旱作马铃薯磷素的吸收、积累和分配规律

磷元素在植株体内的流动性较大,磷营养水平与块茎膨大密切相关,块茎是磷素的最终贮存库。叶片、地上茎、块茎中磷素浓度的变化幅度分别为0 28%～0 51%、0 26%～0 58%、0 33%～0 49%,成熟期磷素在叶片、地上茎、块茎中的分配率分别为15%～20%、10%～15%、70%～75%。马铃薯对磷素的吸收速率在整个生育期间呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在块茎快速增长期(出苗后50d左右),最高吸收速率可达19 2mg/(株·d),每生产500kg块茎需吸收磷素0 80kg。     

马铃薯钾素的吸收、积累和分配规律

马铃薯各器官中钾素(K2O)浓度始终以茎秆中最高,表明作为运输器官的地上茎需要更多的钾离子。马铃薯对钾素(K2O)的吸收速率呈双峰曲线变化,峰值分别出现在块茎增长初期和淀粉积累期,且以淀粉积累期的吸收速率为最高,这与块茎的生育代谢规律一致。降低密度、增施氮、磷、钾肥可提高各器官中钾的含量和钾的积累量,尤其是增施磷肥。马铃薯钾素(K2O)积累量在淀粉积累期达到峰值,在块茎形成期以前,叶片中钾素(K2O)的分配率最高;块茎形成后,地上茎中的K2O的分配率始终高于叶片,这有利于保持地上茎的高效运输、直立与抗性;块茎形成后,K2O的分配率逐渐增加,对于块茎体积的增长和淀粉的积累具有重要意义。     

冬作马铃薯的磷素吸收、积累、分配特征研究

田间条件下,通过布置氮磷钾肥料基追分配试验,探讨了冬作马铃薯对磷素吸收、积累和分配规律。结果表明：叶片内的磷素浓度逐渐递减;茎在齐苗后15 d左右出现一个高峰,然后逐渐下降;块茎磷素浓度呈单峰变化,峰值出现在齐苗后55 d左右,然后逐渐下降。非正常年型,每生产1 000 kg块茎需要吸收磷素（P）0.62 kg;正常年型,每生产1 000 kg块茎需要吸收磷素（P）1.02 kg。磷素在叶片中的分配率在齐苗后5 d左右最高,此后逐渐下降到5％左右;茎中的分配率在齐苗后5~25 d内分配率较高,随后逐渐下降;在块茎中的分配率随着生育进程迅速上升,说明块茎形成后有大量的磷素向块茎转移,块茎是磷素最终的贮存器官。     

大豆群体对氮、磷、钾的平衡吸收关系的研究

以蒙豆5号为供试品种,系统的研究了旱作大豆在不同密度、施肥量处理下,氮、磷、钾平衡吸收关系.结果表明:大豆一生中植株氮、磷、钾积累量间以及三要素与干物质积累量间均呈极显著的互线相关关系,每形成1kg干物质,需协调吸收氮素(N)0.026kg,磷素(P2O5)0.0022kg,钾素(K2O)0.0049kg;每吸收积累1kg氮素(N),需协调吸收积累磷素(P2O5)0.0845kg,钾素(K2O)0.1799kg.产量.2625kg以上旱作大豆群体,每生产100kg大豆子粒需N:6.12kg,P2O5:0.53kg,K2 O:1.10kg.     

