湖南种子植物一新记录科和假繁缕一新异名

报道了湖南种子植物分布1新记录科,含1新记录属和1新记录种,即假繁缕科Theligonaceae,假繁缕属Theligonum,假繁缕Theligonum macranthum Franchet.对日本假繁缕Theligonum japonicum Okubo et Makino和假繁缕T.macranthum Franchet的分类地位进行了讨论,将日本假繁缕Theligonum japonicum Okubo et Makino作为新异名并入假繁缕T.macranthum Franchet.     

云南种子植物分布新记录（英文）

在乌蒙山保护区野外调查中,发现11种云南新记录种子植物,其中假繁缕属(Theligonum)和齿鳞草属(Lathraea)为新记录属,丰富了云南省种子植物区系。建议将发表的新记录物种的凭证标本保存在较大的可供公开查询的标本馆,建立省级高等植物分布信息实时动态数据库,以便国家和省级植物志的更新。     

福建省植物分布新记录

报道了福建种子植物分布新记录,1个新记录属：类叶升麻属(Actaea);5个新记录种：小升麻(Actaea japonica Thunb.)、山地柘(Maclura montana)、景宁悬钩子(Rubus jingningensis)、短梗菝葜(Smilax scobinicaulis)、三江藨草(Schoenoplectus nipponicus);一个新记录变种：长羽裂萝卜(Raphanus sativus var.longipinnatus)。     

峡江玉峡湖国家湿地公园脊椎动物调查

玉峡湖湿地公园自2016年被国家林业局列入国家湿地公园(试点)范围后,峡江县委、县政府高度重视湿地建设,积极申报江西峡江玉峡湖国家湿地公园建设项目。为搞好项目建设,项目组组织专业技术人员对该湿地公园内的野生脊椎动物现状进行了调查分析,结果显示：野生脊椎动物共计91种,隶属于24目40科,其中鱼类有4目10科36种,两栖动物有2目3科7种,爬行动物有2目6科9种,鸟类有10目15科30种,哺乳动物有5目6科9种。其中国家II级重点保护动物的有胭脂鱼、虎纹蛙、鸳鸯、东方草鸮4种。该调查结果可为峡江玉峡湖国家湿地公园的建设和脊椎动物的保护提供参考。     

甘肃省龙胆科药用植物分布新记录

在第4次全国中药资源普查试点工作中,通过对甘肃省文县和迭部县野生药用植物资源进行标本采集、制作和鉴定,同时对所采集的药用植物的地理分布信息进行了查阅和整理,发现了龙胆科在甘肃省分布的2个新记录属和5个新记录种。甘肃省龙胆科2个新记录属为辐花属(Lomatogoniopsis T.N.Ho et S.W.Liu)和蔓龙胆属(Crawfurdia Wall.),5个新记录种分别为辐花(Lomatogoniopsis alpina T.N.Ho et S.W.Liu)、无柄蔓龙胆[Crawfurdia sessiliflora (Marq.)H.Smith]、蓝钟喉毛花[Comastoma cyananthiflorum (Franch.ex Hemsl.)Holub]、丝萼龙胆(Gentiana filisepala T.N.Ho)和西南獐牙菜(Swertia cincta Burk.)。凭证标本均保存于甘肃农业大学树木标本室(国际代码GAUF)。这些新分布类群的发现,为进一步查清甘肃省野生药用植物资源多样性提供了补充资料。     

新疆湿地资源分布规律及其特征研究

以新疆湿地资源为对象,利用3S技术,对新疆CBERS、SPOT5和LandsatTM遥感数据进行调查监测,并结合野外实地验证,调查研究新疆湿地资源面积、分布规律和野生动植物资源。结果表明:新疆湿地分布于15个行政区,划分为4大类17型,总面积为3 948 159.07hm~2;湿地维管束植物共有1 227种,隶属40目93科380属;湿地脊椎动物有234种,隶属于5纲25目47科。     

栗蕨——四川省蕨类植物新分布记录种

报道了四川省峨眉山碗蕨科Dennstaedtiaceae栗蕨属Histiopteris新记录种——栗蕨Histiopteris incisa(Thunb.) J. Sm.，并附有该种的描述和特征照片。凭证标本保存于中国科学院植物研究所国家植物标本馆(PE)。     

湖南书院洲国家湿地公园鱼类资源调查

通过对湖南书院洲国家湿地公园两个不同断面鱼类进行了连续监测,对其群落组成、生物多样性、优势种组成进行了比较分析。调查发现:有鱼类30种,隶属于5目9科。两个不同生境断面的鱼类小型鱼类均以鲤形目鲤科鱼类为主,且多为小型鱼类。在鱼类的群落结构多样性度量值差异不大:(1)断面Ⅰ鱼类分5目7科22种;断面Ⅱ有鱼类分4目7科19种;(2)断面Ⅰ和断面Ⅱ的多样性指数分别是2.58和2.67,均衡度指数是0.835和1.1,种类相似性指数是53.7%。本次调查还发现湿地公园鲤形目鲤科鱼类新记录5种:分别是银鮈、似鮈、达式鲌、飘鱼和红唇薄鳅。     

