红火蚁疫情灭除技术示范

在对红火蚁检疫、监测、防治技术及疫区管理等全面研究的基础上,在深圳大工业区开展红火蚁疫情防除技术示范。1年中经2次全面防治、重点补治,示范区有效蚁巢减退94%以上,工蚁数量减少97%以上,为红火蚁疫情灭除工作积累了经验。     

Surveillance and invasive risk of the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren in China

The cover image is based on the Research Article Surveillance and invasive risk of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren in China by Xiaoliang Wang et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7297 .

     

红火蚁雌蚁生殖发育的研究

通过解剖多后型红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren雌蛹、有翅雌蚁和脱翅雌蚁,观察了雌蚁内生殖系统的结构和发育进度。结果表明,多后型雌蚁内生殖系统形成于蛹期,其结构与单后型雌蚁存在一定差异。从发育进度来看,虽然雌蚁羽化后其卵巢大小和卵巢管数量仍有一定增长,但蛹期是卵巢大小、卵巢管数量快速增长的阶段;卵子发生始见于羽化后第4d,且卵量随个体发育而快速增加,直至脱翅后第10d达到高峰,随后开始下降;生殖系统的其它结构的变化较小。雌蛹、有翅雌蚁和脱翅雌蚁发育后期的卵巢平均大小分别为1149.23×712.42、1594.88×834.26和1975.60×1303.57μm;而卵巢管数量则分别为62.67、81.33和86.33条。至雌蚁脱翅后10d,卵巢中成熟卵和总卵量分别为20.00±4.62粒和34.00±2.31粒。     

红火蚁入侵的种群生物学与行为遗传学

红火蚁是广布性以及入侵危害性最强的昆虫类群之一。它有很多的生物学特性适合其入侵、定殖以及扩散。该类害虫在入侵时以及入侵后在种群生物学和行为遗传学上发生了一系列的变异,使其成为一种入侵成功的外来生物。     

四种毒饵对红火蚁的田间防治效果评价

采用工蚁诱测法和挖巢观察法评价了4种国产毒饵对红火蚁Solenopsis invicta的田间防治效果。结果表明,氟虫胺、胺菊酯、苯氧威、多杀霉素4种毒饵处理后,红火蚁工蚁诱集百分率均明显降低,处理5d后氟虫胺、胺菊酯的工蚁诱集率为0,而多杀霉素处理10d后诱集率为0。施药后25d4种毒饵处理活动蚁巢减退率分别为100%、100%、50%和71.4%,工蚁减退率分别为100%、100%、92.7%和100%。处理6周后蚁群级别分别降低了100%、100%、83.3%、73.0%。     

外来物种红火蚁的化学防治技术

红火蚁的入侵已引起我国各界的关注,本文介绍了入侵红火蚁化学防治技术研究进展。按照化学防治策略可以分为以蚁巢为单元的局部处理和大面积全部处理,从施药技术角度可以分为浇灌和撒施毒饵两大类。浇灌技术主要是将药液灌入蚁巢内,其药液量是一个关键因子;毒饵适用的场所比较广泛,但是施药时间对控制效果影响比较大,一般在晚上施药效果较好,雨后不能马上使用毒饵。     

基于控制我国红火蚁危害的几点思考

针对我国红火蚁的发生危害现状以及防治中存在的主要问题,笔者结合本人对红火蚁研究的一些体会以及对美国红火蚁防治水平的总结分析,就如何控制和减轻我国红火蚁的发生危害提出4点意见:立即对我国的红火蚁发生危害区域进行普查,为制定科学的检疫、防治技术提供科学依据;制定科学、严格和具操作性的检疫措施,防止红火蚁的人为扩散;普及红火蚁的科学知识,提高人们的防范意识;研究红火蚁的发生危害规律,监测措施和防治技术,改善、提高国内现有的监测、防治水平。     

寄生红火蚁的蚤蝇类群野外监测新技术

通过试验研究,设计出了3个适于监测、收集红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren天敌-蚤蝇Pseudacteon的诱集器,并提出了该诱集器的制作和野外设置的技术要求。测试了野外该诱集器对蚤蝇的监测、收集效果,证实该装置是可行的和实用的。     