砂培法模拟磷素营养水平对大豆光合作用和产量的影响

以大豆品种黑农48为试验材料,采用砂培盆栽法,通过在大豆生育期间淋浇不同磷素水平的营养液,研究了施磷素水平对大豆植株光合作用及产量的影响。结果表明:随着大豆的生长CO_2的吸收速率、叶面积、光合速率逐渐增大,CO_2的吸收速率和光合速率基本在R5时期达到最大值,之后趋于逐渐下降的趋势,呈现单峰曲线变化。CO_2的吸收速率、叶面积随着磷素营养水平的增加逐渐增大,但当磷素营养水平达到21 mg·L~(-1)时,再提高磷素水平对其已无明显作用。低磷胁迫(P1处理)大豆生育中前期的光合速率明显降低,低磷胁迫后再供给较高的磷素营养对大豆光合速率有一定的激活效应,使光合速率增大。大豆株高、粒数、节数和产量都随着磷素营养水平的上升呈现逐渐增高的趋势,当磷素营养水平达到21 mg·L~(-1)时,再增加磷素营养对大豆株高和产量已无影响。低磷胁迫后再供给较高的磷素营养水平对大豆产量有一定的恢复作用。在营养生长阶段,如果缺磷极易减产,低磷胁迫时间越长产量越低。     

旱作马铃薯钾素的吸收、积累和分配规律

马铃薯各器官钾素浓度随生长发育进程均呈现递减变化,且地上茎中钾素浓度始终高于叶片和块茎,而块茎和叶片的钾素浓度差异较小。钾素(K2O)的吸收速率呈单峰曲线变化,在种植密度适宜、氮磷钾适量配施下,最高吸收速率可达130 81mg/(株·d),峰值出现在出苗后47d左右;钾素(K2O)积累量随生长发育进程呈三次曲线变化,在优化栽培条件下,每生产500kg块茎需吸收钾素(K2O)4 49kg;成熟期钾素在叶片、地上茎、块茎中的分配率分别为10%～20%、10%～20%、60%～70%。     

“水肥一体化”下马铃薯磷肥的合理施用

磷肥不合理施用导致马铃薯磷肥利用率偏低,不能持续高产的现象较普遍。因此,研究马铃薯群体的磷素吸收规律,可为马铃薯持续高产提供科学依据。试验采用本地主栽品种‘尤金’,以“水肥一体化”管理为核心技术,设置5个磷肥梯度,分别为P1(0 kg/hm2)、P2(90 kg/hm2)、P3(120 kg/hm2)、P4(150 kg/hm2)、P5(180 kg/hm2),研究磷肥对马铃薯产量及其他指标的影响。随着磷肥施入量的不断增加,色素含量、商品薯率、单株结薯数呈现先增加后降低的趋势。磷肥施用量在150 kg/hm2时,折合产量（39 330 kg/hm2）达到最高值,较P1增产43.03%,马铃薯地上部干物质积累量及转运情况、块茎增重速度各项指标均高于P1,磷肥肥料利用率为36.44%,磷农学效率为78.88 kg/kg,马铃薯相应的经济收益及增加收益情况均以P4最高,最适合“水肥一体化”管理条件下马铃薯的生长。     

马铃薯施肥肥效及养分利用率的研究

对6年14项次的马铃薯氮磷钾肥肥效试验,研究了施用氮磷钾化肥对马铃薯的增产效果、肥料利用率和施肥对淀粉含量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥(N)平均增产21.3%,每千克N增产马铃薯37.9kg;增施磷肥(P2O5)增产18.4%,每千克P2O5增产马铃薯51.8kg;增施钾肥(K2O)平均增产15.3%,每千克K2O增产马铃薯35.9kg。总的增产效果:氮肥>磷肥>钾肥。14项次试验中增施氮肥的肥料利用率(N)为24.3%～45.2%,平均32.9%;增施磷肥的肥料利用率(P2O5)为7.5%～20.9%,平均14.8%。增施钾肥的肥料利用率(K2O)为38.3%～92.6%,平均49.8%。平均生产1t马铃薯吸收N为6.15kg,吸收P2O5为1.36kg,吸收K2O为6.17kg。马铃薯淀粉含量旱地明显大于水浇地。减N处理马铃薯淀粉含量最高,其次是NPK配合处理。     