安徽省植物分布新记录

采用实地调查、检索文献和标本比较的研究方法,调查安徽省植物资源分布的新记录,在安徽省南陵县发现3个地理分布新纪录种分别为大戟科的通奶草(Euphorbia hyperieifolia L.)、茜草科的东南茜草[Rubia argyi(Lévl. et Vant) Hara ex L. A. Lauener et D. K. Ferguson]以及茄科的小酸浆(Physalis minima L.)。标本藏于安徽中医药大学标本中心(ACM)。为其在安徽省内植物资源的分布提供依据,丰富了安徽省药用植物资源的种类。     

钩枝藤科新分布

最近在野外考察期间,在广西大青山海拔约为400m的红卫采集到了一种植物标本,经鉴定,该植物名叫钩枝藤Ancistrocladus tectorius(Lour.)Merr。钩枝藤隶属于钩枝藤科Ancistrocladaceae。钩枝藤科为广西分布新记录。在此之     

Growth and physiological response of six Australian rainforest tree species to a light gradient

An understanding of growth and photosynthetic potential of subtropical rainforest species to variations in light environment can be useful for determining the sequence of species introductions in rainforest restoration projects and mixed species plantations. We examined the growth and physiology of six Australian subtropical rainforest tree species in a greenhouse consisting of three artificial light environments (10%, 30%, and 60% full sunlight). Morphological responses followed the typical sun-shade dichotomy, with early and late secondary species (Elaeocarpus grandis, Flindersia brayleyana, Flindersia schottiana, and Gmelina leichhardtii) displaying higher relative growth rate (RGR) compared to mature stage species (Cryptocarya erythroxylon and Heritiera trifoliolatum). Growth and photosynthetic performance of most species reached a maximum in 30–60% full sunlight. Physiological responses provided limited evidence of a distinct dichotomy between early and late successional species. E. grandis and F. brayleyana, provided a clear representation of early successional species, with marked increase in A_max in high light and an ability to down regulate photosynthetic machinery in low light conditions. The remaining species (F. schottiana, G. leichhardtii, and H. trifoliolatum) were better represented as falling along a shade-tolerant continuum, with limited ability to adjust physiologically to an increase or decrease in light, maintaining similar A_max across all light environments. Results show that most species belong to a shade-tolerant constituency, with an ability to grow and persist across a wide range of light environments. The species offer a wide range of potential planting scenarios and silvicultural options, with ample potential to achieve rapid canopy closure and rainforest restoration goals.     

Relative susceptibility of four species of African mahogany to the shoot borer Hypsipyla robusta (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the moist semideciduous forest of Ghana

We examined the relative susceptibility of four mahogany species, Khaya ivorensis, Khaya anthotheca, Entandrophragma angolense, and E. utile, to Hypsipyla robusta attack. Seeds were obtained from one to three parent trees for each species. The research was conducted in the moist semideciduous forest zone in Ghana and used a randomized complete block design. Tree height and diameter and height to first branch were measured until 24 months after out-planting in the field. H. robusta damage was assessed by counting the numbers of shoots attacked, branches, and dead shoots. Khaya spp. grew better but experienced more attack than Entandrophragma spp. The relative susceptibility to H. robusta attack, from most to least, of the four species was: K. anthotheca > K. ivorensis > E. angolense > E. utile. At 24 months, the mean number of shoots attacked per tree ranged from 1.0 for an E. utile seed source to 3.6 on for a K. anthotheca seed source. At 15 months, K. anthotheca and K. ivorensis started branching at about 1.5 m, but height of clear trunk increased over time due to self-pruning. As K. anthotheca grew taller, the number of H. robusta attacks per tree declined. This suggested that selection of genotypes and species that are tolerant of H. robusta attack based on infestation of young plants may not be appropriate. Genetic factors more completely reflecting the response of different species and genotypes to H. robusta attack may manifest themselves at later growth stages.     