氟磺酰胺毒饵使用量对红火蚁防治效果的影响

在确定了氟磺酰胺毒饵对红火蚁控制效果的基础上,就氟磺酰胺毒饵的使用量对红火蚁的控制效果进行了研究。结果表明:在5-25 g/巢的范围内,氟磺酰胺毒饵都可获得较好的防治效果,但防治效果及蚁巢的死亡程度会因施药量的不同而异。5 g/巢的剂量可在40 d内获得平均为96.7%的防效,但不能将所有的蚁巢杀死。10-25 g/巢的剂量可以在30-40 d内使蚁巢死亡,但蚁巢100%死亡所需的时间会因剂量的减少而延长。工蚁数量下降的程度不会因氟磺酰胺毒饵的使用量而产生差异。为此,建议在使用氟磺酰胺毒饵防治红火蚁时,可在10-25 g/巢的范围内根据蚁巢大小调整使用量。     

Aerosol delivery of trail pheromone disrupts the foraging of the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta

BACKGROUND: The fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is one of the most aggressive and invasive species in the world. The trail pheromone Z,E‐α‐farnesene (91% purity) was prepared, and disruption of worker trail orientation was tested using an ethanol‐based aerosol formulation presenting a single puff of this compound by airbrush and compressed air. Trail‐following behaviour was recorded by overhead webcam and ants digitised before and after presentation of the aerosol treatment at four rates (1.6, 16, 160 and 1600 ng cm^?2). RESULTS: Ants preferred 110 ng cm^?1 over 11, 1.1 and 0.11 ng cm^?1 for trail following. Within seconds of presentation of 1600 ng cm^?2, the highest dose tested, trail disruption was observed. Disruption was evident as reduced arrival success and reduction in the trail integrity statistic (r²), as well as increased deviation from the trail (deg). The distribution of walking track angles was also flattened. CONCLUSIONS: The feasibility of using aerosol for delivery of trail pheromone was demonstrated, but the need for high purity combined with the difficulty of commercial supply makes this technique impractical. However, the commercial production of Z,E‐α‐farnesene of high purity by industrial biotechnology or from (E)‐nerolidol may be possible in future, which would facilitate further development of trail pheromone disruption of S. invicta. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

溴甲烷对红火蚁的熏蒸效果研究

以广东口岸进口原木和废纸上携带的红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren为杀灭对象,测定了溴甲烷对其的熏蒸效果。在空箱内分别按6.01、12.01、22.52、25.53、28.53、31.53、34.53及37.54g/m3的浓度投药;在实箱内分别按25.53、28.53及31.53g/m3的浓度投药,每个处理分别熏蒸2,4,6和8h,试验结果表明:在空箱内投药浓度为34.53、28.53和22.52g/m3时分别熏蒸4、6及8h,货柜箱内的红火蚁全部被杀灭。在实箱内投药浓度为31.53、28.53、及25.53g/m3时分别熏蒸4、6及8h,均能完全杀灭货柜箱内红火蚁。其它投药浓度和熏蒸时间的组合均不能达到检疫除害的要求。     

红火蚁的人工饲养方法

以石膏和沙子为主要材料,建立了红火蚁人工蚁巢。结果表明,经过1个月的人工饲养,红火蚁能够在这两种人工蚁巢中存活、发育,以及产生有翅性蚁,其死亡率为17%～19%,与自然蚁巢相比无显著差异。同时人工饲养蚁对毒死蜱的敏感性与自然蚁也无显著差异。种群数量随饲养周期的增加而不断增长,可以为红火蚁研究提供大量均一的试虫。     

Effects of piperidine and piperideine alkaloids from the venom of red imported fire ants,Solenopsis invicta Buren,on Pythium ultimum Trow growth in vitro and the application of piperideine alkaloids to control cucumber damping‐off in the greenhouse

BACKGROUND: Pythium ultimum is a plant pathogen that causes significant yield losses on many economically important crops. Chemical treatment has been used for disease control. In searching for alternatives, venom piperidine and piperideine alkaloids from red imported fire ants were tested against P. ultimum in vitro, and piperideines were employed to control cucumber damping‐off in the greenhouse as drench treatments. Results Piperidine and piperideine alkaloids of the red imported fire ant significantly inhibited mycelium growth of P. ultimum. Piperidine alkaloids were stable at both room and elevated temperatures. The inhibitory activity positively correlated with the concentrations of piperidine alkaloids in the medium, and the EC₅₀ = 17.0 µg ml^?1. Germination of sporangia of P. ultimum was negatively correlated with the concentrations of piperidine alkaloids in the medium, and the EC₅₀ = 12.3 µg ml^?1. The piperideine alkaloid drenching treatment significantly improved seedling emergence and seedling height of cucumber. CONCLUSION: This is the first report describing the use of venom alkaloids from the red imported fire ant to inhibit P. ultimum in the laboratory and the application of piperideine alkaloids to control damping‐off disease caused by P. ultimum in the greenhouse. These findings may lead to the development of a new group of fungicides. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

