经营在林地上的实践,是农村家庭承包经营制度的丰富与完善。林权制度改革是在坚持集体林地所有权不变的前提下,依法将林地承包经营权和林木所有权承包和落实到本集体经济组织的农户,确立农民作为林地承包经营权人的主体地位,对充分调动广大农民发展林业生产经营的积极性,促进农民脱贫致富,推进社会主义新农村建设、经济社会及生态环境可持续发展具有重大意义。     

我国将在“十一五”末基本完成集体林权制度改革

在8月25日于江西井冈山举行的全国集体林权制度改革现场经验交流会议上,国家林业局局长贾治邦说,此次集体林权制度改革的目标是明晰林地使用权和林木所有权,放活经营权,落实处置权,保障收益权,建立起以农村集体经济组织内部家庭承包经营为基础、多种经营形式并存、责权利相统一的集体林业经营体制。根据这一目标,到“十一五”末,我国的25亿亩集体林地基本上都将明确经营主体,实现以家庭承包经营为主的经营体制。随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立,深入推动以产权改革为核心的集体林权制度改革,从而全面落实农村土地承包责任制的要求是十分必要…     

林地承包经营纠纷的成因分析及对策研究

指出了林地承包经营是指承包人依法对承包林地享有占有、使用和收益的权利,只要所承包经营的林地是通过合法途径获得,那么承包人就可以取得林地的使用权。近年来我国高速发展,林权制度也在发展过程中不断改革,改革后制度在完善落实的过程中,林地承包经营纠纷问题也逐日突显,分析了林地承包经营纠纷的成因,并探索了有效的解决对策。     

大力发展家庭林场 推动林业规模经营

正在坚持集体林地家庭承包经营基础上,加快培育家庭林场等林业新型经营主体,是深化集体林权制度改革的重要举措。我省率先在全国开展家庭林场的认定登记和工商注册,着力将家庭林场培育成为农村经济发展的新型经营主体和骨干力量,使其在促进林业集约、规模、高效经营和繁荣农村经济中发挥重要作用。目前,全省已认定家庭林场772家,经营林地面积48.76万亩,年总收入5.12亿元,有效地带动了周边农户增收致富。一、精心组织推动,培育家庭林场     

集体林地林木承包经营制度

中共中央、国务院《关于全面推进集体林权制度改革的意见》明确指出,在坚持集体林地所有权不变的前提下,依法将林地承包经营权和林木所有权,通过家庭承包方式落实到本集体经济组织的农户,确立农民作为林地承包经营权人的主体地位。对不宜实行家庭承包经营的林地,依法经本集体经济组织成员同意,可以通过均股、均利等其他方式落实产权。     

林改催绿万重山

集体林权制度改革,是在坚持集体林地所有权不变的前提下,依法将林地承包经营权和林木所有权,通过家庭承包经营方式落实到本集体经济组织的农户,确立农民作为林地承包经营权人的主体地位.     

集体林权制度改革使农民得实惠

集体林地是国家重要的土地资源，是林业重要的生产要素，是农民重要的生活保障。实行集体林权制度改革，把集体林地经营权和林木所有权落实到农户，确立农民的经营主体地位，是将农村家庭承包经营制度从耕地向林地的拓展和延伸，是农村改革的又一次重大突破。受国际金融危机冲击影响，大量农民工返乡，而集体林权制度改革给农民增收和返乡就业提供了大有作为的空间，将给广大农民带来实惠。     

对国有林权制度改革实行股份制林地承包经营的几点建议

介绍了国有林区林权制度改革试点取得阶段性成果的经验,在剖析私有产权存在问题的基础上,提出实行股份制林地承包经营的措施和建议.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.