Growth and production varies between pair-wise mixtures and monoculture plantations in North Viet Nam

The potential benefits of species mixture were investigated using pair-wise comparisons of four timber tree species in northern Viet Nam. Chukrasia tabularis, Canarium album, Michelia mediocris and Eucalyptus urophylla were grown in monocultures and in pair-wise mixtures. The trial was established as a randomized block design with each treatment replicated four times. Volume production gain or loss in mixtures was assessed by calculating a mixture index, which is defined as Relative Yield Total (RYT). At age 48 months, the trial indicated mixed performance with both positive and negative impacts of growing some species in mixtures compared to monocultures. The largest gain was shown in the mixture of a shade-intolerant species, Chukrasia with a more shade-tolerant species, Michelia (47% gain in relative yield), and Eucalyptus with Michelia (45% gain in relative yield) at the first 38 months. The other three mixtures tested, and which were not successful (i.e. had lower relative yields) at 38 months, was the mixture of all shade-intolerant species, including Chukrasia with Canarium, Canarium with Eucalyptus and Chukrasia with Eucalyptus. This suggests that species with different shade tolerances can form complementary pair-wise mixtures, but this changed significantly (P < 0.05) over the following 10 months. At age 48 months the RYT of Chukrasia with Michelia increased by 12%, those of Michelia with Eucalyptus decreased by 20% at 48 months compared to 38 months, suggesting that Eucalyptus should be thinned at around year 5 years. Likewise, the RYT of Michelia with Canarium declined significantly by 23% at 48 months. The RYT of other tested mixtures remained almost unchanged over time.     

利用三种梢栖真菌生物防治落叶松枯梢病的研究

从落叶松梢栖真菌筛选出对落叶松枯梢病病原菌有抑制作用的菌株,对落叶松枯梢病进行生物防治。将自落叶松梢部分离到的11种梢栖真菌与落叶松枯梢病病原菌进行对峙培养,根据被覆盖程度、抑菌率、拮抗系数和防治预试验的结果,综合评价后发现:粪生粪壳、深绿木霉和球毛壳3种梢栖真菌对落叶松枯梢病有良好的拮抗作用。利用这3个菌株在黑龙江省勃利县通天一林场国富沟进行林间防治试验,结果表明:防治效果为粪生粪壳>代森锰锌400倍液>深绿木霉>球毛壳;深绿木霉和粪生粪壳喷洒浓度50%和球毛壳喷洒浓度75%时,真菌多样性最多,梢栖真菌系统较其他浓度更为稳定,与化学防治相比,既达到了防治目的又具有不污染环境的优势。     

Nepetalactone content in shoot cultures of three endemic Nepeta species and the evaluation of their antimicrobial activity

Rapid micropropagation of Nepeta rtanjensis, N. sibirica and N. nervosa was performed. Qualitative and quantitative nepetalactone content in methanol extracts of in vitro grown plants was analysed by reverse-phase HPLC coupled with UV and MS detection. Only trans,cis-nepetalactone was detected in shoots of N. rtanjensis, while cis,trans-nepetalactone stereoisomer was present in N. sibirica. No nepetalactone was observed in shoots of N. nervosa. The antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts, against eight bacterial and eight fungal species, was evaluated. All the tested extracts showed significant antibacterial and strong antifungal activity. However, N. rtanjensis extract exhibited the best antimicrobial potential.     

Effects of prescribed fire and season of burn on direct and indirect levels of tree mortality in Ponderosa and Jeffrey Pine Forests in California,USA

Many forests that historically experienced frequent low-intensity wildfires have undergone extensive alterations during the past century. Prescribed fire is now commonly used to restore these fire-adapted forest ecosystems. In this study, we examined the influence of prescribed burn season on levels of tree mortality attributed to prescribed fire effects (direct mortality) and bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) (indirect mortality) in ponderosa pine, Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., and Jeffrey pine, Pinusjeffreyi Grev. and Balf., forests in California, USA. A total of 816 trees (9.9% of all trees) died during this 3-yr study. Significantly higher levels of tree mortality (all sources) occurred following early and late season burns compared to the untreated control, but no significant difference was observed between burn treatments. The majority (461 trees) of tree deaths were attributed to direct mortality from prescribed burns and was strongly concentrated (391 trees) in the smallest diameter class (<20.2 cm diameter at breast height, dbh). For the largest trees (>50.7 cm dbh), significantly higher levels of tree mortality occurred on early season burns than the untreated control, most of which resulted from indirect mortality attributed to bark beetle attacks, specifically western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, and mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins. Red turpentine beetle, D. valens LeConte, was the most common bark beetle species found colonizing trees, but tree mortality was not attributed to this species. A total of 355 trees (4.3% of all trees) were killed by bark beetles. Dendroctonus brevicomis (67 trees, 18.9%) and D. ponderosae (56 trees, 15.8%), were found colonizing P. ponderosa; and Jeffrey pine beetle, D. jeffreyi Hopkins, was found colonizing P. jeffreyi (seven trees, 2.0%). We also found pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (137 trees, 38.6%), and, to a much lesser extent, Orthotomicus (=Ips) latidens (LeConte) (85 trees, 23.9%) and emarginate ips, I. emarginatus (LeConte) (3 trees, 0.8%) colonizing P. ponderosa and P. jeffreyi. Few meaningful differences in levels of indirect tree mortality attributed to bark beetle attack were observed between early and late season burns. The incidence of root and root collar pathogens (Leptographium and Sporothrix spp.), including species known to be vectored by bark beetles, was low (18% of trees sampled). The implications of these and other results to management of P. ponderosa and P. jeffreyi forests are discussed in detail.     