深圳红火蚁蚁巢密度、社会型研究及防治效果评价

本文报道了深圳红火蚁生境类型与蚁巢密度的关系,社会型的鉴别以及应用茚虫威对多后型和单后型、多后型共存地区的防治效果。红火蚁的蚁巢密度（巢/100 m2）与生境类型密切相关,在所调查的5类生境中,待建地的蚁巢密度最高,为3.81巢/100 m2,公路边的次之,为2.95巢/100 m2,城市绿地的最低,为0.63巢/100 m2。应用多元PCR技术对6个行政区社会型进行鉴别的结果表明,福田、龙岗、南山区为多后型与单后型共存,单后型与多后型的比仅为1∶(3~4)。罗湖、宝安、盐田3区全部为多后型;多后型地区的蚁巢密度（2.2巢/100 m2）比单后型地区（1.9巢/100 m2）的为高,但没有显著差异;应用茚虫威进行防治60 d后的调查结果表明,多后型地区的防治效果（97.8%）比单后型地区（96.7%）的要好,但没有显著差异。最后,本文对这些结果产生的原因及应用价值进行了讨论。     

依法防控红火蚁的若干思考

2004年底红火蚁传入中国,不仅对农业生产、生态环境造成了严重的威胁,而且对人们的健康构成了威胁。10年来,各级政府部门、植物检疫机构、科研教学单位以及发生区的相关企业和个人共同努力,采取了一系列的措施,有效控制了红火蚁危害和扩散蔓延。作者通过对红火蚁的检疫防控工作的回顾,从红火蚁检疫地位的确定、处置工作的透明公开、检疫控制资金保障、相关部门合作和应急处置机制等5个方面进行了总结思考,说明依法决策、科学决策、增强透明度、财政保障措施、部门配合以及建立应急处置机制对于有效控制疫情的重要性。红火蚁防控的许多做法对今后其他新发生疫情的依法科学控制有参考借鉴作用。     

0.045％茚虫威饵剂对红火蚁的田间防治效果评价

试验研究了0.045%茚虫威饵剂对红火蚁的田间防治效果,结果表明,施药25 d后0.045%茚虫威饵剂3、4、5 g/巢和0.015%多杀菌素饵剂15 g/巢处理的活动蚁巢减退率分别为90.2%、95.0%、97.5%、82.1%,工蚁减退率分别为84.4%、84.2%、90.2%、80.6%,蚁群级别降低率分别为97.7%、99.3%、100%、96.7%。提出了包括活动蚁巢数量、工蚁数量和蚁巢结构变化等方面的评价药剂对红火蚁防治效果的综合性指标。     

Effects of piperonyl butoxide and DEF on the metabolism of methoprene by the imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren

Studies are presented on the effects of two synergists, piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate, on the metabolism of methoprene [isopropyl (2E,4E)-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate], an insect growth regulator, by the castes of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. In adults, but not in larvae, pharate pupae, and pupae, piperonyl butoxide, a microsomal enzyme inhibitor, reduced methoprene metabolism by blocking O-demethylation. S,S,S-Tributyl phosphorotrithioate, an esterase and microsomal oxidase inhibitor, was most effective in reducing methoprene metabolism in larvae. In toxicity studies, against pharate pupae, the O-demethylated methoprene metabolite (alcohol-ester) was shown to be more toxic than methoprene. Synergists may be useful in bait formulations used for imported fire ant control to extend the effectiveness of methoprene.     

防范外来危险性害虫红火蚁入侵为害

红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren,是一种危险性农林外来害虫。为警惕该虫的传入,本文对红火蚁的分类地位、形态特征、分布、寄主、危害、生物学特性等作了简要介绍,并提出了预防建议。     

热水浸泡对红火蚁的致死效果研究

以红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren为杀灭对象,测定了热水浸泡对其的灭杀效果。试验结果表明:在温度为41.5、40.5、39.5、39、38.5和38℃时分别处理5、10、15、40、45和50min,可将红火蚁全部杀灭。建立了热水温度X1、处理时间X2和红火蚁死亡率Y之间的模型方程为Y=-373.468+11.342X1+0.837X2。并给出了在不同温度下红火蚁死亡率达100%时的处理时间。