旱作马铃薯氮素的吸收、积累和分配规律

马铃薯植株体内氮素浓度的高低与其生长势的强弱密切相关,本研究结果表明,叶片、地上茎、块茎中氮素浓度的变化幅度分别为2%～5%、1%～4%、1%～3%;成熟期氮素在叶片、地上茎、块茎中的分配率分别为30%左右、10%～15%、50%～60%。马铃薯对氮素的吸收速率在整个生育期间呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在块茎快速增长期(出苗后51d左右),最高吸收速率平均可达99 96mg/(株·d),每生产500kg块茎需吸收氮素3 02kg。     

不同氮磷钾配比对马铃薯农艺性状、产量和干物质含量的影响

选用早熟品种‘荷兰15号’原种1代种薯为试验材料,研究了不同氮磷钾配比对马铃薯农艺性状、产量和干物质含量的影响。结果表明:增加茎粗和分枝数可以提高块茎的产量;合理的氮磷钾配比可以显著提高茎粗和增加分枝数,进而增加马铃薯的产量;氮磷钾配比对块茎干物质含量的影响不大;每667 m2施氮(N)14.4 kg、施磷(P2O5)9.6 kg、施钾(K2O)17.6 kg,可以获得较高的马铃薯产量。     

马铃薯氮素的吸收、积累和分配规律

植株体内氮素浓度的高低反映了其生长势的强弱,马铃薯生育期间各器官氮素浓度的变化始终表现为叶片>地上茎>块茎,叶片中的氮素浓度高低反映了叶片光合活性的大小。马铃薯对氮的吸收与营养生长和块茎的增长密切相关,植株对氮的需求量受其生长状况所控制。而且,氮在植物体内很容易流动,块茎形成后,大量的氮素转移到块茎中,用于块茎的建成和营养贮存。马铃薯植株在淀粉积累开始后,各器官中氮素加快了向块茎的转移,使叶片和地上茎的衰老进一步加剧。因此,在马铃薯高产栽培实践中,须注重氮、磷、钾的适量与配合施用,使之既能满足块茎的形成与生长的需要,又可防止植株生长过旺或后期发生早衰。本试验表明,在因素中量(适量)组合下,每生产500kg块茎需要纯N2 65kg。     

马铃薯硫素吸收规律的初步研究

通过田间试验和室内测定分析,研究了马铃薯硫素吸收规律。结果表明:马铃薯全生育期内各器官含硫量始终以叶片最高,茎秆其次,块茎最低;全株硫的累积吸收量随生育进程的推进呈二次曲线变化,在淀粉积累期硫素累积量达到最大值;块茎形成至块茎增长期是马铃薯一生中硫素吸收速率最快、吸收数量最多的时期;生育期间硫素在马铃薯各器官的分配随着生长中心的转移,发生相应的变化,块茎增长期之前叶片中分配最多,其次为茎秆,块茎中最少,之后则是块茎中最多,茎秆其次,叶片中最少;硫在叶片中的分配率随生育进程逐渐降低,块茎中硫的分配率则为直线增长,茎秆中硫的分配率变化表现为单峰曲线,峰值出现在块茎形成期。本试验产量水平下,每生产500kg块茎需要吸收硫0.13kg。     

The effect of short periods of shading at different stages of growth on the development of tuber number and yield

Summary Shading potato plants at the beginning of tuber initiation for a period of 12 days reduced the rate of tuber formation and growth; but after the shades were removed tuber formation continued to give more tubers and the shaded plants eventually produced 30% more tubers than the unshaded, with similar yield. Shading for 12 days during the early stages of rapid tuber bulking had no effect on tuber number or survival, though bulking rate was temporarily reduced, leading to a reduction in final yield. These number results indicate that tuber number can be influenced by the weather during the period of tuber initiation.     