Wildfire promotes broadleaves and species mixture in boreal forest

Postfire tree species compositions are predicted to be the same prior to fire according to the direct regeneration hypothesis (DRH). We studied 94 upland boreal forest stands between 5 and 18 years after fire in Ontario, Canada. Postfire species-specific regeneration density was positively related to prefire stand basal area for Pinus banksiana, Populus spp., Betula papyrifera and Picea mariana, but not for Picea glauca and Abies balsamea. In addition, seedling density of Populus spp., B. papyrifera, P. mariana, P. glauca and A. balsamea were positively affected by build up index and, except Populus spp., their density increased with age of burn. To facilitate testing the DRH, we introduced a term called compositional difference (CD) that is the difference in a species relative percentage between the postfire and prefire stand. The testable null hypothesis is CD = 0 for a given species. CD was not different from 0 for P. banksiana, was 19.8% for Populus spp., 10.4% for B. papyrifera, −17.9% for P. mariana, −14.6% for P. glauca, and −14.9% for A. balsamea, indicating fire increases broadleaves at the expenses of mid- and late-successional coniferous species. Compositional increases of Populus spp. and B. papyrifera in postfire stands occurred mostly where these species were a minor component prior to fire. In conclusion, the DRH was supported by the specific positive relationships between postfire regeneration densities and prefire basal area for P. banksiana, Populus spp., B. papyrifera and P. mariana. However, if the DRH is used for predicting postfire composition, P. banksiana is the only species that had the same composition between postfire and prefire stands. Nevertheless, CD for P. banksiana was negatively related to its prefire composition. Similarly, CD for other species was negatively related to their prefire compositions with varying effects of build up index and age of burn. Our results suggest, if fire occurrences increase with global change, the boreal landscape will be more dominated by hardwoods and mixtures of conifers and hardwoods.     

Long-term effects of single prescribed fires on hardwood regeneration in oak shelterwood stands

One of the arguments against using prescribed fire to regenerate oak (Quercus spp.) forests is that the improvement in species composition of the hardwood regeneration pool is temporary and multiple burns are necessary to achieve and maintain oak dominance. To explore this concern, I re-inventoried a prescribed fire study conducted in the mid-1990s to determine the longevity of the effects of a single prescribed fire on hardwood regeneration. The initial study was conducted in three oak shelterwood stands in central Virginia, USA. In 1994, each stand was divided into four treatments (spring, summer, and winter burns and a control) and the hardwood regeneration was inventoried before the fires. During the burns, fire intensity was measured and categorized in each regeneration sampling plot. Second-year postfire data showed marked differences in species mortality rates, depending on season-of-burn and fire intensity: oak and hickory (Carya spp.) regeneration dominated areas burned by medium- to high-intensity fire during the spring and summer while yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and red maple (Acer rubrum) seedlings dominated unburned areas and all areas treated with low-intensity fire regardless of season-of-burn. The treatments were re-inventoried in 2006 and 2007 to determine whether these fire effects were still present. The new data show that the species distributions by season-of-burn and fire intensity found in 1996 still existed 11 years after the treatments. The fact that fire effects in oak shelterwood stands can last at least a decade has important management implications for resource professionals interested in sustaining oak forests in the eastern United States.     

Tree biomass estimation in regenerating areas of tropical dry vegetation in northeast Brazil

Allometric equations have been developed for various different vegetation types but have rarely been validated in the field and never for dry tropical forest such as caatinga. In three areas of semi-arid Brazil, with regenerating caatinga vegetation, we measured and weighed twelve hundred individuals of four tree species and used the data to validate equations previously determined in mature caatinga. They and several other equations developed for tropical vegetations overestimate the biomass (B) of trees from the regeneration areas by more than 20%, possibly because these trees have reduced crowns, with lower branch masses. We then determined new allometric equations for them, validating equations for one site against data of the others and pooling the data if they were cross-validated. The best equations were power ones, based on diameter at breast height (D), with little improvement by including height, crown area and/or wood density (Caesalpinia pyramidalis, B = 0.3129D^1.8838; Croton sonderianus, B = 0.4171D^1.5601; Mimosa ophthalmocentra, B = 0.4369D^1.8493; and Mimosa tenuiflora, B = 0.3344D^1.9648 and 0.4138D^1.7718).