Potato Stolon and Tuber Growth Influenced by Nitrogen Form

Abstract

Potato tuber initiation and its growth are key processes determining tuber yield, which are closely related to stolon growth, and are influenced by many factors including N nutrition. We investigated the influences of different forms of nitrogen (N) on stolon and tuber growth in sand culture with a nitrification inhibitor during 2010 – 2011, and using two potato cultivars. Plants supplied with NO₃-N (N as nitrate, NO₃^-) produced more and thicker stolons than those supplied with NH₄-N (N as ammonium, NH₄⁺) at tuber initiation stage. In the plants fed NO₃-N, the stolon tips swelled or formed tubers earlier and produced more tubers than in those fed with NH₄-N. However, no significant difference was observed among N forms in terms of tuber yield at harvest, this may have been because of the shoot growth rate at tuber initiation stage was lower in the plants fed NO₃-N. During the tuber bulking stage, the difference in shoot DWs among N forms began to decrease, and the shoot DW of plants fed NO₃-N was even heavier than those fed NH₄-N in some cases. The influence of N form on potato plant growth may therefore vary with the potato growth stage.     

Effects of temperature and photoperiod on early growth and final number of tubers in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary A phytotron experiment with all combinations of two photoperiod (12 or 18 h) and four temperature (18/12, 22/16, 26/20 or 30/24 °C; 12h/12h) treatments was carried out to analyse quantitative effects on early tuber growth, dry-matter partitioning and number of tubers of two cultivars. Higher temperatures and longer photoperiod delayed the onset of expolinear tuber growth and the onset of linear tuber bulking. Higher temperatures also gave lower absolute tuber growth rates. Photoperiod did not affect absolute tuber growth rate at lower temperatures. Higher temperature and longer photoperiod gave lower relative rates of partitioning of dry matter to the tubers. Differences between treatments in numbers of tubers initiated were inconsistent. This quantitative analysis of the effects of temperature and photoperiod on characteristics of tuber growth should prove useful in potato modelling.     

湖南冬闲田马铃薯氮吸收分配规律研究

试验采用“3414”设计方案,分析冬闲田马铃薯在不同肥料水平下氮肥吸收分配规律。结果表明：马铃薯地上部全氮含量在全生育期间其动态变化呈现为苗期低,块茎形成期高,而在块茎成熟期缓陧下降的趋势,且在整个生育期内,氮素浓度的变化表现为地上部〉块茎;块茎中氮的含量均在块茎形成期最高,块茎成熟期下降。     

马铃薯群体光合系统参数的研究

马铃薯群体LAI呈单峰曲线变化 ,峰值出现在块茎膨大中后期 ;NAR的变化趋势和LAI不同 ,即随着LAI的增加 ,NAR呈二次曲线下降 ;马铃薯群体LAD的变化在整个生育期内呈二次曲线变化。其最大叶面积持续期正处于块茎膨大和淀粉积累时期 ,是马铃薯一生中干物质积累最多的时期 ;马铃薯生产力的提高并非NAR的提高 ,而是LAD的延长。     

The influence of reduced temperatures after emergence on the subsequent growth and development of the potato

Summary The performance of potato platato plants raised under glass and transplanted to the field after emergence was compared with that of field-raised plants. The transfer from the warmer environment of the glasshouse to the cooler environment of the field resulted in immediate initiation of tubers. The period between initiation and the commencement of rapid bulking was, however, prolonged so that some of the advantage was lost. Nevertheless, this technique enabled yields, in the range of 2–6 tons per acre to be achieved some 4–5 days carlier; the tubers were also more uniform in size. Foliar applications of urea after tuber initiation hastened and extended the phase of rapid bulking, leading to carlier marketable yields and to higher yields at maturity. Urea applied before tuber initiation delayed its commencement. Plants which were transplanted after raising under glass always matured more quickly and gave lower final yields than field-raised plants. The physiological bases of the respones found are discussed. Some plants were exposed to frosts. Recovery from frost damage was rapid; the rate of tuber bulking was slower but yields at maturity were slightly higher than those of plants protected from forst.